高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳

1、一几个基本概念高一英语语法归纳总结 -定语从句的归纳数词、分数或百分比与of whom 或 of which 连用；He has five children, two of whom are abroad. 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句；比较： He has five children, and two of them are abroad. 2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 ；We have three books, none of which is/are interesting. 3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后；比较： We have three

2、 books, but none of them is/are interesting. 4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）；除 why 和 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以, 用法同限定性定语从句一样；但要留意以下区分； 1 关系代词： that/who/whom/which/as 2 关系副词： when/where/why 1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开；5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）；【 as除外】2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情形,翻译时可译成两个句子；6.引导词的功能（作用） ：The e

3、ngineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital. 1 连接先行词和定语从句；（那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤） 2 在定语从句中充当肯定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. 7.定语从句的类型：（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院） 1 限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）；3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当

4、宾语在内） 直接由引导词引导定语从句指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom; The man who you re talking to is my friend. 指物做主语,宾语都用which; 关系副词用when 或 where,也不能省略；The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father. 由介词 +关系代词（ whom/which ）引导The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher. The man to whom youre talking is my friend.T

5、he city, _ is far away, is very beautiful. He went to America, _ his parents live. I need a pen with which I can write a letter. He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 4.whose 引导非限定性定语从句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine. 介词的选用

6、可依据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾；=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine. 例如：The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

7、The palace which/that I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. 二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法；1.who/that 指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略；Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. 2.whom/who/that 指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,

8、又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）； 2 非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）； 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时,关系代词可省略； 直接由引导词引导定语从句；Do you know the gentleman whom/who/that we met just now. 由介词 +关系代词（ whom/which ）引导； 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：whom指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom；I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree. 介词不提前时,关系代词可省略；There i

9、s an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. 介词提前时,关系代词不行省,即介词This is the man to whom I gave the book. The man whom/who/that I spoke with is my teacher. 由“ 代词 /名词 +of+whom/which ” 或“of which/ whom + 名词 /代词”先行词指The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. look for, take care of 等不能把动词与

10、介词拆开,既介人用 whom, 指物用 which 引导； One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、 注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如词不能提至引导词前；制性定语从句只能放在主句后面；She is the right girl who/whom/that we are looking for. He married her, as/which was natural. 3.whose: 指人或物, 是全部格 “ 的”形式； Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）=A

11、s was natural, he married her. 即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose 不能省略；Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all. the =n. =As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer. I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）as引导的从句有“ 正如”、“ 正像” 之意,而 which

12、就无此意；常用句型有：He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介宾）；told/ we all know 等；如：4.which/that 指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）As we all know, p

13、aper was first made in China. 当作动宾时,关系代词可省略；To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 当作介宾时：主句和从句有因果关系时,用which. 介词不提前时,关系代词可省略；Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. 介词提前时,关系代词不行省,即介词which 指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which ；Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.

14、 t expect.The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. 从句含否定意义经常用which. She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnThe pen which/that you found yesterday is mine. The games that/which the young men competed in were difficult. She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.不能省略； 此时的 when 仍可用介词

15、 +whichThe games in which the young men competed were difficult. 6.when 关系副词： 指时间；在定语从句中作时间状语, 注 :介词 +关系代词即介词+whom/which 先行词指人用whom,指物用which ；替换（此时先行词肯定是表时间的名词）； 5.as指人或物, 在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语, 不能省略； 主要用于“ the same as ；I still remember the time when I joined the League. such as ； so as ； as as ； as f

16、ollows ” 固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句；I still remember the time on which I joined the League. 要用 as代替 whom, which, 或 that 引导定语从句：I still remember the time which/that I joined the League on. Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest. 7.where 关系副词：指地点；在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略；此时的 when 仍可用介词 +whichSuch people a

17、s Hill knew thought he was honest. 替换（此时先行词肯定是表地点的名词）；My hometown is no longer the same as it was. Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. The child knows as much as grow-ups know. I still remember the school where I joined the League. I still remember the school in which I joined the League. I s

18、till remember the school which/that I joined the League in. I d like to have the same books as are used in your school. 注：对关系副词 when, where 的熟悉；He is not such a person as I expected. . 先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词 when 引导定语从句；He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. I ll never forget the time which/that

19、 I spent in Beijing. 注： which 和 as 可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which 和 as . 先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词 where 引导定语从句；都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换； 因此,当 as/which 指代前面的整个句子,This is the factory which/that he visited yesterday. 或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数. 当句型为 It/This/That iswas the firstsecond last time 引起的句子时

20、用 that连接其后的句子；Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper. 此时的 time 是次数,不是时间；She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes. It/This is the first time that we travel. He married her, as/which was natural. It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 区分：8. why 指缘

21、由,在定语从句中作缘由状语,先行词通常为 reason,不能省略；且 why 引导的定语as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而 which 引导的非限 从句只能是限定性定语从句；Why= for which I don t know the reason why he was late yesterday.Who is the man that is talking with the lady. The reason whyfor which he was late is that he missed the bus. Which of you that

22、know the answer can come to the front. 注：当先行词为 reason时,关系副词并非都用 why ；7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用 thatThis is the reason that/ which he gave/ explained to us. He likes the girl that she used to be. 【判定用关系代词仍是关系副词】其次 . 当先行词是物时,关系代词 that/which 只用 which 的情形；从句缺少的是主语、宾语仍是状语是确定用关系代词仍是关系副词的关键；试比较：1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时I

23、 will never forget the day which/that I spent in Hongkong. The room in which he lives is very large. spent 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主,宾都用 which, 都不能省略）I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all o

24、ver the world. （ 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large. The reason （that/which ）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn t believable. 3.which 指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句 gave 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 t believable.He always makes fun of me, which upsets me

25、. The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isn第三 .其他特别情形（ 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）1.先行词是 these, those指人时,关系代词只用who. 三. 值得留意的几个问题：Those who are playing over there are my students. 第一 . 当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which 只用 that 的情形 ；2.先行词是人称代词he, she 时,关系代词只用who. 1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时；He who doesnt

26、 reach the Great Wall is not a true man.This is the best film that has been shown this year. 3.不定代词 someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody 作先行词时, 关系代This is the first book that I borrow from the library. 词用 who. He is the first student that/who came to school today. Anybody

27、who breaks the rules would be punished. 2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时；4.先行词是 the only one of + 可数名词复数, 在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数He talked about the teachers and the school that he had visited. 形式（由于此时的先行词是 the only one,而不是 of 后的可数名词复数） 3.当先行词本身是 all 的,用 that； all that=what He is the only one of the boys tha

28、t likes playing the piano. All that what I want to say to you is “Thank you ” . This is the only one of the books that is borrowed. =All what I want to say to you is “Thank you ” . 先行词是 one of +可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因Go over all that what we learned. 为此时的先行词是 of 后的可数名词复数 ,而不是 one）=Go over

29、all what we learned. （that 在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）This is one of the students who are late. 4.先行词为 something, anything, nothing, everything, thing 时,用 that. 5.当主句缺先行词时,用 the one 代替,但须留意：the one只能代替可数名词单数如为不行数I ll tell you anything that I know. 名词时,指什么用什么5.当先行词前有 all, much, little, many, a few, every, some,

30、any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, Is this school the one I visited yesterday. the next 等修饰语时；Is pop music the music he likes best.This is one of the books that Im very interesting in. 6. 当先行词是 the way, 在定语从句中充当方式状语时（the way 表以 方式方法）,引导This is one of the books in which I m very int

31、eresting. 词通常用 that 或省略,也可用 in which This is the only book that I read. I don t like the way that you speak.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. =I don t like the way in which you speak.All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor. =I don t like the way whic

32、h/that you speak in. 6.（人,物）,当先行词在以 who 或 which 开头的特别疑问句中时,用 that 引导以防止混淆【“ 介词 +关系代词” 十种情形】在定语从句中, 介词 +关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题；现就几种常见的介词 +关系代词的结构浅析 In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua. 我们班有 20 名女生,最聪慧的是如下：李华；1介词 +which 在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和缘由状语,代替相应的关系副词 when, where 和 why ；10介词 +

33、which+ 不定式；此种用法多见于正式文体中,相当于一个定语从句；如：如： I still remember the day on which when I first came to school. 我仍旧记得初来学校的那一天；At last he had something about which to write home. 他最终有了给家里写信的内容了；The factory in which =where I work is a large one. 我工作的工厂是一个大工厂；He had no key with which to open the door. 他没有开门的钥匙；T

34、his is the reason for which =why he was late. 这就是他为什么迟到的缘由；He has a small room in which to live. 2介词 +which （指物） / whom（指人）在定语从句中作地点状语,表示存在关系,定语从句主谓一般【运用定语从句时应留意的几个问题】要倒置；1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一样；They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他来到一处农舍,前边坐着一个小男孩；This i

35、s one of the books which were written by Mark Twain. 这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本；（先行I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird. 我观察一个人,他的头上站着一只鸟；词是 books,因此动词应用 were；）3介词 + which （指物） / whom（指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语；这种结构中的介词一2 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分,因此要留意防止从句中句子成分的重复般受动词或介词后的名词所制约；如：显现；Could you tell me for whom y

36、ou ve bought this coat.你能告知我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it. The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 这人是一位工程师,我是从他那里得到这消息的；This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方；（去掉 it,因 that4介词 +which/whom ,用于被动结构的定语从句中,作状语,说明动作的动身者；如：代替

37、先行词 the most beautiful place 在定语从句中作 visit 的宾语,再加 it 就余外了；）The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 损害羊的那只狼被打死了；The school where I worked there is a big one. The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是个好猎手；The school where I worked is a big one. 我所工作过的学校是一所高校校；（去掉 there,因 wh

38、ere 既5不定代词 +of+which/whom ,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体中的部分,常用的不定代词有：both, all, 引导定语从句,又在从句中代替 in the school 作状语；）any, some, each, none, most等；如：3 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不行省略；There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me. 这儿有很多书,可一本也不属于我；The books were on the table were given to you. Yesterday Mary bought a f

39、ew clothes, all of which were expensive. 昨天玛丽买了一些衣服,他们都很贵；The books that were on the table were given to you. 桌上的那些书是给你的；（关系代词 that 作主语6数词 +of+which/whom ,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体与部分的关系；数词可以是基数词、序数词、不能省）分数或百分数；如：4 “ one of the + 复数名词” 后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情形；In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five o

40、f whom are girls. 我们班有 54 名同学, 25 人是女生；“ one of the +复数名词” 时,复数名词是先行词,所以谓语动词常用复数形式；假如“one of the Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine. 两只手表被偷了,其中一只是我的；+复数名词” 前面有 the very /only 等修饰语,就谓语动词用单数形式,由于先行词是,而不是复7名词 +of+which 代替 whose+名词,在定语从句中作定语；如：数名词；如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which =who

41、se leaves were black with disease. 我观察一些树,他们的叶子因He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class. 他是我们班唯独说日语的同学；害病而发黑；（the only one 是先行词）I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken. 我住在一所房子里,其窗都破了；He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的同学之一

42、；8介词 + which （指物） / whose（指人）修饰后边的名词；如：（students 是先行词）It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces. 雨下了一天一夜,就在这期 5 定语从句中 who 和 whom 的选用；间轮船撞碎了；关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句时,作主语用主格 who,作宾语用宾格 whom；在其引导的定The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps. 司机就是

43、那个人,她从他的房间偷走地 语从句带有插入语,而又不用逗号分开时,要用 who；图；Mary is a girl who I think is clever. 9形容词最高级 +of+which/whom 结构,在定语从句中,作定语,表部分关系；如：在定语从句 who I think is clever 中, I think 是插入语, 去掉后 Mary is a girl who is clever 是一个完China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾 整的句子, who

44、 是定语从句的主语,不能用 whom 替换；但下面的句子,情形就不同了：岛；Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever. 在定语从句 whom I think to be clever 中,如把 I think 看作插入语而去掉,就剩下的部分 Mary is a girl whom to be clever 很明显不是一个完整的句子结构,所以 I think 不能被看作是插入语,而是定语从句在的主谓结构,whom 作 think 的宾语, to be clever 是 whom的宾补；6 定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的挑选取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分

45、；如作主语和宾语用10.The house_the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery. A. that B. where C. what D. when 11. Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it. 关系代词；作状语,用关系副词；A. there B. where C. there were D. where there Ill never forget the day when I went abroad myself.（ when 在从句中代替时间状语on the day,此句可分12. Fa

46、ther made a promise _ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle. 解为 Ill never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day. ）A. that B. if C. whether D. that if Ill never forget the days that we spent together. （that 代替 the days,在从句中作spent 的宾语,该句可分解为 Ill never forget the days. We spent t

47、he days together.）13. What I want to know is _ he likes the gift given by us. 高一英语语法复习试卷A. that B. if C. whether D.不填14. He wanted to make sure _. A. how we went there by bus B. where did we go 1. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose C. w

48、hat did we go there D. when we went there 2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 15. _ they won the game was _ we had expected. A. That; which B. Whether; that C. What; that D. That; what 3. In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _

49、 she could turn for help. 16. That is _ paper came into use in China. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom A. how B. that C. what D. which 4. He made another wonderful discovery , _ of great importance to science. 17. It looks _ we shall have to do the work ourselves. A. which I think is B. which

50、I think it is C. which I think it D.I think which is A. that B. like C. seeming D. as though 18. _ is not known yet. 5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when A. When she has gone B. Where she has gone 6. I had n

51、either a raincoat nor an umbrella ._ I got wet through . C. How did she leave D. Why did she go A. It s the reason B. That s why C. There s why D. It s how19. His suggestion _ to see the exhibition interested everyone of us. 7. On the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue. A. that we go B. which we s

52、hould go A. whose B. of which C. which D. its C. that we would go D. when we should go 8.He is the only one of the three _got the new idea. 20. Ive got to make _ he told a lie.A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had A. that clear B. it clear that C. quite clear D. this clear that 9. - How a

53、bout the games. - Very interesting, and the ones _ the young men competed were really exciting. 21. I remember_ this used to be a quiet village. A. how B. when C. where D. what A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which 22_either he or I to leave for America. A. Is B.Am C.Are D.Will 23. No one has fin

54、ished his homework,_. D.hasn t heC.he won t rather go D.hed rather not goA.have they B.haven t they C.has he 35.Must I take a taxi. 24. Each soldier and sailor_given a rifle when the ship landed. No,you_.You can walk from here. A.were B.was C.are D.is A.don t B.must not C.dont have to D.had better n

55、ot to25.More than one person_involved in th case. 36.The rest of the lecture_interesting. A.is B.are C.has D.have A.is B.are D.maybe D.sound 26. He is a teacher but his wife is a doctor,_. 37.One and a half bananas_eaten by the little boy. A.isn t she B.isn t it C.aren t they D.isn t heA.were B.was

56、C.have been D.was to 27.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I_for her. 38.The cattle_still grazing in the fields. A.had to write it out B.must have written it out A.was B.keeps C.were D.wontC.should have written it out D.ought to write it out 39.What caused the accident and who was responsible for it_a mystery to us. 28.Can I help you,sir. A.remains B.remain C.is D.look like Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but it_. 40. The reason for _ he failed in the exam was that he was too careless. A.didn t work B.couldn t work C.can t work D.doesn t workA. which B. why C. that D. it29.