工业机械手外文翻译

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业英文翻译工业机械手可以代替人手的繁重劳动，显著减轻工人的劳动强度，提高 劳动生产率和自动化水平。工业生产中经常出现的笨重工件的搬运和长期频繁，单调的操作，如果没有机械手那么工人的劳动强度是很高的，有时候还要用行车员工件，生产速度大大延缓，这种情况采用机械手是很有效的。此外，它能在高温、低温、深水、宇宙、反射性和其他有毒、有污染环境条件上进行操作。更显其优越性，有着广阔的发展前途。可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmabl

2、e Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器，以执行逻辑判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。PLC的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内。控制器和被控对象连接方便。 随着半导体技术，尤其是微处理器和微型计算机技术的发展，到70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已不再是逻辑判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通

3、信功能。 可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计算和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。PLC是微机技术与传统的继电接触控制技术相结合的产物，它克服了继电接触控制系统中机械触点的接线复杂、可靠性低、功耗高、通用性和灵活性差的缺点，充分利用微处理器的优点。 可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺，因此可在初步设计阶段选用可编程控制器，在实施阶段再确定工艺过程。另一方面，从制造生产可编程控制器的厂商角度看，在制造阶段不

4、需要根据用户的订货要求专门设计控制器，适合批量生产。由于这些特点，可编程控制器问世以后很快受到工业控制界的欢迎，并得到迅速的发展。目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的应用。 气动技术是以压缩空气为介质来传动和控制机械的一门专业技术。由于它具有节能、无污染、高效、低成本、安全可靠、结构简单等优点，广泛应用于各种机械和生产线上。过去汽车、拖拉机等生产线上的气动系统及其元件，都由各厂自行设计、制造和维修。 气动技术应用面的扩大是气动工业发展的标志。气动元件的应用主要为两个方面：维修和配套。过去国产气动元件的销售要用于维修，近几年，直接为主要配套的销售份额逐年增加。国产气动元件

5、的应用，从价值数千万元的冶金设备到只有12百元的椅子。铁道扳岔、机车轮轨润滑、列车的煞车、街道清扫、特种车间内的起吊设备、军事指挥车等都用上了专门开发的国产气动元件。这说明气动技术已“渗透”到各行各业，并且正在日益扩大。 我国的气动工业虽然达到了一定规模与技术水平，但是与国际先进水平相比，差距甚大。我国气动产品产值只占世界总产值的1.3%，仅为美国的1/21，日本的1/15，德国的1/8。这与10多亿人口的大国很不相称。从品种上看，日本一家公司有6500个品种，我国只有它的1/5。产品性能和质量水平的差距也很大。 由于气动技术越来越多地应用于各行业的自动装配和自动加工小件、特殊物品的设备上，原

6、有传统的气动元件性能正在不断提高，同时陆续开发出适应市场要求的新产品，使气动元件的品种日益增加，其发展趋势主要有以下几个方面： 体积更小，重量更轻，功耗更低.在电子元件、药品等制造行业中，由于被加工件体积很小，势必限制了气动元件的尺寸，小型化、轻型化是气动元件的第一个发展方向。国外已开发了仅大姆指大小、有效截面积为0.2mm2的超小型电磁阀。能开发出外形尺寸小而流量较大的元件更为理想。为此，相同外形尺寸的阀，流量已提高23.3倍。有一种系列的小型电磁阀，其阀体宽仅10mm，有效面积可达5mm2;宽15mm,有效面积达10mm2等。 国外电磁阀的功耗已达0.5W，还将进一步降低，以适应与微电子相

7、结合。 气源处理组合件，国内外大多采用了积木式的砌块结构，不仅尺寸紧凑，而且结合、维修都很方便。 执行元件的定位精度提高，刚度增加，活塞杆不回转，使用更方便.为了提高气缸的定位精度，附带制动机构和伺服系统的气缸应用越来越普遍。带伺服系统的气缸，即使供气压力和所负的载荷变化，仍可获得0.1mm的定位精度。 在国际展览会上，各种异型截面缸筒和活塞杆的气缸甚多，这类气缸由于活塞杆不会回转，应用在主机上时，无须附加导向装置即可保持一定精度。此外还开发了不少带各种导向机构的气缸和气缸滑动组件，例如具有两根导向杆的气缸、双活塞杆双缸筒气缸等。 气缸筒外形已不限于圆形、而是方形、米字形或其它形状，在型材上开

8、了导向槽、传感器和开关的安装槽等，让用户安装使用更方便。 多功能化，复合化.为了方便用户，适应市场的需要开发了各种由多只气动元件组合并配有控制装置的小型气动系统。如用于移动小件物品的组件，是将带导向器的两只气缸分别按X轴和Z轴组合而成。该组件可搬动3kg重物，配有电磁阀、程控器，结构紧凑，占有空间小，行程可调整。又如一种上、下料模块，有七种不同功能的模块形式，能完成精密装配线上的上、下料作业，可按作业内容将不同模块任意组合。还有一种机械手是由外形小并能改变摆动角度的摆动气缸与夹头的组合件，夹头部位有若干种夹头可选配。 与电子技术结合，大量使用传感器，气动元件智能化.带开关的气缸国内已普遍使用，

9、开关体积将更小，性能更高，可嵌入气缸缸体；有些还带双色显示，可显示出位置误差，使系统更可靠。用传感器代替流量计、压力表、能自动控制压缩空气的流量、压力，可以节能并保证使用装置正常运行。气动伺服定位系统已有产品进入市场。该系统采用三位五通气动伺服阀，将预定的定位目标与位置传感器的检测数据进行比较，实施负反馈控制。气缸最大速度达2m/s、行程300mm时，系统定位精度0.1mm。日本试制成功一种新型智能电磁阀，这种阀配带有传感器的逻辑回路，是气动元件与光电子技术结合的产物。它能直接接受传感器的信号，当信号满足指定条件时，不必通过外部控制器，即可自行完成动作，达到控制目的。它已经应用在物体的传送带上

10、，能识别搬运物体的大小，使大件直接下送，小件分流。 更高的安全性和可靠性.从近几年的气动技术国际标准可知，标准不仅提出了互换性要求，并且强调了安全性。管接头、气源处理外壳等耐压试验的压力提高到使用压力的45倍，耐压时间增加到515min，还要在高、低温度下进行试验。如果贯彻这些国际标准，国内的缸筒、端盖、气源处理铸件和管接头等都难达到标准要求。除耐压试验处，结构上也作了某些规定，如气源处理的透明壳外部规定要加金属防护罩。Industrial robots can replace the hands of heavy labor, significantly reduce labor inten

11、sity, and improve labor productivity and automation level. Industrial production often appears in the heavy work frequently, handling and long-term operation, if not drab robots that labor intensity is high, sometimes even with employees, driving speed greatly retard, this kind of circumstance using

12、 manipulator is very effective. In addition, it can be in high temperature, low temperature, water, the universe, reflective and other toxic, environmental pollution condition on the operation. More show its superiority, has broad prospects. Programmable controller is at the end of the 60s first app

13、eared in the United States, when called programmable logic controller PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), the purpose is to replace the relay in order to determine the implementation of the logic, timing, counting, such as sequence control functions. PLC basic design idea is to improve the computer

14、 function, flexible, general-purpose relays, etc. and control system for easy-to-read, easy to operate, cheap to combine the advantages of the controller hardware is a standard, generic. Application in accordance with the actual object, the contents of the control software into the user program into

15、 the controller memory. Plant controller and easy to connect. As the semiconductor technology, especially in microprocessors and micro-computer technology, to the mid-70s after, PLC has been the widespread use of microprocessors as the central processing unit, input and output modules, and periphera

16、l circuits are also used in large-scale ultra-large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer determine the function of logic, but also at the same time data processing, PID regulation and data communication functions. Programmable controller is a digital electronic computing operatin

17、g system, designed for applications in industrial environments designed. It uses a programmable memory for storage in its internal implementation of logic operations, sequence control, timing, calculation and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input

18、 and output, control of various types of machinery or production process. PLC is a computer technology and traditional technology of relay contacts to control a product of the combination, it has overcome the access control system relay contacts in the mechanical complexity of the wiring, reliabilit

19、y, low power consumption high, versatility and flexibility of the shortcomings of poor, full the advantages of the use of microprocessors. User-programmable controller is a non-contact equipment, changes in procedures to change the production process, it can be selected in the preliminary design sta

20、ge programmable controller, identified in the implementation stage process. On the other hand, manufacturing production from the makers of programmable controller point of view, in the manufacturing phase of the order does not require the user request in accordance with specially designed controller

21、s, suitable for mass production. Because of these characteristics, soon after the advent of programmable logic controller to control by the industrial sector and has been rapid development. At present, the programmable logic controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, has been wide

22、ly used. Pneumatic technology for the medium is compressed air to drive and control a mechanical expertise. Because of its energy-saving and pollution-free, highly efficient, low-cost, safe and reliable, the advantages of simple structure, a wide range of machinery and production lines. Over the pas

23、t cars, tractors and other production line pneumatic system and its components, both by the plant to the design, manufacture and maintenance. Pneumatic technology applications is the aerodynamic surface of the expansion of a symbol of industrial development. Application of pneumatic components for t

24、he two main areas: maintenance and support. Past sales of Chinese-made pneumatic components to be used for maintenance, in recent years, as the main supporting direct sales has increased year by year. Domestic Application of pneumatic components, tens of millions of dollars from the value of the met

25、allurgical equipment that only 1 to 2 hundred dollars a chair. Railway plate fork, wheel-rail lubricating machine, stopping the train, street sweeping, special workshop within the lifting equipment, the military command vehicles have been specifically developed with the use of the pneumatic componen

26、ts in China. This shows that aerodynamic technology has been infiltrated into all walks of life, and is expanding. Although Chinas air industry has reached a certain scale and technical level, but with the international advanced level compared to the large gap. Pneumatic products output value of Chi

27、nas GDP accounted for only 1.3% of the world, only the United States, 1 / 21, Japans 1 / 15, Germany 1 / 8. This is more than 10 million people does not match the big country. From the species, the Japanese company have 6500 species, it is Chinas only 1 / 5. The level of product performance and qual

28、ity gap is also very strong. More and more as a result of aerodynamic technologies used in various industries and automatic processing of automatic assembly of small pieces of equipment, special items, the original performance of the traditional pneumatic components is increasing at the same time ha

29、ve to adapt to market requirements to develop new products so that the varieties of pneumatic components increasing trend of their development in the following areas: Smaller and lighter weight, lower power consumption. In electronic components, pharmaceuticals and other manufacturing industries, be

30、cause of the size of a small piece to be machined, it is bound to limit the size of pneumatic components, small size, light is the pneumatic components The first direction of development. Have been developed abroad, just thumb the size of 0.2mm2 effective cross-sectional area for the ultra-compact s

31、olenoid valve. Able to issue a size small and a better flow of larger components. To this end, the same size of the valve, the flow has been increased from 2 to 3.3 times. There is a series of mini-solenoid valve, the valve body宽仅10mm, the effective area of up to 5mm2; width 15mm, such as the effect

32、ive area of 10mm2. Solenoid valve power consumption abroad than 0.5W, will be further reduced in order to adapt to the combination and Microelectronics. Gas source processing assembly, both at home and abroad using a building-block most of the block structure, not only the size of a compact, but wit

33、h very easy maintenance. Implementation of components to improve the positioning accuracy, stiffness increased, non-rotating piston rod, the use of more convenient. In order to improve the positioning accuracy of the cylinder, with brake servo system and the increasing application of the cylinder. S

34、ervo system with the cylinder, even if the gas pressure and the negative changes in the load can still receive the positioning accuracy of 0.1mm. In the international exhibition, a variety of special-shaped cross-section cylinder and the cylinder piston rod a lot, as a result of this type of cylinde

35、r piston rod will not turn, used in the host without additional device-oriented to maintain a certain accuracy. In addition, a number of development-oriented institutions with a variety of cylinder and cylinder sliding components, such as with a two-under-oriented cylinder, double cylinder such as c

36、ylinder piston rod double. Cylinder tube has not limited to a circular shape, but square, rice-shaped or other shape, in profile slot on the set-oriented, sensors and switches such as the installation of slot to enable users to install more convenient to use. Multi-function, and composite. For the c

37、onvenience of users, to adapt to the needs of the market has developed more than a variety of pneumatic components by the combination of control devices with a small pneumatic system. Such as small items for mobile components, is the band director, respectively, according to the two-cylinder X-axis

38、and Z-axis combination. The movable components 3kg weights with Solenoid Valve, program-controlled device, compact structure, occupy space, adjustable travel. Another example is an upper and lower feed module, there are seven different forms of functional modules, to complete the assembly line preci

39、sion, the cutting operation, will be operating may be any combination of different modules. There is also a manipulator and by the appearance of small swing can change the swing angle of the cylinder assembly and the chuck, chuck parts have a number of optional chucks. And electronic technology, lar

40、ge-scale use of sensors, intelligent pneumatic components. With switch has been the widespread use of domestic cylinders, switch size will be smaller, higher performance can be embedded in the cylinder block; some with two-color display can be shows the location of the error, making the system more

41、reliable. Replace the flow meter sensors, pressure gauges, automatic control of compressed air can flow, pressure, can use energy-saving devices and to ensure normal operation. Pneumatic servo positioning system products have been entering the market. The system uses three Wutong pneumatic servo valve, the predetermined target detection and location of the sensor data, the implementation of negative feedback control. Cy