Americanmodernism美国现代主义教学课件

1、Section One American ModernismSection Two Modern PoetrySection Three American DramaSection Four Modern Novels American Modernism (19181945)第1页/共72页Section One American ModernismAmerican ModernismBackgrounds of American ModernismDefinition and Features of American Modernism第2页/共72页American ModernismB

2、ackgrounds Background of Modernism1 The Effect of the First World War and the Great Depression:2 New Theories and Ideas a. German: Karl Marx and Nietzsche b. Austrian: Sigmund Freud c. William James and Carl Jung d. French Impressionism, German Expressionism and Cubism第3页/共72页 Background of Modernis

3、m1 ThImpressionism第4页/共72页Impressionism第4页/共72页Expressionism第5页/共72页Expressionism第5页/共72页Cubism第6页/共72页Cubism第6页/共72页 Definition of Modernism During the first decades of the 20th century modernism became an international tendency in art and literature. It began in Germany in the 1890s, and spread wo

4、rldwide, and ended in the early 1940s. It included a wide range of artistic expressions such as symbolism, impressionism, post-impressionism, imagism, expressionism and so on. 第7页/共72页 Definition of Modernism DurinThe distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong and conscious break with

5、traditional forms, perceptions and techniques of expression, and its great concern with language and all aspects of its medium. 第8页/共72页The distinctive feature of litA Ezra Pound (1885-1975) and Imagist Movement (19091917) Followers of Pound B T. S. Eliot (18881965) and New Poetry Movement Followers

6、 of Eliot C E. E. Cummings (18941962) D Three Types of PoetsModern Poetry 第9页/共72页A Ezra Pound (1885-1975) andMImagist MovementDefinition of ImagismThree principles of ImagismExamples of Imagist poetry第10页/共72页Imagist MovementDefinition of The Imagist Movement (Imagism)Led by Ezra Pound and flourish

7、ed from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.第11页/共72页The Imagist Movement (Imagism)The three principles followed by the Imagists were:(1

8、) Direct treatment (2) Economy of expression (3) “Free verse 第12页/共72页The three principles followed Direct TreatmentThe subject of the poem must be expressed in such a way as to resemble it and reproduce it as closely as possible. Simple language must be used to create an image which the reader can

9、immediately see in his own imagination. Each word must be used with great exactitude to produce a precise image and nothing more.第13页/共72页Direct TreatmentThe subject ofEconomy of expressionNo word must be used which does not contribute directly to the image. The language must be concentrated. There

10、must be no drawing of conclusions, no explanations.第14页/共72页Economy of expressionNo word mFree verseNo unnecessary words may be included in order to make meter or a rhyme. A poem should be composed with the phrasing of music, not a metronome.第15页/共72页Free verseNo unnecessary wordsExamples of Imagist

11、 Poems In a Station of the Metro by Ezra PoundThe Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams第16页/共72页Examples of Imagist Poems In aIn a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.Ezra Pound第17页/共72页In a Station of the MetroThe aThe Red Wheelbarrow So

12、much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickensWilliam Carlos Williams第18页/共72页The Red Wheelbarrow So much Ezra Pound (18851972) 埃兹拉.庞德His lifeHis works His contribution第19页/共72页 Ezra Pound (18851972) 埃兹拉.庞德His Life (1)Born in 1885 in Hailey, IdahoBrought up in

13、PennsylvaniaStudied Romance languages at college and universityIn 1908 sailed to Europe and first poetry in VeniceArrived in London and founded ImagismIn 1912 editor of “Poetry” and blue-penciled “The Waste Land”第20页/共72页His Life (1)Born in 1885 in HHis life (2)In 1913 began studying Chinese Languag

14、e and ancient Chinese cultureIn 1914 sponsored Vorticism In 1915 finished “Cathay” and began working on “Cantos”“Homage to Sextus Propertius in 1917 “Hugh Selwyn Mauberley” in 1920Treason in World War Two and released in 1958Returned to Italy and died there in 1972 第21页/共72页His life (2)In 1913 began

15、 stuHis worksPersonae (1909) 人物Exultations (1909) 狂喜Cathay (1915) 译著华夏Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920)The Cantos The ABC Reading (Literary Essay)第22页/共72页His worksPersonae (1909) 人物A Established Imagism with British poet T. E. Hulmein 1908;B Suggested 3 p

16、rinciples for Imagism with Richard Aldington and Hilda DoolittleC Sponsored Vorticism with painter Windham Lewis in 1914; D Leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th centuryE Father of modern American poetryHis contribution第23页/共72页A Established Imagism with

17、 BrNew Poetry MovementThe years 19121914 witnessed the appearance of a new poetic revolution. The new poets wrote a poetry that defied most of the accepted rules, and dealt with subjects which had not been dealt with. They wrote in new ways and techniques. The new verse was responsive to the fragmen

18、tized nature of modern life. 第24页/共72页New Poetry MovementThe years 1T. S. Eliot (18881965)His life His worksHis contributionAbout his work第25页/共72页T. S. Eliot (18881965)第25页/共His lifefamous American poet, playwright and criticmajor figure in New Poetry Movementa key to modern British and American po

19、etry 第26页/共72页His lifefamous American poet, Born in St. Louis, Missouri; received a good education, especially with classic literature; went to Harvard in 1906; explored the poetry of the 17th Metaphysical poets; finished The Love Song in 1911; settled down in England in 1915 teaching, working as a

20、bank clerk, writing book reviews, suffering an unhappy marriage while composing poetry.第27页/共72页Born in St. Louis, Missouri; rHis worksPoems: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Gerontion The Waste Land The Hollow Men Ash-Wednesday Four Quartets Dramatic works: Sweeney Agonistes; Murder in the Cathe

21、dral; The Cocktail Party, The Confidential Clerk;第28页/共72页His worksPoems:第28页/共72页His contributiona giver of laws and the arbiter of taste in new poetry and criticism a literary dictator in American literary history. 第29页/共72页His contributiona giver of lawHis basic themes of his criticism concerned

22、the relationship between tradition and individual talent, and between the past, the present and the future.第30页/共72页His basic themes of his criticHis famous doctrine on poets and poetry is known as the “impersonal theory” or the theory of impersonality and objectivity. One of the things that this th

23、eory emphasizes is the relation of a poem to the poems by other authors and suggests “the conception of poetry as a living whole of all the poetry that has ever been written”. It explains the importance of tradition and the past. Another thing that this theory tries to focus on is the relation of th

24、e poem to its author.第31页/共72页His famous doctrine on poets aa He started the reevaluation of poets like Milton and the Romantics.b He did more to popularize the 17th-century Metaphysical poets and late-19th-century French Symbolism.c He emphasized the need to see the vitality of the literature of th

25、e past and to draw from literary traditions other than English literature.第32页/共72页a He started the reevaluation His poetry is difficult to read:1) For one thing the images and symbols seem very much disconnected.2) Another difficulty lies in his learned quotations and allusions.第33页/共72页His poetry

26、is difficult to reaHis The Waste Land (P180-183)1) It was composed in the autumn of 1921.2) Its epigraph is taken from the Satyricon of Petronius representing the motif and the somber mood of the poem: desperate struggle to attain salvation.3) Its title draws its significance from the Fisher King le

27、ngend.4) It reveals his strong historical sense: the past is of great significance to writers. 5) It was a poem of despair for the 1920s and 1930s.第34页/共72页His The Waste Land (P180-183)第E. E. CummingsHis life His worksHis contributionHis style第35页/共72页E. E. CummingsHis life 第35页/共7His works Poems:Tu

28、lips and Chimneys XLI Poems Is 5 No thanks Complete Poems Drama: Him Santa Claus Prose: The Enormous Room -4 months wrong experience in prison Eimi -his experience in Russia Six Non-lectures -speeches at Harvard第36页/共72页His works Poems:Drama:第36His contributionAgainst traditional poetry with bold at

29、tempts at composing poems Unique styleCubism & Dadaism-guide his poems第37页/共72页His contribution第37页/共72页His styleNew spatial arrangement of words;New poems dealing with “un-poetic subjects”;His scramble word order in syntactic anagram; His extension of the semantic possibilities of words (he chooses

30、 to stretch, squeeze, or intensify by typographical acrobatics or grammatical innovations); (see an example on P208)第38页/共72页His styleNew spatial arrangemein Just-spring when the world is mud-luscious the littlelame balloonmanwhistles far and weeand eddieandbill comerunning from marbles and piracies

31、 and its springwhen the world is puddle-wonderfulthe queerold balloonman whistlesfar and weeand bettyandisbel come dancingfrom hop-scotch and jump-rope and 第39页/共72页in Just-第39页/共72页its springand the goat-footedballoonman whistlesfarand wee第40页/共72页its 第40页/共72页Three Types of Modern PoetsA: Chicago

32、Poets B: Leading figures in the poeticrevolution C: in-between poets 第41页/共72页Three Types of Modern PoetsA: Chicago PoetsVachel Lindsay (18791931) 维切尔.林赛Edgar Lee Masters (18691950) 埃德加.李.马斯特斯Carl Sandburg (18781967)卡尔.桑德堡Hart Crane (18991932) 哈特.克兰/克莱恩第42页/共72页Chicago PoetsVachel Lindsay (1Leading

33、figures in the poetic revolution Ezra Pound (18851972) 埃兹拉.庞德T. S. Eliot (18881972) T. S. 艾略特E. E. Cummings (18941962) 卡明斯第43页/共72页Leading figures in the poetic Followers of Imagism:Amy Lowell (18741925) 艾米.洛威尔Hilda Doolittle (18861961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）William Carlos Williams (18831963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯第44页/共72页F

34、ollowers of Imagism:Amy LowelFollowers of T. S. Eliot:Wallace Stevens (18791955) 华莱士.史蒂文斯第45页/共72页Followers of T. S. Eliot:Walla in-between poets Robert Frost (18741963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特Edwin Arlington Robinson (18691935) 埃德温.阿灵顿.罗宾逊第46页/共72页 in-between poets Robert FroChicago Poets Chicago: the revolutiona

35、ry center against traditional poetryPoetry (a magazine) Adhere to the tradition of WhitmanReflect feelings of laboring people第47页/共72页Chicago Poets 第47页/共72页Vachel Lindsay (18791931) 维切尔.林赛“a tramp and a beggar”The Tree of Laughing Bells Rhymes To Be Traded for Bread General William Booth Enters int

36、o Heaven and Other Poems The Congo and Other Poems -widely recognized as an exponent of the “new poetry” Tried to stimulate a popular taste for poetry through a method that he called “the higher vaudeville” in which his recitations were marked by a dramatic use of gesture and chant, emphasizing his

37、strong rhythms and syncopation. Eg:Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight ;The Congo The Santa-Fe Trail 第48页/共72页Vachel Lindsay (18791931) 维切尔The Chinese Nightingale and Other Poems -marked the peak of his artistic achievement:its title poem and The Ghost of Buffaloes In Praise of Johnny Appleseedone of

38、his most significant piecesLater collections with comparatively little value:The Daniel Jazz The Golden Whales of California Collected Poems The Candle in the Cabin Johnny Appleseed His prose works include:Adventures While Preaching the Gospel of Beauty A Handy Guide of Beggars The Golden Book of Sp

39、ringfielda mystic Utopia based on his gospel of beauty The Litany of Washington Streeta book of political essays His biography was written by his friend Edgar Lee MastersMark Harriss City of Discontentan interpretation of his life and his region第49页/共72页The Chinese Nightingale and OtEdgar Lee Master

40、s (18691950) 埃德加.李.马斯特斯Kansas-born lawyer in ChicagoFirst entered literature as an avocation A Book of Verse Maximilianblank-verse drama Spoon River Anthology: free-verse epitaph suddenly catapulted into fameThe New Spoon River-a bitter commentary on the vicious urban standards of changing America D

41、omesday Book and its sequel The Fate of the Jury 陪审团的命运among the best of his later poetry第50页/共72页Edgar Lee Masters (18691950) other later poetry:Songs and Satires The Great Valley Toward the Gulf Starved Rock Dramatic poems:Lee Jack Kelso Godbey Lichee Nuts statements of philosophy in the Chinese m

42、anner Invisible Landscapes Poems of People The New World panoramas of America and its outstanding figures Illinois Poems Also wrote prose and novel 第51页/共72页other later poetry:第51页/共72页Carl Sandburg (18781967)卡尔.桑德堡American modern poet and biographical writerBenefit from his humble personal backgrou

43、nds and rich experienceWrite plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”Contribution to colloquial style of American literaturebe awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950 第52页/共72页Carl San

44、dburg (18781967)卡尔.桑德His worksIn Reckless Ecstasy Chicago Poems Famous Imagist poems:Fog Lost The Harbor Chicago Cool Tombs I Am the People, the Mob The People, Yes The American Songbag -folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black peopleBiography of Lincoln (6 volumes) 1 autobiography 1 historical nov

45、elCornhuskers Smoke and Steel Good Morning, America Collected Poems 第53页/共72页His worksIn Reckless Ecstasy Hart Crane (18991932) 哈特.克兰/克莱恩Poor childhood，adolescence and lifeWhite Buildings -early 23 poemsThe Bridge He was not approved until 1937.第54页/共72页Hart Crane (18991932) 哈特.克兰/克Amy Lowell (18741

46、925) 艾米.洛威尔Female American poet and criticLeading advocator and organizer of Imagist Movement together withEzra PoundAmplify Pounds principles for Imagism (36)John Keats (1925) A Dome of Many Colored Glass (1912) Sword Blades and Poppy Seed (1914) Men, women and Ghosts (1916) Pictures of the Floatin

47、g World (1919) Legend (1921) 第55页/共72页Amy Lowell (18741925) 艾米.洛威尔FHilda Doolittle (18861961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）Well-known as an American Imagist poetOne major representative of ImagismOnce lover and later friend of Ezra PoundH. D. (pen name given by Ezra Pound)Trilogy : The Walls Do Not Fall (1944) Tribute

48、to Angles (1945) The Flowering of the Rod (1946) 枝干开花-combine personal experience with contemplation on history Using classical images 运用古典意象:Hymen (1921) Heliodora and Other Poems (1924) Collected Poems (1925, 1940); Helen in Egypt (1961) Her long novels:Hedylus (1928) Bid Me to Live (1960) 第56页/共7

49、2页Hilda Doolittle (18861961)（希尔William Carlos Williams (18831963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯a most important figure in modern American poetryunique theory on literary composition “say it! No ideas but in things.” (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗Famous American poet第57页/共72页William

50、Carlos Williams (1883His worksPoem 诗集The Tempers Spring and All A Novelette and Other Prose Kora in Hell Collected Earlier Poems Collected Later Poems The Desert Music Journey to Love Pictures from Breughed The Red Wheelbarrow Paterson White Mule 小说三部曲 Many Loves and Other Plays In the American Grai

51、n Selected Essays Selected Letters Autobiography 第58页/共72页His worksPoem 诗集第58页/共72页Wallace Stevens (18791955) 华莱士.史蒂文斯Unsuccessful lawyer and then worked in insurance company Insurance and poetryreality and imagination/artvalue of art and mission of artistsduty of poetsHarmonium (first collection of

52、 his poems at the age of 44)Notes toward a Supreme Fiction The Idea of Orders The Man with the Blue Guitar Parts of a World Transport to Summer The Auroras of Autumn Collected Poems Opus Posthumous The Necessary Angel 第59页/共72页Wallace Stevens (18791955) 华莱Robert Frost (18741963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特“New England

53、 poet”Robert Frost was the most popular American poet of this century.received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry: The Road Not Taken Mending Wall Fire and Ice Acquainted with the Night 第60页/共72页Robert Frost (18741963) 罗伯特.Robert FrostLiterary AchievementsHis worksHis styleAppreciation of his poems

54、: 1 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 2 The Road Not Taken 第61页/共72页Robert FrostLiterary AchievemeLiterary AchievementsFrost mainly wrote about the landscape and people in New England. He wrote many poems that investigate the basic theme of mans life.第62页/共72页Literary AchievementsFrost maiHis wor

55、ks:My butterfly A Boys Will North of Boston Mountain Interval New Hampshire West-Running Brook A Further Range Mending Wall After Apple-Picking The Birches A Witness Tree Steeple Bush A Masque of Mercy Collected Poems Complete Poems In the Clearing won Pulitzer Prize 4 times Appointed as professor o

56、r visiting poet by dozens of universitiesBe entitled “national poet” by American senate at age of 75Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy Last poem at age of 88第63页/共72页His works:My butterfly 我的蝴蝶His styleFrost took no part in the literary movement in the 20th centur

57、y. He did not experiment with form, as many poets did in the 1920s. He used conventional forms, plain and a graceful style. His poems were very carefully constructed yet he made them seem effortless by using colloquial language and familiar, conversational rhythms. Images and metaphors in his poems

58、are drawn from the simple country life and the pastoral landscape that can be easily understood-mowing, scything, winds rustling in the grass, birds singing, as well as ponds, roads, the cycle of the seasons, and the alteration of night and day.Most of Frost s poems are short and direct on the infor

59、mation level, and they have simple diction. However, profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain language and the simple form.By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms, Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style. He combined traditional verse forms sonnet, rhym

60、ing couplets, blank verse. He wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse, and sometimes he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits of both, in the form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional.第64页/共72页His styleFrost took no part i Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening