赖世雄讲语法-笔记

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业S001. 动词作主语：（1）v.+ing：动名词作主语，表示已知的事实或经验，有已经做了的含义。例：Working with him is a lot of fun.（2）To+v.：不定式作主语，表示意愿，有此动作还没有做的含义。例：To study abroad is my goal.代词作主语，例：it主语太长的情况下，用it做代主语，原主语放在最后。但注意，动名词需要变成不定式to+v. 例：It is fun to learn english with hi

2、m.注意：It is no use + 动名词，It is useless + 不定式，It is of no use + 不定式，There is no use/sense/point + in + 动名词短语句子做主语，则前面需加That，变成名词从句。名词从句有三种：代词，whether，疑问句代词：That he loves me is ture.Whether：如果用yes，no回答的时候，这时候主语是句子，则前面加whether。例：Is she beautiful? 变成Whether she is beautiful? Whether she is beautiful rema

3、ins to be seen.S002.疑问句：Where is he going? 变成Where he is going is still a mystery。疑问词保留，但后面变为正常句式。动词短语作主语：疑问词+不定式，where to go，how to do但注意why不可以做名词主语。Why did you cry? 变成 Why he cried is something we dont know. 不能是 Why to cry表距离from A to B，时间from A to/till B的介词短语也可以作主语，1990-2003 用to或者till都可以。From 199

4、0 to 2003 is a long period of time. 动词：完全不及物，不完全不及物，完全及物，不完全及物，授予动词。我_她，她被我_。如果填进去都说得通，则为及物动词。love，我爱她，她被我爱，可以。happen，我发生车祸，车祸被我发生，不可以。简单说：不及物动词没有被动语态。S003. S004.完全及物动词：加了宾语后意思完整。I love her. 只有2种情况，一种是主语+动词+宾语（名词，代词），另外一种是主语+be动词+v.ed，he is loved，后面没有宾语，前面一定有be动词。不完全及物动词：加了宾语后意思不完整。I made him. 意思是使.

5、成为。此类句子需要加补足语，I made him happy. 3种常用用法：1.“叫做某事”，2.“让做某事”，3.“强迫做某事”1. make, have：make+宾语+原形动词做补足语：I made him watch the car, I had him watch the car, I made him sing a song. get有“叫，吩咐”的意思，但是需要加不定式。I will get him to take care of it. 我叫他关注一下。2. let：后面也加动词原形，I will let him do that. I will let him sing a

6、song. Well, I have a house to let. （这时候let也有出租的意思，英国人常用）let up：停了 The rain let up. 雨停了3. force，push后面加不定式短语做宾语补足语 I will force/push him to do sth.cause：促使。That story caused me to cry. = made me cry.完全不及物动词：名词加动词意思已经完整。dance. 通常2种情况，一种是主语+动词，另外一种是主语+be动词+动名词形式，he danced, he was dancing(用was时候，表示当时在),

7、 没有被动语态。不完全不及物动词：后面需要加补足语。become. He became a good boy. He became knowledgeable. He became handsome. （形容词是修饰主语的，所以叫主语补足语。）注意：become后面可跟任何形容词，但是get表变成时，一般加表示生气的词，比如angry。但是get表被的时候可以接表示伤害的词，got hurt，turn一般是表示颜色的变动。S005.授予动词一般情况下，物品为直接宾语，人为间接宾语。物在后，人在前，I give him a book，如果把物提前，则需要+to，I give a book to

8、him. S006.例外：I make a chair for him, I bought a book for him. 如果一个人的行为里，是含有一定替别人做的工作量，则不用to，用for。S007.授予动词如果从中获得一些的话，则不用to，for，也不用from，用of。例：I asked a question of him, I asked him a question. I will expect him something, I will expect something of him. 当动词是expect, demand, require的时候，后面那种用法比较好。requir

9、e, demand, ask这类东西都是跟of并用。of在有些时候表示负担：deprive 夺取 The court deprive him of his rights. 法律夺取了他的权利。uneasy不是不容易，是不安的. I feel uneasy when I see my teacher. 我看到老师就不安。at ease (n.容易) 和at一起用表示心安。I feel at ease when I see my teacher. ease v.减轻 He eased me of my burden.负担，这里of表示负担S008.pass away 去世I havent the

10、faintest idea when he will come. = I dont know when he will come.感官动词：look, feel, smell, taste等，均是不完全不及物动词，后面需要加形容词做主语补足语。He looks sad.S009. 主语+完全不及物动词。He fainted. He left. He died.主语+不完全不及物动词。He is big. He looks happy. 主语+完全及物动词。His girlfriend just dumped him. 注意：有些表示期望的完全及物动词后面需要加不定式短语做宾语：I want t

11、o see him. I plan to see him. enjoy后面只能跟动名词。例外：like，hate，后面加to do或者v.ing都可以。dislike不喜欢，后面加doing。S010.标点符号的作用：“；”分号有连接词的作用：He is a good student; I like him very much. 没有连接词，只用逗号是错的“-”破折号，也有连接词的作用，一般是连接2个不同句构，后面的用来解释前面的。He is a good student - He studies hard every day. everyday adj. 后面要跟名词，表示日常的：Thats

12、 his everyday life. every day adv.连词：He is a good student, so因此/and同时，而且 I like him very much. S011.注意不要犯双重连词的错误：1、because和so不可以一起用Because he is a good student, so I like him very much. 错的，双重连词Because he is a good student, I like him very much. 对的，但注意because在开头的话，后面加个逗号He is a good student, so I lik

13、e him very much. 对的2、though, althought不可以和but连用Though he is nice, but I dont like him. 错的Though he is nice, I dont like him. 对的He is nice, but I dont like him. 对的S012.并列连词：and, or, but 连接并列对等的单词，短语或从句John and I enjoy singing. I am working in Beijing and Tianjin in the same time. Are you right or wro

14、ng?He failed because he was lazy and he was selfish.He is not handsome but ugly. He is not in Shanghai but in Beijing. 不是而是He failed not because he was lazy but because he was selfish.副词连词：除了上面3个，一般都是S013.but：如果表示但是，则连接两个对等的主句，but前面加逗号。He is nice, but I dont like him.but：如果表示而是，则连接两个对等的单词或短语，往往和not并

15、用。and：连接两个主语时，Peter and I are fond of music. 用areas well as：表示“以及”Peter as well as I is 此时be动词随着第一个主语，以为是Peter，所以是israther than：表示“而不是”Peter rather than I is fond of music. 但是rather than可以用not代替，但是not前面要加逗号：Peter, not I, is fond of music.He is ugly rather than handsome. = He is ugly, not handsome.S0

16、14. 有些连词，连接主语的时候。后面的动词形态随着最近的主语做变化。not.but.并非而是 Not he but I am wrong. no only.but also.不仅而且 Not only he but also I am wrong. either.or.要不要不 Either you or he is wrong.neither.nor.既不也不 Neither you nor he is wrong.副词连词：不是连接对等词类，只能放在主语前面，来做副词/状语从句。主句：单一句，含有主语，动词，可以放句号的，就叫句子。当把句号去掉，就叫主句。从句：无法单独存在，需要在前面加

17、连词，比如：unless除非，because因为，once一旦，都是副词连词。I like him because he often helps the poor. 从句放在后面，通常不加逗号。S015.从句一般都是用来修饰主句的：When he came, I was singing. when引导的，叫副词从句，也叫状语从句。有些副词连词：when, while, once, if, though, although引导的从句，如果主语和主句的主语一致，则此从句可以变成分词短语，以便写作时候可以更简化。例：When I saw him, I felt happy. 将从句的相同主语去掉，后

18、面的动词变现在分词。When seeing him, I felt happy. 例：While I was in Beijing, I had a good time. = While being in Beijing, I had a good time. 注意：分词短语有being的时候，可以把being去掉，则可以变成：While in Beijing, I had a good time.例：When I am unhappy, I dont feel like talking. feel like + v.ing 动名词 When being unhappy, I dont fee

19、l like talking，最终：When unhappy, I dont feel like talking.S016. When I am rich, I will buy a car. 改为When rich, I will buy a car. When I have money, I will buy a car. 改为When having money, I will buy a car. If I am rich, I will buy a car. 改为If rich, I will buy a car.If I am tired, I will take a rest. 改

20、为If tired, I will take a rest. 但 是：If I have money, I will buy a car. 改为If having money, I will buy a car. 这句是错的。When, While可以这样变化，但是if不可以，只有在be动词的时候才可以。现在这样不可以把主语去掉，动词改为动名词！连接性副词，和连接副词不一样。连接副词：也叫副词连词，比如when，while，because。连接性副词：很像连词，但是不能当连接词，只可以做副词。例：therefore，howeverTherefore： 意思是因此，很像so。例：He is ni

21、ce, so I like him. 但是He is nice, therefore, I like him.错的，因为therefore不能做连词，只可以在前面加分号：He is nice; therefore, I like him. S017. therefore习惯上，后面加个逗号。所以写成He is nice; I, therefore, like him.更好一些。Thus和therefore一样，只是习惯上后面不需要加逗号。However，意思是但是。He is nice, but I dont like him. but是连词，所以之前一定要加个逗号。改成He is nice;

22、 however, I dont like him. 关系词：关系代词，所有格形态，关系副词，复合关系代词，准关系代词。关系代词：who，whom，which，它们引导的从句叫形容词从句，简单说就是句子变成的形容词。比如副词从句就是句子变成的副词。He is a student who works hard. 翻译时先翻译后面的形容词从句，再翻译主句。S018.He is a student; he studies hard. He is a student, and he studies hard. 都可以。但是如果用关系词，则把前句当主句：He is a student, who stud

23、ies hard. 因为被代替的“I”是主格，所以用who。He is a teacher. I respect him. Him是宾格，所以改成whom。关系代词要靠在被代替的名词后面，变成：He is a teacher whom I respect.关系代词3个原则：1. 关系代词之前要有先行词，就是被关系代词代替的词2. 关系代词在所引导的从句中必须是主语或者宾语3. 否则关系代词前面一定有介词S019.He is a student who studies hard. 对的。He is a student whom I respect. 对的He is a man whom I en

24、joy working. 错的。work是个不及物动词，所以whom也就不能做宾语。这时候不符合第2个原则，则需要第三条。变成：He is a man with/for whom I enjoy working. 这个介词用得合理就可以，没有必须用哪个。所以用for也可以，看想表示什么。介词放在最后也可以：He is a man whom I enjoy working with/for，当介词在结尾，则关系代词可以省略，则：He is a man I enjoy working with/for.注意：如果介词在句尾，但是关系代词前面有“，”则关系代词不可以省略。例：He is a nice

25、 man, with whom I enjoy working. He is a nice man, whom I enjoy working with. 由于有逗号，所以介词在前后，代词都不可以省略。S020. 从句，如果关系代词前面有逗号，则叫“非限定”修饰，如果没有逗号，则叫“限定”修饰。“非限定”修饰：被修饰的这个词（逗号前面的名词）有特殊性，在于你知，我知，大家都知道。意思是，后面这个形容词从句对于知道这个名词是不必要的，写上只是补充一点内容。这个名词有特殊性，独一性。例：This is my father, he is nice to me. 这个句子是错的，没有连词，所以改成从句

26、：This is my father, who is nice to me. 注意：这里的逗号一定不能省略，因为爸爸是具有独一性的，说出来大家都知道，所以一定要有逗号。Here comes Mary, who is nice to me.“限定”修饰：He is a student who studies hard. 这里who前面不加逗号，表示是这个努力学习的学生。翻译的时候，如果有逗号，可以顺着翻译出来。如果没有逗号，那么先翻译后面的形容词，再翻译这个被代替的词。同理：He is a boy who is handsome and kind. 重点在于男孩的潇洒和温和。如果who前面加了逗

27、号，那么就成了先说他是男孩，是不对的。男孩这个词不具备独一性。S021.which和who，whom用法一样，只是用来代替“人”以外的东西。This is a book which I enjoy reading. 限定修饰，read是及物动词。This is a good book, which I bought yesterday. book之前有good，这样就有了特殊性，后面可以加逗号。当然不加逗号也没问题。有些时候，可以用that来取代who，whom，which：1. that前面不能有逗号，有逗号的情况下，不可以用that代替2. that前面不能有介词例：This is a b

28、ook which I enjoy reading. 可以改成 This is a book that I enjoy reading. 例：He is a man that we all respect. 对的, that代替了whom例：He is a man who never lies. 可以改成 He is a man that never lies.S022.有些情况下必须用that：1. 被修饰的名词前面有最高级来修饰，后面有形容词从句例：He is the best student whom I have taught. 错的，必须用that，He is the best st

29、udent that I have taught. 例：她是我见过的最美丽的姑娘。She is the most beautiful girl that Ive ever seen.2. 在序数词后面，比如：first，second例：That is the first thing which I will do. 错的，必须用that，That is the first thing that I will do.3. 在疑问词出现的时候，后面再有关系代词的时候，需要用that例：那个和玛丽在说话的人是谁？Who is the boy who is talking to Mary. 其实没错，

30、但是重复了，所以习惯用that，Who is the boy that is talking to Mary. 例：What is the thing which your are using. 习惯写成 What is the thing that he is using.S023. 插入语用法。他是个我认为从不说谎的人：He is a man who never lies. He is a man I think who never lies. 错的，因为关系代词前面需要有先行词（被代替的名词），所以I think需要放在who后面，形成插入句：He is a man who I thin

31、k never lies. 对的.He is a man whom I think never lies. 错的，原来做主语的仍然要用主格。不可以变成宾格成为think的宾语。例：他是我认为应该尊敬的人。He is the man whom I think we should all respect.注意：可以先把插入语去掉，变成普通的从句，之后再在代词后面加上插入语即可。He is a man whom I think to be nice. think可以作为不完全及物动词，有“认为”的意思，所以后面可以用不定式做宾语补足语。I think him to be nice. 我认为他很好。S

32、024.令我兴奋：turn me up令我倒胃口：turn me down关系代词所有格：whoseThis is Mr.Wang, and his daughter is my girlfriend. 可以把his改成whose，就是所有格关系代词：This is Mr.Wang, whose daughter is my girlfriend.This is Mr.Wang, I love his daughter. 错的，没有连词。This is Mr.Wang, I love whose daughter. 之后前置：This is Mr.Wang, whose daughter I

33、love.S025.This is Mr.Wang, whose daughter I am very familiar. 错的，familiar是形容词，所以whose daughter无法当主语，也没法做宾语。所以需要加介词。This is Mr.Wang, whose daughter I am familiar with. 对的I just bought a book, its content is quite interesting. 错的，没有连接词。改成：I just bought a book, whose content is quite interesting. whose

34、可以代替人，也可以代替物。I just bought a book, its content is quite interesting. 还可以改成：I just bought a book, the content of it is interesting. 继续改：the content of which is interesting. 也对。继续改：which放在前面：I just bought a book, of which the content is interesting. 也对。which不是主语，也不是宾语，所以要放介词在前面。S026. 关系副词：when, why, w

35、here, how，都是由“介词+关系代词which”变过来的I was born in Nanjing, which I met Mary. 错的，需要加介词：I was born in Nanjing, in which I met Mary.in which如果是指地方，可以换成where：I was born in Najing, where I met Mary.当说到位置是建筑物的时候，通常用at，除非是强调在里面，则用in。I climbed to the top of the hill, on which I met Peter. 改成：I climbed to the top

36、 of the hill, where I met Peter.在说的顶端的时候，用on。I was born on May.21st,1948, on which it was raining. 改成：I was born on May.21st,1948, when it was raining.跟日期的时候，monday什么的，要用on。S027. 跟几点的时候，用at，哪天哪月用in。I was born in Nanjing, in which it is getting warmer. in which = whenHe came at 10 oclock, at which it

37、 was raining. at which = whenWhy用在reason后面：I know the reason which he resigned. 错，resign是完全不及物动词，所以加介词，原因固定用forI know the reason for which he resigned. 改成 I know the reason why he resigned. 甚至可以再把the reason去掉，变成疑问从句：I know why he resigned. How：与the way 并用，但不可以并存，表示“方式”I dont like the way which he ta

38、lks. 错的，talk是不及物动词，所以需要加介词“in”固定I dont like the way in which he talks. in which = how，但是不可以同时存在，所以改成 I dont like the way he talks. S028.“准”关系代词：than，as例：Mary is more beautiful than Jane. 这时候than是连词，不是准关系代词。than做准关系代词的条件：前面要有名词I have more money than you have. 重复不好，一般第二个have改成do，所以改成 I have more money

39、 than you do. 这时候than的意思是：than the money which，就是than+定冠词+前面的名词+连接代词I have more money than is needed. 这时候than的意思是：than the money which注意：如果than在形容词从句中作主语，那么be动词可以省略掉。I have more money than needed.S029. 开party用throw a partyI feel very happy, more friends than have been invited came. than：代表：than the

40、friends whoI have more money than you do. 这里的do可以省略，所以I have more money than you. 就可以了。as：一般和such连用，such.as.表示：像.一样的.I have such a car as you do. 这里do代表have，避免重复。as：as the car whichas做准关系代词：前面要有名词S030.I dont like such people as lie. as: as the people whobut也可以做准关系代词：唯一句式：There is no + n.的时候，可以用but来取

41、代who.not, whom.not, which.not例：没有人不喜欢他，There is no one who doest like him. 把who not 去掉，剩下：There is no one but does like him. 再把does去掉，like加s。变成：There is no one but likes him。这个是固定用法。There is no music which I am not fond of. 没有什么音乐我不喜欢，所以可以变成：There is no music but I am fond of.S031.非谓语动词：1. 不定式；2.分词，

42、包括现在分词和过去分词；3. 动名词1. 不定式：to + 原形动词（1）. 可以做名词：study abroad，可以用to study abroad做主语，表示想要怎么样，没有实现的行为。（2）. 可以做动词的宾语：表示一种意愿，想要. 例：我要看电影 I want to go to the movies. 不定式做宾语。表示意愿的动词：plan, expect, hope都要加不定式做宾语。例外：There are exceptions to every rule. 其中exceptions后面是加to，不是of。anticipate也是期待的意思，但是不加不定式，要加动名词。I ant

43、icipate going to the movies.S032.（3）. 形容词性的不定式：放在名词后面。I have a lot of things to do. I have something to do.先决条件：前面这个名词同时要做不定式中的动词的宾语，例如上句：things做do的宾语。否则，就要做介词的宾语。例：He gave me something to remember him. 错的，因为him是remember的宾语，something就无法做了。所以句尾要加个by。He gave me something to remember him by.例：Please gi

44、ve me a pen to write. Pen不能做write的宾语，所以需要加介词with，Please give me a pen to write with.（4）. 副词性的不定式：放在动词或者完整句构后面。例：I sang to please her. to please her作为一个副词修饰前面的sung。S033.注意：副词性不定式放在句尾的时候，前面不要加逗号。但是，如果在句首，一定要在后面加逗号。例：To please her, I sang a song. （5）. 原形不定式：就是前面不加to，直接用原形动词。知 觉类动词：三大类：a. 看：see，watch（密切

45、注意），look at（盯着看），notice（注意），behold（注视）；b. 听：hear，listen to（注意听），listen up（认真听）；c. 感觉：feel 这三类属于不完全及物动词，加了宾语后，后面可以放原形动词（强调已经发生的动作，比如：看到已经做），现在分词（强调正在发生的事，比如：看 到正在做），过去分词（强调被动）做宾语补充语。例：放原形动词：I saw him open the door. 看见他开门了。I heard him sing in the room. 我听见他在屋里唱歌了。I felt her touch my hand. 我感觉她碰我手了。例：放

46、现在分词：I saw peter kissing Mary. 开门时，看到peter在吻mary。例： 放过去分词：I saw peter punished by the teacher. 我看到peter被老师惩罚。I felt my hand touched. 我感觉手被碰了。I have heard this story told many times. 我听了这个故事被说了很多次了。S034.实义动词：a. 表示叫的时候，make，have，bid，get：make/have sb do sth. I made him paint the walls. I had him copy t

47、he lesson 20 times.注意：bid吩咐，I bade him wash the car. 这个词加不加to都可以，I bade him to wash the car.主动改被动的时候，就要加to：He was made to paint the walls. 但是注意：have是不可以这样用的，没有was had这种用法。但是，get加宾语后必须有to。make和have后面加宾语后不加to，bid后面加不加都可以，get必须加to。I will get him to paint the walls.b. 表示把的时候，have，get，加宾语后要加过去分词。I had my

48、 car washed。我刚把车子洗了。例外：help，加宾语后加不加to都可以，后面用动词原形。help me do the work. / help me to do the work. assist，加宾语后一定不加to，要用in + 现在分词：assist me in writing the letter.S035.一些需要注意的问题：不定式两种形态：1. 原形不定式，就是动词原形；2. to + 动词原形do nothing but，后面要加原形不定式。He does nothing but play around all day. He did nothing but play a

49、round all day. 他每天贪玩，什么都不干。但 是：choose nothing but，后面的不定式，to不可以省略掉，因为choose在这里也是表示一种意愿，所以expect，desire，后面也必须有to。He chose nothing but to study english. 他只选择学英语，什么都不做。说到“全世界各地”的时候，可以用the world over. 但是前面不加介词，除非把over去掉。English now is widely spoken the world over. choose，名词是choice. have no choice but to

50、除了别无选择。You have no choice but to apologize to her. 同样，option，alternative，后面也需要加to。cannot but 后面放原形不定式，表示：不得不，忍不住。注意：cannot 是合在一起的，could not 是分开的。cannot help 后面也放动名词的时候，help表示抗拒：resist。cannot help but 要加原形动词。我忍不住笑：I cannot but laugh. I cannot help laughing. I cannot help but laugh.S036.分词：当形容词时：令人用现在

51、分词，感到用过去分词。I was quite excited about the news. 感到很兴奋。something exciting. 令人兴奋。The student asked a comfusing question. 学生问了个令人疑惑的问题。I am comfused. 我感到很疑惑。另外：正在，即将用现在分词，已经用过去分词。这位已经退休的老师，昨天来看我。The retired teacher came to see me yesterday. 即将退休的老师，昨天来看我。The retiring teacher came to see me yesterday.The

52、 train is gone。火车已经走了。S037.quite a bit 相当多。It helps me quite a bit.1. 如果是及物动词，这个动词当宾语补足语的时候，用现在分词的时候，后面需要有宾语，如果没有，则必须用过去分词。I found him killed. I found him killing the girl. 2. 这个动词是不及物动词，那么一定用现在分词。I found him waiting for a girl. S038. He was walking toward me with one hand holding a knife. hold是及物动词

53、，后面有宾语，所以用holdingHe was walking toward me with a knife held in one hand. 因为hold后面没有宾语，所以用holdedHe was walking toward me with a knife held in one hand. 可以改成：He was walking toward me with knife in hand. 表示情形，状态时，可以用with加短语表示。S039.The rich are not necessarily happy. not necessarily 未必。rich是形容词，前面加the，表

54、示复数名词。同样，分词做形容词的也可以，但是表示单复数都可以。The wounded were rushed to the hospital. 也可以不加定冠词，用Wounded people也可以。The unexpected has happened. 意外发生了。分词做副词：Its freezing cold today. 冷得发冻。书P221bite：Dont bite off more than your can chew. 做事量力而为。An estimated 54 people were killed in the air crash. 估计54人在空难中遇难。注意：有的形容词

55、也有副词作用。He is dead wrong. dead：完全的，极端的。The answer is without doubt correct. 毫无疑问是正确的。There is no doubt that he is a nice man.分词结构 - 动词变化一个句子中有两个动词的时候，中间需要有连词。He worked very hard and won the honor. and表示同时，因此He worked very hard but failed the exam. fail要直接加名词做宾语。可以用fail加不定式短语也可以：fail to pass注意：如果fail后

56、面加人做宾语，He failed me. 1. He是老师的话，表示老师让我不及格。2. He令me失望。Dont fail me. 不要辜负我。如果一个句子中有两个动词，且无连词：1. 如果两个动作同时发生，则第二个动词用现在分词，如果是be动词，则变为being，但是可以省略。He came home crying. 他边走边哭。他坐在角落里面看报纸。He sat in the corner reading the newspaper.S040.play 后面直接加宾语，表示：演奏，播放。play with：把玩，play with the key少小离家老大回：He left was y

57、ound and came back was old. 没有连词，离开和年轻是同时发生的，所以was变成being并省略，最后是：He left young and came back old. We are born and are equal. 为了表示同时，可以不用连词，这样变成：We are born equal. equal是修饰we，所以不用副词形式。equal：胜任，加介词to2. 如果两个动作不是同时发生，有先后次序，那么用不定式短语。他前来看我：He came here and saw me. 变成：He came here to see me.他赶过来告诉我个故事：He r

58、ushed here to tell me the story.map也可以用作动词：草拟。He helped me to map out a plan. 他帮我草拟了一个计划。里面的to可以省略。3. 如果两个动词之间有逗号，那么无论是同时还是先后，第二个动词已经用现在分词。He left home at six in the morning, arriving there about four in the afternoon. He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.S041.如果两个句子在一起

59、，且没有连词，就把第一个从句简化，变成分词短语。P2271. 被简化的从句中，主语与主句主语相同时，该主语删除，不同则保留；2. 之后的动词变成现在分词；3. 动词为be时，变成being，可以省略，也可以不省略，用来强调“因为”的意思。例：He has nothing to do, he feels bored. 可以简化成：Having nothing to do, he feels bored.例：He was sick of learning, he ran away from home. 简化：Being sick of learning, he ran away from home

60、. 强调原因，当然being省略也可以。例：The boy plays around most of the time, his mother is quite mad about it. The boy playing around most of the time, . fools around也有“到处混”的意思。因为playing around修饰不同的主语the boy，所以前面的分句叫：独立分词结构。之前修饰相同的主语，叫从属分词结构。注意：（1）变成否定分词结构，not要放在分词前He was not satisfied with the result, he decided t