国科大研一课程学习2017-2018春季英文科技写作write

1、If you answer this research question, what larger will it address? What field is this important to? Why?We asked.Compare your aims.IntroductionThe OpeningThe OpeningLarge ProblemSpecific QuestionConnectFrame Knowledge Gap3. Identify problem area / current research focus1. Establish significance2. Ba

2、ckground / keywordsWhat is the purpose of the Opening? How can I start?Youve already written your research question. Research Question (Aim): Here, we investigate whether UFO sightings can be used to predict earthquake occurrence in five countries.If I answer this question, what knowledge will I gai

3、n? What bigger issue will I address?Big Issue (Opening): We will understand whether / how social phenomena / human behavior / human activity (e.g. UFO sightings) can be used to predict seismological processesIf I understand this, what field / research area will I contribute knowledge to and is it si

4、gnificant?Establish significance (Opening): Predicting seismological events like earthquakes and tsunami prevents substantial human death and economic loss. Predicting earthquakes is a major goal of seismology.How can I start?Research Question (Aim): Did establishing the Wolong Nature Preserve incre

5、ased ecological quality of the protected area?If I answer this question, what knowledge will I gain? What bigger issue will I address?Big Issue (Opening): Do protected areas prevent ecological degradation? Are protected areas effective / efficient?If I answer this question, (1) what field / research

6、 area will I contribute knowledge to and (2) how is it significant?Establish significance (Opening): Conservation biology / Ecology conserve animal and plant tected areas.Answer (Discussion): The ecological quality of a protected area such as the Wolong Nature Preserve was not better prot

7、ected after its establishmentThe Opening3. Do protected areas conserve ecology?Protected areas/ conserving species important2. Background / keywordsOpeningAimsThe beginnings and endings are power positions.Lets look at how we can (1) establish significance, (2) introduce the keywords, and (3) identi

8、fy the big issue.Establishing significanceUsefulQuantityMoneyImportanttraditionallyuseful methodcentralsubstantial costswidely recognizedeconomic costscrucial issuea powerful toolextensively studiedfundamentalWriters often establish significance of their work several ways. key techniqueeconomically

9、importantover the past ten yearskey rolePut the expressions below in the correct categorywidely recognizedtraditionallykey techniqueuseful methoda powerful toolfundamentalcrucial issuecentralkey roleeconomic costssubstantial costsextensively studiedover the past ten yearsUnderstanding the evolutiona

10、ry processes that contribute to this variation is _to both basic and applied biologists.Over _, many species have experienced rapid population decline and habitat loss The Earths Cenozoic climate history has been _ studied during the last few decades.Whole genome duplication has played a _ role in p

11、lant evolution.Dispersal is one of the most _ yet least understood drivers of ecological and evolutionary processes.Establishing significanceFill in the blanks.fundamentala crucial issuethe past ten yearsextensivelykeyUse one of these phrases to re-write “increasing interest in the evolutionary aspe

12、cts of conservation biology.”The Opening3. Do protected areas conserve ecology?Protected areas/ conserving species important2. Background / keywordsOpeningAimsThe beginnings and endings are power positions.Lets look at how we can (1) establish significance, (2) introduce the keywords, and (3) identi

13、fy the big issue.What are the key words?What are your key words?Read the opening of “Short- and long-term effects of disturbance and propagule pressure on a biological invasion.” What are the key words? 1 Biological invasions are a global problem with substantial economic (Pimentel et al., 2005) and

14、 ecological (Mack et al., 2000) costs. 2 Research on invasions has provided important insights into the establishment, spread and impact of non-native species. 3 One key goal of invasion biology has been to identify the factors that determine whether an invasion will be successful (Williamson, 1996)

15、. 4 Accordingly, ecologists have identified several individual factors (e.g. disturbance and propagule pressure) that appear to exert strong controlling influences on the invasion process. 5 However, understanding how these processes interact to regulate invasions remains a major challenge in ecolog

16、y (DAntonio et al., 2001; Lockwood et al., 2005; Von Holle and Simberloff, 2005). In this study we used . to better understand the effects of propagule pressure and disturbance on invasion. Biological invasions disturbance and propagule pressureinvasions invasion invasion invasion invasions invasion

17、 propagule pressuredisturbancedisturbance and propagulepressure on a biological invasionHow can you introduce key words?Use one of these approaches to introduce the Wolong Nature Reserve.The phyllospherethe aerial surfaces of plantsis an important and ubiquitous habitat for bacteria. Accordingly, ec

18、ologists have identified several individual factors (e.g. disturbance and propagule pressure) that appear to exert strong controlling influences on the invasion process PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and is produced by the polymerization of lactide. There are three common ways to introduce the

19、key words in the opening: (e.g.,), -.-, and a sentence definition.The Opening3. Do protected areas conserve ecology?Protected areas/ conserving species important2. Protected areas, Wolong, habitat quality etc.OpeningAimsThe beginnings and endings are power positions.Lets look at how we can (1) estab

20、lish significance, (2) introduce the keywords, and (3) identify the big issue.The Opening: Identifying the Problem AreaWhat language do the authors use to identify the major problem? Where in the first paragraph do they generally identify the major problem?but the drivers of variation in leaf-associ

21、ated bacterial biodiversity among host plants are not well understood.However, understanding how these processes interact to regulate invasions remains a major challenge in ecology.Writers often use contrast to signal readers about something important and gap language to identify the Big Problem.The

22、 Big Problem / IssueGapContrast, but.remains a major challengedespiteHowever, even thoughmore work is neededremains unstudiedyetunclearnot well understoodAlthoughWhat contrast words or phrases do you know? What words or phrases do you know to indicate a gap in knowledge?Did you think of these?The Bi

23、g Problem / IssueFill in the blanks.To better manage tree populations, we need to _ the relationships between tree genotype and phenotype, and between phenotype and ecological function.The relative importance of drought response plasticity vs genetic differences _, as are details of which traits are

24、 most important for drought tolerance and what genes underlie them. _, thin samples such as two-dimensional protein arrays or biological membranes adsorbed to a solid support are not sufficiently compressible to explain such large height variation.understandremains unstudiedhoweverremains unstudiedH

25、oweverunderstandThe Opening: Identifying the Problem AreaUse these sentences to identify the big problem in your Introduction.but _is not well understood.However, understanding _remains a major challenge in ecology.Write Your OpeningIs it clear what the paper is about? Are the keys words / concepts

26、introduced? Does it have a clear direction? Is the big problem clearly stated?Write the Opening for the Introduction to Ecological Degradation in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Make sure you (1) establish the significance, (2) define key terms / introduce key concepts, and (3) state the big problem area

27、.In this class examined key words used to establish significanceCan you establish the significance of conserving pandas Read Schimmel Chapter 6 The Funnel pp 50-57 stated the big problem areaWhat is the larger issue addressed by examining whether the Wolong Nature Reserve protects habitat for pandas

28、? Writing Assignment #2 is on the Class WebsiteThe Opening: Misdirection and No DirectionRead the opening of a paper on the processes that control how much methane is released from tundra soils. Is this a paper about plants putting C into the soil? Or is it about plants taking C out of the soil? Or

29、both?After reading the opening, the significance and big issue that the paper will address should be clear.1 Plants are a critical control of CH4 dynamics in wetland ecosystems. 2 They supply C to the soil methanogenic community both through production of soil organic matter, and as fresh exudates a

30、nd residues. 3 Fresh plant material may be an important CH4 precursor even in an organic matter-rich peat soil. 4 Strong correlations between net primary productivity and system-level CH4 fluxes across a wide range of ecosystems highlight the importance of plant C inputs.5 Vascular plants, however,

31、also transport CH4 out of soil and sediment, effectively bypassing the aerobic zone of CH4 oxidation.How wide should your opening be?Match the Opening with the correct Resolution.Opening: Although pollinators seem to be significant drivers of floral evolution on a macroevolutionary scale, a major ga

32、p in our knowledge is whether pollinators are the agents of natural selection within populations.Conclusion 1: We found pollinator-mediated selection in P. digitalis on two traits thought to be important for pollinator attraction: flower size and display size.overpromisingJust rightunderpromisingHow wide should your opening be?Match the Opening with the correct Resolution.Resolution 2: In P. digitalis populations the UV patterns of