2009年社会工作实务(初级)模拟试题35198

1、计算机专业英语主讲：焦阳Chapter 2：The Internet, the Web, and Electronic Commerce1Discuss the origins of the Internet and the Web.Describe how to access the Web using providers and browsers.Discuss Internet communications, including e-mail, instant messaging, and social networking.Describe search tools, includin

2、g search engines, metasearch engines, and specialized search engines.Evaluate the accuracy of information presented on the Web.Discuss electronic commerce, including B2C, C2C, B2B, and security issues.Describe these Web utilities: Web-based applications, FTP, plug-ins, and filters.By the end of the

3、chapter, you should be able to：2The Internet was launched in 1969 when the United States funded a project that developed a national computer network called Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET). The Internet is a large network that connects together smaller networks all over the globe.

4、The Web was introduced in 1992 at the Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland.因特网首创于1969年，当时美国政府拨款开发了一个全国的计算机网络，叫做阿帕网。这个因特网是一个巨大的网络，它把全球的小型网络都连接在一起。万维网是1992年在瑞士的欧洲核子研究中心被引进的。The Internet and the Web3 Prior to the Web, the Internet was all textno graphics, animations, sound, or vid

5、eo. The Web made it possible to include these elements. It provided a multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet. From these early research beginnings, the Internet and the Web have evolved into one of the most powerful tools for the 21st century. 在万维网之前，因特网全部都是文字没有任何图像，动画，声音，视频。万维网

6、使得包含这些元素变成了可能。它为因特网上的有效资源提供了一个多媒体的界面。从这些早期的研究开始之后，因特网与万维网就已经演变成了21世纪最强大的工具之一。The Internet and the Web4It is easy to get the Internet and the Web confused, but they are not the same thing. The Internet is the actual physical network. It is made up of wires, cables, and satellites. Being connected to

7、this network is often described as being online. The Internet connects millions of computers and resources available on the Internet. Every day over a billion users from nearly every country in the world use the Internet and the Web. What are they doing? The most common uses are the following:我们很容易将

8、因特网与万维网弄混淆，尽管它们不是同一个概念。因特网实际上指的是物理的网络。它由电线，电缆和卫星组成。我们常常把连接到这个物理的网络说成是正在联线。因特网将成千上万的计算机和因特网上的有效资源连接起来。每一天都有超过十亿的来自世界各地的用户使用因特网和万维网。他们都在做什么呢？最常见的用途有以下几种：The Internet and the Web5Communicating is by far the most popular Internet activity. You can exchange e-mail with your family and friends almost anyw

9、here in the world. You can join and listen to discussions and debates on a wide variety of special-interest topics.通讯是迄今为止最受欢送的互联网活动。你可以与你的家人以及几乎世界上任何地方的朋友互换电子邮件。你可以参加并且聆听讨论，以及对很广范围的关于特殊兴趣的话题进行争论。Shopping is one of the fastest-growing Internet applications. You can window shop, look for the latest f

10、ashions, search for bargains, and make purchases.购物也是一种迅速增长的互联网应用。你可以只看不买，找寻最新的时尚，搜索特价商品并购置商品。The Internet and the Web6Searching for information has never been more convenient. You can access some of the worlds largest libraries directly from your home computer. You can find the latest local, nation

11、al, and international news.搜索信息已经变得不能比这再简便了。你可以从你家里的计算机直接访问到一些世界上最大的图书馆。你也可以找到最新的地方的，国家的以及国际的新闻。Entertainment options are nearly endless. You can find music, movies, magazines, and computer games. You will find live concerts, movies previews, book clubs, and interactive live games.娱乐的选项几乎是无穷无尽的。你可以找

12、到音乐，电影，杂志和计算机游戏。你也会找到现场直播的音乐会，电影的预映，图书俱乐部以及互动的在线游戏。The Internet and the Web7Education or e-learning is another rapidly emerging Web application. You can take classes on almost any subject. There are courses just for fun and there are courses for high school, college, and graduate school credit. Some

13、 cost nothing to take and others cost a lot.教育或者是电子学习是另一种迅速兴起的网上应用。你可以上几乎任意一门学科的课。有的课程仅仅是为了娱乐，有的课程是高中，大学和研究所的课程。The first step to using the Internet and Web is to get connected, or to gain access to the Internet.第一步就是使用互联网和万维网来进行连接，或者是说得以访问互联网。The Internet and the Web8Describe how the Internet and t

14、he Web started.What is the difference between the Internet and the Web?List and describe five of the most common used of the Internet and the Web.Concept Check9The Internet and the telephone system are similaryou can connect a computer to the Internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone s

15、ystem. Once you are on the Internet, your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computera computer that branches all over the world. When provided with a connection to the Internet, you can use a browser program to search the Web.互联网和 系统很相似你可以将一台计算机连接到互联网上，就像你把一部 连接到 系统上。一旦你连上互联网了

16、，你的计算机就变成了一个巨型计算机的分机，这个巨型机在全世界都有分支。Access10The most common way to access the Internet is through an Internet service provider (ISP). The providers are already connected to the Internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access to the Internet either through its local area networks o

17、r through a dial-up or telephone connection. There are also some companies that offer free Internet access.访问互联网最常见的方式是通过一个互联网效劳供给者。这些供给者是已经和互联网连上了，他们为终端用户提供路径，从而使用户们可以通过局域网或是拨号，或是 连接来访问到互联网。有些公司有提供免费的互联网访问权。Access:providers11The most widely used commercial Internet service providers are national an

18、d wireless providers.最普遍使用的商业互联网效劳提供商是国家的和无线提供商。National service providers like American Online (AOL) are the most widely used. They provide access through standard telephone or cable connections. Users can access the Internet from almost anywhere within the country for a standard fee without incurr

19、ing long-distance telephone charges.像美国在线这样全国性的效劳提供商是使用最广泛的。他们通过标准的 或电缆连接来提供访问。用户们可以从几乎全国的任意一个地方访问互联网，只需付一个标准的费用而不会引起长途 费的价格。Access: providers12Wireless service providers do not use telephone or cable lines. They provide Internet connections for computers with wireless modems and a wide array of wir

20、eless devices.无线效劳商既不使用 ，也不使用电缆线。他们为安装有无线调制解调器的电脑以及很多系列的无线设备提供互联网连接。As we will discuss in Chapter 9, users connect to ISPs using one of a variety of connection technologies including dial-up, DSL, cable, and wireless modems.我们将会在第九章里讨论，用户通过很多不同类型的连接技术与互联网效劳供给商相连，包括拨号，数字用户线，电缆以及无线调制解调器。Access: provid

21、ers13Browsers are programs that provide access to Web resources. This software connects you to remote computers, opens and transfers files, displays text and images, and provides in one tool an uncomplicated interface to the Internet and Web documents. Browsers allow you to explore, or to surf, the

22、Web by easily moving from one Web site to another. Three well-known browsers are Mozilla Firefox, Netscape Communications, and Microsoft Internet Explorer.浏览器是给网络资源提供访问的程序。这种软件使得你可以和远处的计算机连接起来，翻开并传送文件，显示文字和图像，将这些功能集合成一个工具，为互联网和网络文件提供了一个不复杂的界面。浏览器使你可以探索或是漫游网络轻松地从一个网站移动到另一个网站。三种最熟悉的浏览器是Mozilla的火狐浏览器，网

23、景通讯，和微软的Internet Explorer.Access: browsers14For browsers to connect to resources, the location or address of the resources must be specified. These addresses are called uniform resource locators (URLs). All URLs have at least two basic parts. The first part presents the protocol used to connect to t

24、he resource. As we will discuss in Chapter 9, protocols are rules for exchanging data between computers. The protocol :/ is the most widely used Web protocol. The second part presents the domain name. It is the name of the server where the resource is located.为了使得浏览器可以连接到资源，这些资源的位置或是地址必须有规定。这些地址叫做统一

25、资源定位符简称URLs。所有的统一资源定位符都有至少两个根本组成局部。第一局部显示的是连接资源所使用的协议。我们在第九章会讨论到，协议是计算机之间交换数据的规那么。协议“ :/是使用最广泛的网络协议。第二局部显示的是域名。它是放置那个资源的效劳器的名字。Access: browsers15In Figure 2-4 the server is identified as . (many URLs have additional parts specifying directory paths, file names, and pointers.) The last part of the do

26、main name following the dot (.) is the top-level domain (TLD). It identifies the type of organization. For example, indicates a commercial site. The URL connects your computer to a computer that provides information about MTV.在图2-4里，效劳器被定为。许多统一资源定位符都有附加的局部来制定文件夹路径，文件名称和指针在域名中，跟着点的最后一局部是最高级的域名简称TLD。它

27、指示了组织的类型。比方，“ 标志一个商业网站。而URL那么将你的电脑和一个提供关于MTV信息的电脑联系起来。Access: browsers16Once the browser has connected to the Web site, a document file is sent back to your computer. This document typically contains Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) commands. The browser interprets the HTML commands and displays the

28、 document as a Web page. For example, when your browser first connects to the Internet, it opens up to a Web page specified in the browser settings. This page presents information about the site along with references and hyperlinks or links that connect to other documents containing related informat

29、iontext files, graphic images, audio, and video clips.一旦浏览器和网站连接起来，一个文档文件就会送回你的计算机。这个文档通常包含超文本链接标示语言指令。浏览器可以读懂HTML指令，并将文档以网页的形式显示。例如，当你的浏览器第一次连接到互联网，它会翻开一个网页用来规定浏览器的设置。这个网页显示关于站点的信息，同时还有标记，超链接或着包含其它相关信息包括文字文档，平面图像，音频和视频片段的链接。Access: browsers17These documents may be located on a nearby computer syste

30、m or on one halfway around the world. The links typically appear on the Web page as underlined and colored text and/or images. To access the referenced material, all you do is click on the highlighted text or image. A connection is automatically made to the computer containing the material, and the

31、referenced material appears on your display screen.这些文档也许被放置在一个离你很近的计算机系统，也许被放置在一个距你在地球另一边的计算机。这些链接通常在网页上显示为有下划线的和有颜色的文字或图片。要想访问到这些参考材料，你只需要在这些突出的文字或图片上点击一下。一个链接就会自动地接到那台含有材料的计算机，并且这些参考材料就会在你的显示屏上出现了。Access: browsers18Web pages also can contain special programs called applets that are typically writ

32、ten in a programming language such as Java. These programs can be downloaded quickly and run by most browsers. Java applets are widely used to add interest and activity to a Web site by presenting animation, displaying graphics, providing interactive games, and much more.网页也包含特殊的程序叫做微程序，通常是由例如Java这样

33、的编程语言编写的。这些程序可以被大多数浏览器迅速地下载并运行。Java微程序广泛应用于给网站增加趣味和活力，它通过展示动画，显示图片，提供交互式游戏还有其它很多手段等等。Access: browsers19What is the function of an ISP? Describe two types of ISPs.What is the function of a browser?What are URLs, HTML, Web pages, hyperlinks, applets, and Java?Concept check20As previously mentioned, co

34、mmunication is the most popular Internet activity, and its impact cannot be overestimated. At a personal level, friends and family can stay in contact with one another even when separated by thousands of miles. At a business level, electronic communication has become a standard, and many times prefe

35、rred, way to stay in touch with suppliers, employees, and customers. The three most popular types of Internet communication are e-mail, instant messaging, and discussion groups.正如之前提到的，通讯是应用最广泛的互联网活动，它的影响不能被高估。在个人的层面，朋友和家人即使分隔千里也可以保持联系。在商业的层面，电子通讯已经变成了一种标准，很多时候是首选的，与供给商，员工以及客户保持联系的方式。三种最流行的互联网通信类型是电

36、子邮件，即时通讯和讨论小组。Communication21E-mail or electronic mail is the transmission of electronic messages over the Internet. At one time, e-mail consisted only of basic text messages. Now e-mail routinely includes graphics, photos, and many different types of file attachments. People all over the world send

37、 e-mail to each other. You can e-mail your family, your co-workers, and even your senator. All you need to send and receive e-mail is an e-mail account, access to the Internet, and an e-mail program. Two of the most widely used e-mail programs are Microsofts Outlook Express and Mozilla Thunderbird.电

38、子邮件是电子信息在互联网上的传播。曾经，电子邮件被认为只是根本的文字信息。现在电邮惯常地包含图片、照片和许多不同种类的文件附件。全世界的人们互相发邮件。你可以给你的家人，你的同事，甚至你的参议员发邮件。要收发电邮只需要有一个电邮账户，访问到互联网和一个电邮软件就可以了。两个最广泛使用的电邮软件是微软的Outlook Express和Mozilla的Thunderbird雷鸟。Communication: E-mail22A typical e-mail message has three basic elements: header, message, and signature. The h

39、eader appears first and typically includes the following information:一个典型的电邮信息有三个根本元素：标题，信息和签名。首先出现的是标题，它通常包含以下信息：Communication: E-mail23Addresses: Addresses of the persons sending, receiving, and, optionally, anyone else who is to receive copies. E-mail addresses have two basic parts. The first par

40、t is the users name and the second part is the domain name, which includes the top-level domain. In our example e-mail, dcoats is Dans user name. The server providing e-mail service for Dan is . The top-level domain indicates that the provider is an educational institution.地址：人们收信发信的地址，还有那些可以选择地，任何能

41、收到抄送本的人。电邮地址也有两个根本局部。第一局部是用户的名字，第二局部是域名，包括顶级域名。在我们的电邮例子(dcoats)里，dcoats是Dan的用户名。为Dan提供电邮效劳的效劳器是。这个顶级域名指出了提供者是一个教育机构。Communication: E-mail24Subject: A one-line description, used to present the topic of the message. Subject lines typically are displayed when a person checks his or her mailbox.主题：一个一行的

42、描述，用来显示信息的话题。主题行通常是在人们检查邮箱的时候会显示。Attachments: Many e-mail programs allow you to attach files such as documents and worksheets. If a message has an attachment, the file name appears on the attachment line.附件：许多电邮软件都允许你附上诸如文档和工作表一类文件。如果一封邮件有一个附件，这个文件名就会出现在附件行上。Communication: E-mail25The letter or mess

43、age comes next. It is typically short and to the point. Finally, the signature line provides additional information about the sender. Typically, this information includes the senders name, address, and telephone number.接着是信或者短信。它通常很短，简明扼要。最后签名档提供一些关于发信人的附加信息。通常的，这个信息包括发信人的名字、地址和 号码。Communication: E-

44、mail26E-mail can be a valuable asset in your personal and professional life. However, like many other valuable technologies, there are drawbacks too. Americans receive billions of unwanted and unsolicited e-mail every year. This unwelcome mail is called spam. While spam is indeed a distraction and n

45、uisance, it also can be dangerous. For example, computer viruses or destructive programs are often attached to unsolicited e-mail. 电子邮件可以成为你个人和职业生活中一笔很重要的财富。尽管如此，像很多其它有价值的技术一样，它也有缺点。美国人每年会收到上亿封不需要并且未经许可的电子邮件。这种不受欢送的邮件被称之为垃圾邮件。尽管垃圾邮件很令人分心又令人讨厌，它也可以变得很危险。比方说，计算机病毒或者是破坏性的程序就常常被附在未经许可的电邮里。Communication:

46、 E-mail27In an attempt to control spam, anti-spam laws have been added to our legal system. For example, the recently enacted CAN-SPAM Act requires that every marketing related e-mail provide an opt-out option. When the option is selected, the recipients e-mail address is to be removed from future m

47、ailing lists. Failure to do so results in heavy fines. This approach, however, has had minimal impact since over 50 percent of all spam originates from servers outside the United States. A more effective approach has been the development and use of spam blockers. These programs use a variety of diff

48、erent approaches to identify and eliminate spam. 尝试着控制垃圾邮件，反垃圾邮件法已经被增加到我们的法律系统。比方，最近通过的CAN-SPAM法就要求每封与营销有关的电邮都要提供一个选择排除的选项。当这个选项被选中，收信人的电邮地址将会从未来的邮件发送清单里除去。不这样做的话会导致巨额的罚款。尽管如此，这个手段的作用并不大，因为超过50%以上的垃圾邮件都源自于美国以外的效劳器。一种更有效的手段就是开发和使用垃圾邮件拦截器。这些软件使用多种不同的手段来识别并消除垃圾邮件。Communication: E-mail28Instant messagin

49、g (IM) is an extension of e-mail that allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, live communication. To use instant messaging, you specify a list of friends and register with an instant messaging server. Whenever you connect to the Internet, special software informs your messaging s

50、erver that you are online. In response, the server will notify you if any of your contacts are online. At the same time, it notifies your friends that you are online. You can then send messages directly back and forth to one another. Most instant messaging programs also include video conferencing fe

51、atures, file sharing, and remote assistance. Many businesses routinely use these instant messaging features.即时通讯简称IM是电子邮件的一个延伸，它允许两个或多个人通过直接，实时的通讯来互相联系。要使用即时通讯，你要制定一个朋友的名单，并在一个即时通讯效劳器上注册。当你连接到互联网，专门的软件会通知你的短信效劳器你已经在线了。作为回应，这台效劳器会通知你如果你有朋友也在线的话。同时，它也会通知你的朋友，你在线了。你可以将短信直接来回地传给另一个人。大多数的即时通讯软件也包括了视频会议的功

52、能，文件共享以及远程帮助。很多商业也惯常使用这些即时通讯的功能。Communication: Instant messaging29The most widely used instant messaging services are AOLs Instant Messenger, Microsofts MSN Messenger, and Yahoo Messenger. One limitation, however, is that many instant messaging services do not support communication with other servic

53、es. For example, at the time of this writing, a user registered with AOL cannot use AOLs Instant Messenger software to communicate with a user registered with Yahoo Messenger. Recently, however, some software companies have started providing universal instant messenger programs that overcome this li

54、mitation. For example, Gain, Odigo, and Thrilian provide instant messaging services that do support communication with other services.使用最广泛的即时通讯效劳是美国在线的Instant Messenger,微软的MSN Messenger，以及雅虎的Messenger。然而有一个局限就是，许多即时通讯效劳都不支持与其它通讯效劳相联系。比方说，在写这本书时侯，一个在AOL上注册的用户不能用AOL的Instant Messenger软件与在Yahoo Messeng

55、er上注册的用户进行交流。然而近来，一些软件公司已经开始提供万能的即时通讯软件来克服这个限制。例如，Gain，Odigo和Thrilian都提供支持与其它效劳可以沟通的即时通讯效劳。Communication: Instant messaging30One of the fastest-growing uses of the Internet is social networking, or connecting individuals to one another. There are three basic categories of social networking sites: re

56、uniting, friend-of-a-friend, and common interest.互联网的一项增长十分迅猛的应用就是社交网络，或者是将个人都联系起来。有三种根本类型的社交网站：重聚型，朋友圈型以及共同爱好型。Communication: Social networking31Reuniting sites are designed to connect people who have known one another but have lost touch; for example, an old high school friend that you have not se

57、en for several years. You join a social network by connecting to a reuniting site and providing profile information such as your age, gender, name of high school, and so forth. This information is added to the reuniting sites member database. Members are able to search the database to locate individ

58、uals. Many of the sites will even notify you whenever a new individual joins that matches some parts of your profile (such as high school class). Two of the best-know reuniting sites are Classmates Online and Facebook.重聚型网站是为了那些已经认识但却失去联系的人设计的；例如，一个你高中时的老朋友已经好些年没见了。你参加这样的社交网络，通过连接到一个重聚型网站并且提供你的年龄，性别

59、，高中名称等诸如此类的简介信息。这个信息被添加到这个重聚型网站的会员数据库里。这样会员就可以通过搜索数据库来找到单独的人。许多这样的网站甚至会通知你，在每当一位新人参加到与你的简介信息例如高中的班级有公同地方的时候。两个最有名的重聚型网站是Classmates Online和Facebook.Communication: Social networking32Friend-of-a-friend sites are designed to bring together two people who do not know one another but share a common frien

60、d. The theory is that, if you share a common friend, then it is likely that you would become friends. For example, a network could be started by one of your acquaintances by providing profile information on him- or herself and a list of friends. You could even join the list of friends provided at th