高中英语语法(时态和语态)

1、s高中英语语法(时态和语态)一动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常有的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。(一）一般现在时（do/does）1详尽用法表示经常性或习惯性动作Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.我们总是互相关心互相帮助。Hegoestoschooleveryday.表示现在的特色或状态Heisveryhappy.Doyousing?-Alittle.表示宽泛真理Lighttravelsfaster

2、thansound.光速比声速快。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.行动胜过语言。*常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often,usually,sometimes,everyday,everymorning/afternoon,onSundays/weekends等等。IoftengotothecinemaonSundays.我经常星期天去看电影。Hegoestoworkearlyeveryday.他每天上班很早。（二）一般过去时(did)1）表示过去某一特准时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确实过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。比方：Wewenttothepi

3、ctureslastnightandsawaveryinterestingfilm.2）表示过去习惯性动作。比方：Healwayswenttoclasslast.Iusedtodomyhomeworkinthelibrary.（三）一般将来时(will/shalldo)1）表示将来打算进行或希望发生的动作或状态。比方：Ishallgraduatenextyear.2）一般将来时有时能够表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如Cropswilldiewithoutwater.Youwontsucceedwithouttheirsupport.几种取代形式：*begoingto+v在口语中宽泛使用，表示准备做

4、或将发生的事情。比方：Imgoingtobuyahousewhenwevesavedenoughmoney.*beto+v表示计划安排要做的事，拥有必要的逼迫性意义。比方：Iamtoplaytennisthisafternoon.*beaboutto+v表示立刻发生的事情。比方：Hewasabouttostart.*bedueto+v表示起初确定了的事，必然发生的事。比方：Thetrainisduetodepartintenminutes.5）少许动词如：begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的

5、动作。（多用来表示按计划起初安排好立刻发生的动作，句中平时还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。比方：Themeetingbeginsatseven.ssThetrainstartsatnineinthemorning.（四）现在进行时(is/aredoing)1）表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的词组是now，rightnow，atthemother，forthetimebeing，forthepresent,或某个详尽的时间（几点钟）。Heiswritingaletternow.SheisvisitingBeijingthisweek.2）有时用来取代一般现在时态，表示一

6、个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）Heisalwaysthinkingofhiswork.(表示同意)Theboyisalwaystalkinginclass.（表示不满）有时用来表示一个在近来按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示将来的时间的状语）WeareleavingonFriday.我们星期五出发。Howmanyofyouarecomingtotheparty?（五）现在完成时（have/hasdone）（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前情况仍有影响的，方才完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），也许过去某一时刻发生的，连续到现在的

7、情况（常与for，since连用）。比方：Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Maryhasbeenillforthreedays.（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since,for,during,over等引导出的短语；副词already,yet,just,ever,now,before,often,lately,recently等；状语词组thisweek(morning,month,year),sofar,uptonow,manytimes,uptothepresent等。比方：Sofar,shehasntenjoyedthesummervacation.The

8、rehavebeenalotofchangessince1978.（3）完成时态可用在以下结构中：*This(That,It)is(was)thefirst(second.)time+定语从句；*This(That,It)is(was)theonly(last)+n+定语从句；*This(That,It)is(was)+形容词最高等+n+定语从句。若是主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词平时用现在完成时；若是主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词平时用过去完成时。比方：1）Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthathaveeverbeenraisedatsucha

9、meeting.2）Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening.（六）过去进行时(was/weredoing)过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去屡次的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。比方：1）Wewerediscussingthematterwhentheheadmasterentered.2）WheneverIvisitedhim,hewasalwayswritingatthedesk.（七

10、）过去完成时(haddone)（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间能够用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；也许表示一个动作在另一个过去动作从前已经完成。比方：1）WehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenTomcamein.2）Bytheendoflastyeartheyhadturnedout5,000bicycles.（2）动词expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、妄图或梦想等没有实现。比方：Ihadmeanttotakeagoo

11、dholidaythisyear,butIwasntabletogetaway.别的两种表示过去想做而未做的事的表达方式是：1）was/were+tohavedonesth,比方：ssWeweretohavecomeyesterday,butwecouldnt.2）intended(expected,hope,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+tohavedonesth,如：Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.（3）去完成常用于以下固定句型：1）hardly,scarcely,bare

12、ly+去完成+when+去。比方：HardlyhadIgotonthebuswhenitstartedtomove.2）nosooner+去完成+than+去。比方：NosoonerhadIgoneoutthanhecametoseeme.3）by(theendof)+去，主句中用去完成。比方：Theexperimenthadbeenfinishedby4oclockyesterdayafternoon.(八)一般去将来一般去将来的形式Should/would+原形was/were+-ing形式一般去将来常用于从句中，其主的去，可表示从去某看来将要生的事情，如：Hesaidthathewoul

13、dspeakatthemeeting.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshewouldbeseventy.（九）在完成行(has/havebeendoing)在完成行表示去某一刻从前开始的作或状素来延到去某一刻。比方：Ihavebeenlookingformylostbookforthreedays,butIstillhaventfoundit.运用动词时态要注意的几个问题（一）在和条件等状从句中不要用将来，如Wellgivehimthebookifhewantsit.Hedecidedtofightbackifhewashitagain.Illcallyouassoona

14、sIvefinishedmywork.(二)的一致（的呼），如Wesawthatthesmokewascomingfromawindow.Ididntknowifshewouldcome.Headmittedthathehadbeenonthemarch.不能够整的情况：1）从句的是一种宽泛真理，如：Longago,peopledidntknowthemovesearthroundthesun.2）当从句的改成去可能造成会，如Didhesaythatthetrainleavesat5:30?（三）瞬在完成中的使用，如：Ihavereceivedherletterforthreemonths.正

15、：Ireceivedherletterthreemonthsago.正：ItisthreemonthssinceIreceivedherletter.（四）注意某些要求必然的句型*was/weredoingsth.whendidsth.Iwasreadingabookwhenthebellrang*was/wereabouttodosth.whendidsth.Wewereabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.Shewasabouttogooutwhenitstartedtorain表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成，如：ItsthefirsttimeIvesee

16、nher.ssWehavebeentherethreetimes.*Itis/hasbeensinceItis(hasbeen)twoweekssinceIcamehere.Shesaiditwasfivehourssinceshehadfinishedherwork.*hardlywhenWehadhardlygotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.Hardlyhadwegotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.*nosoonerthanIhadnosoonercomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.Nosoonerh

17、adIcomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.二动词的语态也是的一种形式，英有两种：主和被。主表示主是作的行者，而被表示主是作的承受者。1）Weuseelectricitytorunmachines.（主）2）Electricityisusedtorunmachines.（被）1不能够用于被的和短1）在英中，不及物不能够用于被，但有些不及物（包括短）简单引起用。如：appear,belong,belong,die,escape,fall,happen,last,remain,succeed,occur,cometrue,takeplace,consistof。（

18、2）某些表示状或特色的及物，如：become,contain,cost,fit,have,resemble,suit也没有被。2被的形式常用的被有下表所列的几种形式。一般行完成在amaskedambeingaskedisaskedisbeingaskedareaskedarebeingasked去wasbeaskedwasbeingaskedwerebeaskedwerebeingasked将来shallbeaskedshallhavebeenaskedwillbeaskedwillhavebeenasked去shouldbeaskedshouldhavebeenasked将来wouldbea

19、skedwouldhavebeenasked3短的被短被，平时被看作是一个，后边的介或副不能够翻开或省略。比方：1）Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasarrivedat.2）Alltherubbishshouldbegotridof.4get+-ed分的被get+-ed分构作的果，而非作自己，常用来表示突性的，料想以外的有时势件。比方：Theboygothurtonhiswayhomefromwork.别的，get+-ed分可用于自己做的事，是主的行而不是被的行。比方：getdressed（穿衣服）getdivorced（离婚）getengaged（婚）getconfuse

20、d（百思不解）getlost（迷路）getwashed（洗）getmarried（婚）5被与系表构的区ss1）Thenovelwaswellwritten.（系表构）2）ThenovelwaswrittenbyDiskens.（被）6不能够用于被的及物，如：have,fit,hold,lack,costIhaveacomputer.Thehallcanhold200people.主性式表被意当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后边接形容；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等状修；当表示“开始、束、关、停、启”等意。Thiskindofclothwashes

21、easily.种布易洗。Thesenovelswontsellwell些.小不。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的笔写起来很流。Thedoorwontlock.不上。Thefishsmellsgood.起来香。当breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等表示“生、关、拟定”等意思。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.want,require,need后边的名用主表示被含。beworthdoing用主形式表示被含。在“be+形容+todo中”，不定式的是句子的主，用主代被

22、。Thiskindofwaterisntfittodrink.Thegirlisnteasytogetalongwith.别的：betoblame(受)，betorent（出租）也用主形式表被。Choosetherightanswer1.They_friendssincetheymetinShanghai.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.havehad2.Thesecretaryisgoingtoreporttothemanagerassoonashe_.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving3.

23、Weallknowthatice_.A.feelcoldB.isfeltsoldC.isfeelingcoldD.feelscold4.-Thiscloth_welland_long.-OK.Illtakeit.A.washes;lastsB.iswashed;lastedC.washes,islastedD.iswashing,lasting5.Helen_herkeyintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_home.A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome6.It_

24、everydaysofarthisweek.A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining-Areyougoingtothemoviestonight?Yes,I_myworkbythattime.A.willfinishB.finishC.amgoingtofinishD.willhavefinished-WasthedrivingpleasantwhenyouvacationedinMexicolastsummer?No,it_forfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.A.wasrainingB.

25、wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained9.Youwontknowifthecoatfitsyouuntilyou_iton.ssA.willtryB.aretryingC.triedD.havetried10.Mydictionary_,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill_.A.haslost;dontfindB.ismissing;dontfindC.haslost;haventfoundD.ismissing;haventfound11.-Howlong_eachotherbeforethey_married?-

26、Foraboutayear.A.havetheyknown;getB.didtheyknow;weregoingtogetC.dotheyknow;aregoingtogetD.hadtheyknown;got12.-Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.-Oh,howniceofyou.I_you_tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didntthink;aregoingD.hadntthought;weregoing13.WhenJackarrivedhelearne

27、dMary_foralmostanhour.A.hadgoneB.hadsetoffC.hadleftD.hadbeenaway14-Imsorrytokeepyouwaiting.-Oh,notatall.I_hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.will15.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse_andslotofthings_.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrok

28、eninto;stolen-Haveyoumovedintothehouse?Notyet.Therooms_.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpaintingIfthecitynoises_fromincreasing,people_shouttobeheardatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep,haveto-_thesportsmeetmigh

29、tbeputoff.Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.IvebeentoldB.IvetoldC.ImtoldD.Iwastold19.IdontthinkimsawJme;he_intospace.A.juststared(凝视)B.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststaredD.hadjuststared20.-_myglasses?-Yes,I_themonyourbedaminuteago.A.Doyousee;sawB.Hadyouseen;haveseenC.Haveyouseen;sawD.Wouldyousee;saw-Wecouldh

30、avewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.-Yes.Ataxi_atallnecessary.A.wasntB.hadntbeenC.wouldntbeD.wontbe-WhoisJerryCooper?_?Isawyoushakehandswithhimatthemeeting.A.DontyoumeethimyetB.HadntyoumethimyetC.DidntyoumeethimyetD.Haventyoumethimyetss-Nancyisnotcomingtonight.-Butshe_!A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromis

31、eD.hadpromised24._itwithmeandIllseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave25.Itisclearthathispooreducation_himback.A.hasbeenheldB.isholdingC.willbeheldD.hadheld-HowareyouplanningtotraveltoShanghai?I_yet,butI_takingatrain.A.haventdecided;amconsideringB.haventdecided,considerC.didntdecided;a

32、mconsideringD.hadntdecided;haveconsidered27.ThepenI_I_isonmydesk,rightundermynose.A.think,loseB.thought,hadlostC.think,hadlostD.thought,havelost-Haveyouheardaboutthenewschool?-No,whenandwheretobuildthenewone_yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasntdecidedD.haventdecided29.-Sorry,Imlate.-ThatsOK.I_lo

33、ng.A.haventwaitedB.dontwaitC.haventbeenwaitingD.didntwait30.-Nancysatinthefrontseatontheleftsideoftheclassroom.-Oh!Ithoughtshe_intheback.A.willsitB.hadsatC.issittingD.hassat31.I_myfacewhensuddenlysomeone_atthedoor.A.washed,knockedB.washed,wasknockingC.waswashing,wasknockingD.waswashing,knocked32.I_a

34、tthestationhalfanhourago,butthetrain_yet.A.arrived,hadntcomeB.wasarriving,hadnmetcoC.arrived,hasntcomeD.hadarrived,didntcome33.-Whydidyoucomebytaxi?-MycarbrokedownlastweekandIstill_itrepaired.A.haventhadB.didnthaveC.donthaveD.wonthaveImsurprisedtofindyouherelookingwellandplayingtennis,Jim.Annsaidtha

35、tyou_sick.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.hadbeen35.Theprice_,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedoneD.wasgoingdown36.-DidyougotoQingdaoforvacationlastAugust?-I_togo,butIgotsickatthelastminute.A.wasplanningB.hadbeenplanningC.plannedD.haveplanned37.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neve

36、rinmylife_sohappy.A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfelt-Howareyoutoday?-Oh,I_asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didntfeelB.wasntfeelingC.dontfeelD.haventfeltss39.ThereportersaidtheUFO_easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel40.-Ithinkthatyouneed_practiceonplayingtheviolin.-_violinlessonseverytwoweeks,butIthinkIllmakeiteveryweekf