2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号16

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题He has no incentive to make permanent improvement in spoken English.问题1选项A.ability tB.knowledge tC.opportunity tD.motive【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。incentive表示“动机，刺激”；A项ability“能力”，B项knowledge“知识”，C项opportunity“机会”，D项motive“动机，

2、目的”。句意：他没有持续提高英语口语的动力。根据句意可知，该题选择D项正确。2.单选题This monument image was designed to （stir up）emotions of awe and respect, but could scarcely evoke feelings of warmth and affection.问题1选项A.tangleB.teemC.stipulateD.agitate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。stir up表示“激起，煽动”；A项tangle“（使）缠结在一起，（使）乱成一团”，B项teem“大量出现，充满”，C项stipulat

3、e“规定，保证”，D项agitate“摇动，骚动”。句意：这个纪念碑形象的设计是为了激起敬畏和尊敬的情绪，但几乎不能唤起温暖和喜爱的感情。根据句意可知，该题选择D项正确。3.单选题There are countries in which unnecessary poverty prevails because the people as a whole are unaware of methods whereby it can be relieved. There are vast tracts of land, abandoned or（1） cultivated, which could

4、support a thriving community if full use were（2）the knowledge and skill of scientists. There are innumerable people suffering from disease which can be cured, and from which,（3）following simple scientific rules of hygiene, they need never again suffer. There are vast storehouses of natural power, su

5、ch as the wind, waterfalls and the heat of the sun, which science can show how to（4）for the relief of human hard work and for raising the（5）of living. The possibilities are enormous.But the difficulties in the way of effecting a change for the（6）are not less enormous and are often overlooked. The fu

6、ll benefits of science can（7）be gained with the cooperation of the people in need of assistance. That cooperation is regrettably ineffective（8）the people also have some understanding of the means used. A sterilized (经过消毒的) bandage brings no cure to an infected wound. Farm machinery, broken（9）and neg

7、lected for lack of skilled mechanics, can be a source of ruin than of profit. If the methods recommended by the scientist are（10）by those who have some knowledge of science, then great benefit can follow. But if that understanding of cooperation is in lack, then frustration is added to poverty.问题1选项

8、A.onceB.sometimesC.regularlyD.never问题2选项A.adopted byB.made ofC.resulted inD.originated from问题3选项A.inB.whileC.byD.upon问题4选项A.harnessB.imitateC.implementD.propel问题5选项A.levelB.standardC.conditionD.circumstance问题6选项A.betterB.improvementC.advanceD.progress问题7选项A.onlyB.alsoC.evenD.never问题8选项A.unlessB.unti

9、lC.ifD.even问题9选项A.upB.downC.outD.off问题10选项A.manipulatedB.appliedC.possessedD.designated【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:A第9题:B第10题:B【解析】第1题:考查词义辨析。A项once“曾经”，B项sometimes“有时”，C项regularly“定期地，有规律地”，D项never“从不”。根据句子There are vast tracts of land, abandoned or（ ） cultivated（有大片的土地，被遗弃或耕地）可知，or后

10、面的部分和abandon的意思是相等并列的，空格后面是cultivated，那么前面应该填入一个表示否定的词语，只有never符合。句意：这里有大片被遗弃或从未耕种过的土地。因此，该题选择D项正确。第2题:考查固定搭配。A项adopted by“被采纳/收养”，B项make of“了解”，C项result in“导致”，D项originate from“发源于”。根据句子which could support a thriving community if full use were（ ）knowledge and skill of scientists（如果充分利用科学家的知识和技能，就能够

11、支持一个繁荣的社区）可知，make full use of固定搭配，表示“充分利用”。句意：如果充分利用科学家的知识和技能，有大片被遗弃或从未耕种过的土地可以支撑一个繁荣的社区。因此，该题选择B项正确。第3题:考查介词辨析。A项in“在里”，B项while“当，尽管”，C项by“通过”，D项upon“在之上”。根据句子There are innumerable people suffering from disease which can be cured, and from which,（ ）following simple scientific rules of hygiene, they

12、 need never again suffer.（有无数的人患有可以治愈的疾病，而从这些疾病，遵循简单的卫生科学规则，他们永远不需要再遭受痛苦）可知，by doing sth.表示“通过做某事”，C项符合。句意：有数不清的人患有可以治愈的疾病，只要遵循简单的卫生科学规则，他们就再也不必遭受痛苦。因此，该题选择C项正确。第4题:考查动词辨析。A项harness“治理，利用”，B项imitate“模仿，仿造”，C项implement“实施，执行”，D项propel“推进，驱使”。根据句子There are vast storehouses of natural powerwhich scienc

13、e can show how to（ ）for the relief of human hard work（有很多自然力量科学可以告诉我们如何通过这些能源来减轻人类的辛苦）可知，只有A项符合句意。因此，该题选择A项正确。第5题:考查固定搭配。A项level“水平”，B项standard“标准”，C项condition“条件，情况”，D项circumstance“环境，状况”。根据句子and for raising the（ ）of living. The possibilities are enormous（为了提高生活水平）可知，standard of living是固定搭配，表示“生活水平

14、”。因此，该题选择B项正确。第6题:考查固定搭配。A项better“更好”，B项improvement“提高，改善”，C项advance“发展，前进”，D项progress“进步，发展”。根据句子“But the difficulties in the way of effecting a change for the（ ）are not less enormous and are often overlooked”可知，change for the better是固定搭配，表示“好转，改善”。句意：但要想改变现状，取得进步，困难并不小，而且常常被忽视。因此，该题选择A项正确。第7题:考查词义

15、辨析。A项only“仅，只有”，B项also“也”，C项even“甚至”，D项never“从未”。根据句子“The full benefits of science can（ ）be gained with the cooperation of the people in need of assistance.”可知，with the cooperation of the people in need of assistance（与需要帮助的人合作）是发挥科技的唯一条件，因此只有only符合。句意：科学的全部益处只有在需要帮助的人们的合作中才能获得。因此，该题选择A项正确。第8题:考查条件状语

16、从句。A项unless“除非”，B项until“直到”，C项if“如果”，D项even“甚至”。根据句子“That cooperation is regrettably ineffective（ ）the people also have some understanding of the means used.”可知，这是一个条件状语从句，排除B、D选项；C选项是表示“假设的条件”，因此只有A选项符合。句意：令人遗憾的是，除非人民对所使用的手段也有一些了解，否则这种合作是无效的。因此，该题选择A项正确。第9题:考查固定搭配。A项up“向上”，break up表示“打碎，解散”；B项down“

17、向下”，break down表示“分解，发生故障”；C项out“出现，向外”，break out表示“爆发”；D项off“离开，脱落”，break off表示“折断，突然停止”。根据句子“Farm machinery, broken（ ）and neglected for lack of skilled mechanics, can be a source of ruin than of profit.”，空格前面有machinery（机器），可知只有B选项符合，表示“机器故障”。句意：农业机械由于缺乏熟练的机械师而被损坏和忽视，与其说是利润的来源，还不如说是毁灭的来源。因此，该题选择B选项正

18、确。第10题:考查词义辨析。A项manipulate“操纵，操作”，B项apply“应用”，C项possess“拥有”，D项designate“指定，指派”。根据句子“If the methods recommended by the scientist are（ ）by those who have some knowledge of science”，把四个选项分别代入，只有B项符合。句意：如果科学家推荐的方法被那些有一些科学知识的人应用。因此，该题选择B项正确。4.翻译题British previous colonial policies led to the spread of Eng

19、lish across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been won

20、dering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to ad

21、opt another language as their mother tongue. To discard ones native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased.【答案】答：英国以前的殖民政策导致了英语在世界各地的传播。美国的广泛影响又进一步加强了英语的广泛使用。然而，英语作为国际语言的主导地位既是好事，也是坏事。一方面，它加速了一些语言的灭绝。人们一直在想是否有可能创造一种全球语言，从而有望结束那些语言引起的麻烦和冲突。不幸的是，因为某一语言的本族语者不愿意把另一种语言当作自己的母语，世界语言

22、一致的尝试收效甚微。抛弃自己的母语，就等于是抹掉自己民族的特色。5.单选题Ask most people how they define the American Dream and chances are theyll say, “Success.” The dream of individual opportunity has been home in Americans since Europeans discovered a “new world” in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de C

23、revecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote, “We

24、are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himselfWe have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.” The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry fol

25、low with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.Our national mythology is full of illustration of the American success story. Theres Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who

26、rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became Americans best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend millions every year reading a

27、bout the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down,” and “dressing for success.” The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today its as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.But

28、dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it” also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols

29、: we try to live in the “right” neighborhoods, wear the “right” clothes, eat the “right” foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.1. What is the es

30、sence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeur?2. By saying “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” (Para.1), the author means（ ）.3. The characters described in Horatio Algers novels are people who（ ）.4. It can be inferred from the last sentence of the

31、 second paragraph that（ ）.5. What is the paradox of American culture according to the author?问题1选项A.People are free to develop their power of imagination.tB.People who are honest and work hard can succeed.tC.People are free from exploitation and oppression.tD.People can fully enjoy individual freedo

32、m.t问题2选项A.the more diligent one is, the bigger his returnstB.laborious work ensures the growth of an industrytC.a mans business should be developed step by steptD.a companys success depends on its employees hard workt问题3选项A.succeeded in real estate investmenttB.earned enormous fortunes by chancestC.

33、became wealthy after starting life very poortD.became famous despite their modest originst问题4选项A.business success often contributes to a successful marriagetB.Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of lifetC.good personal relationships lead to business successtD.successful business people provide

34、 good care for their childrent问题5选项A.The American road to success is full of nightmares.tB.Status symbols are not a real indicator of a persons wealth.tC.The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream.tD.What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第

35、1题:细节推理题。题干意思是“在克雷夫科尔看来，美国梦的本质是什么？”。根据题干定位到文章第一段Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imagi

36、nations of many European readers（像克雷夫科尔这样的早期移民高度赞扬了在这片新土地上发现的自由和机会；他对一个任何人都可以通过诚实和勤奋获得成功的无阶级社会的热情洋溢的描述激发了许多欧洲读者的想象力），由此可知，在克雷夫科尔看来，这里的人只要诚实、努力工作就会获得成功的机会，而这种机会从根本上说是源自美国的自由；故D项“人们可以充分享受个人自由”符合题意。A项“人们可以自由地发展自己的想象力”，表述与原文不符合；B项“诚实和努力工作的人能成功”，表述太绝对；C项“人民从剥削和压迫中解放出来”这不属于克雷夫科尔的观点。因此，该题选择D项正确。第2题:推理判断题。题

37、干意思是“第一段作者通过说一个人的辛勤劳动所得到的回报与他的劳动进步是同等的的意思是”。题干的句子出现在文章第一段最后一句话The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.（在这片土地上，“一个人的辛勤劳动所得到的回报与他的劳动进步是同等的”

38、，这一承诺吸引了来自欧洲的贫穷移民，并推动了国家向西部地区的扩张），结合上一句We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himselfWe have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.（我们都对一种不受束缚、不受约束的工业精神感到

39、兴奋，因为每个人都为自己工作；我们没有为他们辛劳、挨饿和流血的君主；我们是现存于世界上最完美的社会）可知，题干的这句话的意思是一个人越勤奋得到的回报越多，故A项“一个人越勤奋，他的回报就越大”正确。B项“费力的工作确保了产业的发展”和C项“一个人的事业应该一步一步的发展”均不符合原文意思；D项“一个公司的成功取决于它的员工的努力工作”，文章没有提到公司。因此，该题选择A项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“阿尔杰小说中描述的人物是”。根据题干定位到文章第二段第三句In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for

40、 young boys, became Americans best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales（19世纪，年轻男孩小说作家阿尔杰凭借描写白手起家的故事成为美国畅销书作家）可知，阿尔杰小说中描述的人物是白手起家的，故C项“在开始贫穷的生活后变得富有”正确。A项“在房地产投资上很成功”不是描述阿尔杰小说的内容；B项“靠运气赚了巨大的财富”和D项“虽然出身卑微，却很出名”不正确。因此，该题选择C项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从第二段的最后一句话可以推断出”。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句The myth of success has e

41、ven invaded our personal relationships: today its as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.（成功的神话甚至已经侵入了我们的人际关系：如今，在婚姻或为人父母方面取得“成功”与在事业上取得成功一样重要），由此可推断，美国人希望在婚姻、生活和事业等各方面都取得成功，故B项“美国人希望在生活的各个方面都成功”正确。A项“事业上的成功往往有助于一个成功的婚姻”和C项“良好的人际关系导致商业成功”，表

42、述不准确；D项“成功的商人为他们的孩子提供良好的照顾”文章未提及。因此，该题选择B项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为美国文化的悖论是什么？”。根据文章最后一句These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.（这些身份差别的象征物一方面使我们坚信人人平等，另一方

43、面我们又竭尽全力将自己和他人区分开来），由此可知美国人崇尚人人平等，但是又努力追求成功和地位，所以D项“美国人所追求的往往与他们的信仰相矛盾”表述正确。A项“美国的成功之路充满了噩梦”，原文是But dreams easily turn into nightmares.（但是梦很容易变成噩梦），该项表述不准确；B项“地位的象征并不是一个人财富的真实指标”，最后一段指出Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right” neighborhoods, wear

44、 the “right” clothes, eat the “right” foods.（在神话的压力下，我们沉迷于地位的象征：我们试图住在“正确”的社区，穿“正确”的衣服，吃“正确”的食物），可知文章并没有把地位和财富作比较；C项“美国梦只是一个空洞的梦”，文中没有这样表述。因此，该题选择D项正确。6.问答题The patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. Th

45、e medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.(1) Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. (2) Ye

46、t even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially l

47、ived in the hospital while training. (3) Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the

48、 benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them

49、that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, “The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring.” (4) But in the real world, it may be extre

50、mely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. (5) Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedbackpositive and negati

51、veabout their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and non-confrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfor

52、tunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patients benefit, is whistle-blowing.【答案】答：1.Almost certainly, the medical student was stunned to hear such an answer from his supervisor.2.The inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is stopped by the hospital hierarchies, despit

53、e appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians.3.At the bottom of hierarchy were those medical students assuredly.4.But in real hospital environment, it is rather difficult for medical students to give a command.5.Medical students and residents should make regular feedback about their supervisin

54、g physicians, positively and negatively at the end of their rotation.【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，几乎可以肯定。原文这一句是对上文的肯定，上文提到The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.（学医的学生听到他的回答很吃惊，因为她很肯定没有经过检查），所以改写的时候需要结合上文的内容来进行扩充，故改写为Almost certa

55、inly, the medical student was stunned to hear such an answer from his supervisor（几乎可以肯定的是，医学院的学生听到他的导师这样的回答感到很震惊）。2.原文句意是：然而，即使这样的行为可能危及病人，但教学医院的等级制度阻碍了年轻医生发言的倾向和能力。前半句是让步状语从句，并且acts can jeopardize patients指的是作为指导医生，他们的错误行为危害到病人的健康，所以可以改写为despite appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians（尽管指导

56、医生出现了一些错误）；后半句中的hamper可以用stop来替代，所以句子改写为The inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is stopped by the hospital hierarchies, despite appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians（医院的等级制度阻止了年轻医生说话的倾向和能力，尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）。3.原文句意是：最后，处于等级最下层的肯定是这些医学生。at the bottom of the heap（在底层）指的是等级制度的底层

57、，所以可以改写为at the bottom of hierarchy；另外who引导的定语从句是修饰强调的，所以句式可以精简，故这个句子可改写为At the bottom of hierarchy were those medical students assuredly（在等级制度的最底层肯定是那些医科学生）。4.原文句意是：但在现实世界中，要爬上指挥链可能极其困难。根据文章语境，in real world（在现实世界中）指的就是在医院环境中，而the chain of command（指挥链）的对象指的则是位于底层的医学生；故该句子可以改写为But in real hospital env

58、ironment, it is rather difficult for medical students to give a command（但在现实的医院环境中，医学生想要得到指挥权是相当困难的）。5.原文句意是：学生和住院医师现在被要求在轮班结束时对他们的指导医生提供常规的正面和负面反馈。routine（常规的）可以改为regular（定期的，普通的）；positive and negative在原文中是作为插入语使用，所以可以改为positively and negatively；故该句可改写为Medical students and residents should make reg

59、ular feedback about their supervising physicians, positively and negatively at the end of their rotation（医学生和住院医师应该在轮岗结束时，定期对他们的指导医生做出正面和负面反馈）。7.单选题I will tell Tom he is an adopted child, but I will do it in due course.问题1选项A.at proper timeB.of courseC.in my own wayD.sooner or later【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。i

60、n due course表示“在适当的时候，及时”；A项at proper time“在适当的时候”，B项of course“当然”，C项in my own way“以我自己的方式”，D项sooner or later“迟早，早晚”。句意：我会告诉汤姆他是收养的孩子，但我会在适当的时候告诉他。根据句意可知，该题选择A项正确。8.单选题If the population keeps on growing, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the earth.问题1选项A.maintainB