英语四级阅读真题包括

1、2019年12月英语四级阅读真题及答案2013年12月英语四级阅读真题及答案SectionADirections：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthe

2、wordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatdoesittaketobeawell-trainednurse?Theanswerusedtobetwo-yearassociatesorfour-yearbachelorsdegreeprograms.Butasthenursingshortage36,agrowingnumberofschoolsandhospitalsareestablishing“fast-trackprograms”thatenablecollegegraduate

3、swithnonursing37tobecomeregisterednurseswithonlyayearorsoof38training.In1991,therewereonly40fast-trackcurricula;nowtherearemorethan200.TypicalisColumbiaUniversitystayonforan39twoyearscanearnamastersdegreethat40themasnursepractitioners(执业护士)orclinicalnursespecialists.Manystudentsarerecent41;othersare

4、careerswitchers.RudyGuardron,32,a2004graduateofColumbiasprogram,wasapremedicalstudentincollegeandthenworkedforapharmaceutical(药物的)researchcompany.AtColumbia,hewas42asanursepractitioner.“Isawthatnurseswereinhigh43anditlookedlikeareallygoodopportunity,”hesays.“Also,Ididntwanttobeinschoolforthatlong.”T

5、hefast-tracktrendfillsaneed,butitsalsocreatingsome44betweennewcomersandveterans.“Nursesthatarestillatthebedside45thesekidswithsuspicion,”saysLindaPellico,whohastaughtnursingatYaleUniversityfor18years.“Theywonder,howcantheydoitquicker?”Theansweristheydont.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。additionalapplieddemandexce

6、ssiveexperienceF)exploresgraduatesoperationspromotequalifiesK)specializedtensiontrainedviewworsens参照答案3640OEKAJ4145GMCLNSectionBDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichthein

7、formationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheriseofthesharingeconomyA)Lastnight40000peoplerentedaccommodationfromaservicethatoffers250000roomsin30000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsan

8、dpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanahotelchain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4millionpeoplehaveusedit“sharingeconomy”,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinat

9、edviatheinternet.B)Youmightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast(家庭酒店),owningatimeshare(分时度假房)orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthaneverandthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscale.Thebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataabout

10、peopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedividedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasible,butwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters;smartphoneswithGPSletpeoplese

11、ewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethebilling.Whatsmineisyours,forafeeC)Justaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyonetobecomearetailer,sharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc(临时的)taxiservice,car-hirefirmorboutique

12、hotel(优选酒店)asandwhenitsuitsthem.Justgoonlineordownloadanapp.Themodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcampingspacesinSweden,fieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFrance.Asadvocatesofthesharing

13、economyliketoputit,accesstrumps(胜过)ownership.D)RachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlendingorputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid(电网).Anditisnotjustindividu

14、als：thewebmakesiteasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.E)Such“collaborative(合作的)consumption”isagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforan

15、averageof58nightsayear,making$9300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesmakeanaverageof$250amonth;somemakemorethan$1000.Renters,meanwhile,paylessthantheywouldiftheyboughttheitemthemselves,orturnedtoatraditionalprovidersuchasahotelorcar-hirefirm.Andthereareenvironmentalbenefits,too：ren

16、tingacarwhenyouneedit,ratherthanowningone,meansfewercarsarerequiredandfewerresourcesmustbedevotedtomakingthem.F)Forsociablesouls,meetingnewpeoplebystayingintheirhomesispartofthecharm.Curmudgeons(倔性情的人)whoimaginethateveryrenterisamurderercanstillstayatconventionalhotels.Forothers,thewebfosterstrust.A

17、swellasthebackgroundcheckscarriedoutbyplatformowners,onlinereviewsandratingsareusuallypostedbybothpartiestoeachtransaction,whichmakesiteasytospotbaddrivers,bathrobe-thievesandsurfboard-wreckers.ByusingFacebookandothersocialnetworks,participantscancheckeachotheroutandidentifyfriends(orfriendsoffriend

18、s)incommon.AnAirbnbuserhadherapartmenttrashedin2011.Buttheremarkablethingishowwellthesystemusuallyworks.PeeringintothefutureG)Thesharingeconomyisalittlelikeonlineshopping,whichstartedinAmerica15yearsago.Atfirst,peoplewereworriedaboutsecurity.Buthavingmadeasuccessfulpurchasefrom,say,Amazon,theyfeltsa

19、febuyingelsewhere.Similarly,usingAirbnboracar-hireserviceforthefirsttimeencouragespeopletotryotherofferings.Next,considereBay.Havingstartedoutasapeer-to-peermarketplace,itisnowdominatedbyprofessional“powersellers”(manyofwhomstartedoutasordinaryeBayusers).Thesamemayhappenwiththesharingeconomy,whichal

20、soprovidesnewopportunitiesforenterprise.Somepeoplehaveboughtcarssolelytorentthemout,forexample.H)Existingrentalbusinessesaregettinginvolvedtoo.Avis,acar-hirefirm,hasashareinasharingrival.SodoGMandDaimler,twocarmakers.Infuture,companiesmaydevelophybrid(混杂的)models,listingexcesscapacity(whethervehicles

21、,equipmentorofficespace)onpeer-to-peerrentalsites.Inthepast,newwaysofdoingthingsonlinehavenotdisplacedtheoldwaysentirely.Buttheyhaveoftenchangedthem.JustasinternetshoppingforcedWal-martandTescotoadapt,soonlinesharingwillshakeuptransport,tourism,equipment-hireandmore.I)Themainworryisregulatoryuncerta

22、inty.Willroom-rentersbesubjecttohoteltaxes,forexample?InAmsterdamofficialsareusingAirbnblistingstotrackdownunlicensedhotels.InsomeAmericancities,peer-to-peertaxiserviceshavebeenbannedafterlobbyingbytraditionaltaxifirms.Thedangeristhatalthoughsomerulesneedtobeupdatedtoprotectconsumersfromharm,existin

23、grentalbusinesseswilltrytodestroycompetition.Peoplewhorentoutroomsshouldpaytax,ofcourse,buttheyshouldnotberegulatedlikeaRitz-Carltonhotel.Thelighterrulesthattypicallygovernbed-and-breakfastsaremorethanadequate.J)Thesharingeconomyisthelatestexampleoftheinternetsvaluetoconsumers.Thisemergingmodelisnow

24、biganddisruptive(*性的)enoughforregulatorsandcompaniestohavewokenuptoit.Thatisasignofitsimmensepotential.Itistimetostartcaringaboutsharing.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Sharingitemssuchascarsdoesgoodtotheenvironment.Airbnbssuccessclearlyillustratestheemergenceofahugesharingeconomy.Themajorconcernaboutthesharingec

25、onomyishowthegovernmentregulatesit.Themostfrequentlyshareditemsarethoseexpensivetobuybutnotfullyused.Thesharingeconomyhasapromisingfuture.Onlinesharingwillchangethewaybusinessisdoneintransportation,travel,rentals,etc.Airbnbisawebsitethatenablesownersandrenterstocompletetransactionsonline.Thesharinge

26、conomyislikelytogothewayofonlineshopping.Oneadvantageofsharingisthatownersearnmoneyfromrentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.Sharingappealstothesociableinthattheycanmeetnewpeople.参照答案4650EAICJ5155HAGEFSectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstateme

27、nts.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.SectionCPassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakearei

28、nfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlightin

29、g,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,peopleshungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchtheydeatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodtheydseeninfrontoftheminotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(差异)sugg

30、eststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisntcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal,”B

31、runstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbodysresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasion

32、sproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(荷尔蒙),dependingonwhethertheshakeslabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughttheydconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoe

33、atingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?Howweperceivethefoodweea

34、t.C)Whenweeatourmeals.Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)Howfastweeatourmeals.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011study

35、?A)Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.B)Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbodysresponsetofood.C)Hungerlevelsdependononesconsumptionofcalories.Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?Trickourselvesintoeatingless.C)Concentrateonfoodwhileeating

36、.Choosefoodwithfewercalories.D)Pickdishesoftherightsize.60.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.参照答案5660ADBCBSectionCPassageTwoQ

37、uestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesof

38、ferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountri

39、esformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奋工作的美德)andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvards2011“PathwaystoProsperity”reportformoreattentiontothe“forgottenhalf”(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthi

40、sissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgetoadulthoodappearsexacerbated(恶化)byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene(干预)willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipoftheoutcomesoftheseincreasinglycos