战略管理双语资料

1、PAGE PAGE 178TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc235268896 Chapter 1 Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness PAGEREF _Toc235268896 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268897 1.1Strategic Management Process PAGEREF _Toc235268897 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268898 1.1.1 The Rational Model PAGEREF _Toc235268898 h

2、 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268899 1.1.22 Thhe ccrittiquue oof tthe rattionnal moddel PAGEREF _Toc235268899 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268900 1.2 TThe Neww Coompeetittivee Laandsscappe PAGEREF _Toc235268900 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268901 1.2.11Thee Gllobaalizzed Commpettitiion PAGEREF _Toc235268901 h 6 HYPERLI

3、NK l _Toc235268902 1.2.22Tecchnoologgicaal CChanngess PAGEREF _Toc235268902 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268903 1.3Thhe II/O moddel of Aboove-aveeragge RRetuurnss PAGEREF _Toc235268903 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268904 1.4Thhe RResoourcce-bbaseed MModeel oof AAbovve-aaverragee Reeturrns PAGEREF _Toc235268904

4、h 9 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268905 1.5Sttrattegiic IInteent andd Sttrattegiic MMisssionn PAGEREF _Toc235268905 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268906 1.6Sttakeehollderrs PAGEREF _Toc235268906 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268907 1.7Orrgannizaatioonall Sttrattegiistss PAGEREF _Toc235268907 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc23526890

5、8 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268908 h 112 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268909 Chaptter 2 TThe Extternnal Envviroonmeent: Oppporrtunnitiies, Thhreaats, Inndusstryy Ennvirronmmentt, aand Commpettitoor AAnallysiis PAGEREF _Toc235268909 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268910 2.1Exxterrnall Ennvirronmmenttal Anaalyssis PAGEREF _T

6、oc235268910 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268911 2.2 SSegmmentts oof tthe Genneraal EEnviironnmennt: Thee PEEST Anaalyssis PAGEREF _Toc235268911 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268912 2.3 IInduustrry EEnviironnmennt AAnallysiis: Thee Fiive Forrcess Moodell PAGEREF _Toc235268912 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268913 2.4

7、SStraateggic Grooup Anaalyssis PAGEREF _Toc235268913 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268914 2.5 CComppetiitorr Annalyysiss PAGEREF _Toc235268914 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc235526889155 复习题题 PAGEREF _Toc235268915 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268916 Chaptter 3 TThe Intternnal Envviroonmeent: Reesouurcees, Cappabiilittie

8、ss, aand Corre CComppeteenciies PAGEREF _Toc235268916 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268917 3.1 TThe impporttancce oof IInteernaal AAnallysiis PAGEREF _Toc235268917 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268918 3.2 RResoourcces, Caapabbiliitiees, andd Coore Commpettencciess PAGEREF _Toc235268918 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc2352

9、68919 3.2.11 Reesouurcees PAGEREF _Toc235268919 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268920 3.2.22 Caapabbiliitiees PAGEREF _Toc235268920 h 22 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268921 3.2.33 Coore Commpettencciess PAGEREF _Toc235268921 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268922 3.3 SStepps iin aa Reesouurcee-baasedd Sttrattegiic AAnallysi

10、is PAGEREF _Toc235268922 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268923 3.4 VValuue CChaiin AAnallysiis PAGEREF _Toc235268923 h 26 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268924 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268924 h 227 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268925 Chaptter 4 BBusiinesss-LLeveel SStraateggy PAGEREF _Toc235268925 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268926 4.1 C

11、Custtomeers: Whho, Whaat, andd Hoow PAGEREF _Toc235268926 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268927 4.1.11 Whho: Dettermminiing thee cuustoomerrs tto sservve PAGEREF _Toc235268927 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268928 4.1.22 Whhat: Deeterrminningg thhe ccusttomeer nneedds tto ssatiisfyy PAGEREF _Toc235268928 h 29 HYP

12、ERLINK l _Toc235268929 4.1.33 Hoow: Dettermminiing corre ccomppeteenciies neccesssaryy too saatissfy cusstommerss nneedds PAGEREF _Toc235268929 h 29 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268930 4.2 TTypees oof BBusiinesss-lleveel SStraateggy PAGEREF _Toc235268930 h 29 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268931 4.3 CCostt Leeadeershhip

13、 Strrateegy PAGEREF _Toc235268931 h 30 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268932 4.4 DDifffereentiiatiion Strrateegy PAGEREF _Toc235268932 h 31 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268933 4.5 FFocuus SStraateggiess PAGEREF _Toc235268933 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268934 4.6 IInteegraatedd Loow-CCostt/Diiffeerenntiaatioon SStraateggy PA

14、GEREF _Toc235268934 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268935 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268935 h 334 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268936 Chaptter 5 CCorpporaate-Levvel Strrateegy PAGEREF _Toc235268936 h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268937 5.1 CCorpporaate-levvel Strrateegy andd Leevells oof DDiveersiificcatiion PAGEREF _Toc235268937

15、h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268938 5.2 RReassonss foor DDiveersiificcatiion PAGEREF _Toc235268938 h 37 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268939 5.3 TTechhniqquess foor AAnallyziing Divverssifiied Commpanniess PPorttfollioss PAGEREF _Toc235268939 h 37 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268940 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268940 h 338 HYPERLINK

16、l _Toc235268941 Chaptter 6 AAcquuisiitioon aand Resstruuctuurinng SStraateggiess PAGEREF _Toc235268941 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268942 6.1 RReassonss foor AAcquuisiitioons andd Prrobllemss inn Acchieevinng SSucccesss PAGEREF _Toc235268942 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268943 6.2 AAttrribuutess off Suuccees

17、sfful Acqquissitiionss PAGEREF _Toc235268943 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268944 6.3 RResttruccturringg PAGEREF _Toc235268944 h 40 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268945 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268945 h 440 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268946 Chaptter 7 IInteernaatioonall Sttrattegyy PAGEREF _Toc235268946 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc23526

18、8947 7.1 OOppoortuunittiess annd OOutccomees oof IInteernaatioonall Sttrattegyy PAGEREF _Toc235268947 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268948 7.2 IInteernaatioonall Buusinnesss-leevell Sttrattegyy PAGEREF _Toc235268948 h 44 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268949 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268949 h 445 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268950 C

19、haptter 8 CCoopperaativve SStraateggy PAGEREF _Toc235268950 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268951 8.1Tyypess off annd RReassonss foor CCoopperaativve SStraateggiess PAGEREF _Toc235268951 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268952 8.2Buusinnesss-leevell annd CCorpporaate-levvel Coooperratiive Strrateegiees PAGEREF _Toc

20、235268952 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268953 8.2.11 Buusinnesss-Leevell Cooopeerattivee Sttrattegiies PAGEREF _Toc235268953 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268954 8.2.22 Coorpooratte-LLeveel CCoopperaativve SStraateggiess PAGEREF _Toc235268954 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268955 8.3Neetwoork Strrateegiees PAGEREF _T

21、oc235268955 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268956 8.4Coompeetittivee Riiskss wiith Coooperratiive Strrateegiees PAGEREF _Toc235268956 h 49 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268957 Chaptter 9 CCorpporaate Govvernnancce PAGEREF _Toc235268957 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268958 9.1 CCorpporaate Govvernnancce MMechhaniismss PAGER

22、EF _Toc235268958 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268959 9.2 SSepaarattionn off Owwnerrshiip aand Mannageeriaal CConttroll PAGEREF _Toc235268959 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268960 9.3 FFivee Gooverrnannce Mecchannismms PAGEREF _Toc235268960 h 54 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268961 9.3.11 Owwnerrshiip CConccenttrattionn PA

23、GEREF _Toc235268961 h 54 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268962 9.3.22 Booardd off Diirecctorrs PAGEREF _Toc235268962 h 54 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268963 9.3.33 Exxecuutivve CComppenssatiion PAGEREF _Toc235268963 h 55 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268964 9.3.44 Thhe MMulttidiivissionnal Strructturee PAGEREF _Toc235268964 h 56 H

24、YPERLINK l _Toc235268965 9.33.5 Marrkett foor CCorpporaate Conntrool PAGEREF _Toc235268965 h 56 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268966 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268966 h 557 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268967 Chaptter 10 Orgganiizattionnal Strructturee annd CConttrolls PAGEREF _Toc235268967 h 58 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268968 10.1 E

25、vooluttionnaryy Paatteernss off Sttrattegyy annd OOrgaanizzatiionaal SStruuctuure PAGEREF _Toc235268968 h 58 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268969 10.1.1 SSimpple Strructturee PAGEREF _Toc235268969 h 59 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268970 10.1.2 FFuncctioonall Sttruccturre PAGEREF _Toc235268970 h 59 HYPERLINK l _Toc23526

26、8971 10.1.3 MMulttidiivissionnal Strructturee PAGEREF _Toc235268971 h 61 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268972 10.2 Impplemmenttingg Innterrnattionnal Strrateegiees: Orgganiizattionnal Strructturee annd CConttroll PAGEREF _Toc235268972 h 65 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268973 10.2.1 UUsinng tthe Worrldwwidee Geeogrraphhi

27、c Areea SStruuctuure to Impplemmentt thhe MMultti-ddomeestiic SStraateggy PAGEREF _Toc235268973 h 65 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268974 10.2.2 UUsinng tthe Worrldwwidee Prroduuct Divvisiionaal SStruuctuure to Impplemmentt thhe GGlobbal Strrateegy PAGEREF _Toc235268974 h 66 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268975 复习题 PAGER

28、EF _Toc235268975 h 667 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268976 Chaptter 11 Corrporratee Enntreepreeneuurshhip andd Innnovvatiion PAGEREF _Toc235268976 h 68 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268977 11.1 Innnovaatioon aand Corrporratee Enntreepreeneuurshhip PAGEREF _Toc235268977 h 68 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268978 11.2IInteernaal CCor

29、pporaate Vennturringg PAGEREF _Toc235268978 h 69 HYPERLINK l _Toc235268979 复习题 PAGEREF _Toc235268979 h 771Chaptter 1 SStraateggic Mannagemment and Strrateggic CommpetiitivveneessLearnning ObjjecttiveesAfterr reeadiing this cchappterr, yyou shoouldd bee ablle ttoDefiininng sstraateggic commpettitiive

30、nnesss, ccomppetiitivve aadvaantaage, annd aabovve-aaverragee reeturrns.Disccusss thhe cchalllennge of strrateegicc maanaggemeent.Desccribbe tthe neww coompeetittivee laandsscappe aand howw itt iss beeingg shhapeed bby gglobbal andd teechnnoloogiccal chaangees.Use thee inndusstriial orgganiizattionn

31、(I/O) moddel to expplaiin hhow firrms cann eaarn aboove-aveeragge rretuurnss.Use thee reesouurcee-baasedd moodell too exxplaain howw fiirmss caan eearnn abbovee-avveraage retturnns.Desccribbe sstraateggic inttentt annd sstraateggic misssioon aand disscusss ttheiir vvaluue tto tthe strrateegicc maana

32、ggemeent proocesss.Defiine staakehholdderss annd ddesccribbe tthe thrree priimarry sstakkehooldeer ggrouups abbiliity to infflueencee orrgannizaatioons.Desccribbe tthe worrk oof sstraateggistts.Expllainn thhe sstraateggic mannageemennt pproccesss.1.1Sttrattegiic MManaagemmentt Prroceess1.1.11 Thhe R

33、Ratiionaal MModeelStrattegiic ccomppetiitivveneess(战略竞竞争力) iss acchieevedd whhen a ffirmm suucceessffullly fformmulaatess annd iimpllemeentss a vallue-creeatiing strrateegy. Whhen a ffirmm immpleemennts a vvaluue-ccreaatinng sstraateggy oof wwhicch ootheer ccomppaniies aree unnablle tto ddupllicaate

34、 thee beeneffitss orr fiind it tooo coostlly tto iimittatee, tthiss fiirm hass a susstaiinedd orr suustaainaablee coompeetittivee addvanntagge(持持续的或或可持续续的竞争争优势). TThe speeed witth wwhicch ccomppetiitorrs aare ablle tto aacquuiree thhe sskillls neeededd too duupliicatte tthe bennefiits of a ffirmms v

35、valuue-ccreaatinng sstraateggy ddeteermiiness hoow llongg a commpettitiive advvanttagee wiill lasst. Unddersstanndinng hhow to expploiit iits commpettitiive advvanttagee iss neecesssarry ffor a ffirmm too eaarn aboove-aveeragge rretuurnss. Aboove-aveeragge rretuurnss(高于平平均的或或超额回回报) aree reeturrns in

36、 exccesss off whhat an invvesttor exppectts tto eearnn frrom othher invvesttmennt wwithh a simmilaar aamouunt of rissk. Rissk(风险) is an invvesttors uunceertaaintty aabouut tthe ecoonommic gaiins or losssess thhat willl rresuult froom aa paartiicullar invvesttmennt. Firrms thaat aare witthouut aa coo

37、mpeetittivee addvanntagge oor tthatt arre nnot commpettingg inn ann atttraactiive inddusttry earrn, at besst, onlly aaverragee reeturrns. Avveraage retturnns（平平均回报报） aare retturnns eequaal tto tthosse aan iinveestoor eexpeectss too eaarn froom ootheer iinveestmmentts wwithh a simmilaar aamouunt of r

38、issk. In thee loong runn, aan iinabbiliity to earrn aat lleasst aaverragee reeturrns ressultts iin ffailluree. FFailluree occcurrs bbecaausee innvesstorrs wwilll chhoosse tto iinveest in firrms thaat eearnn att leeastt avveraage retturnns aand willl wwithhdraaw ttheiir iinveestmmentts ffromm fiirmss

39、 thhat earrn llesss. Dyynammic in natturee, tthe strrateegicc maanaggemeent proocesss (战略管管理过程程)iss thhe ffulll seet oof ccommmitmmentts, deccisiionss, aand acttionns rrequuireed ffor a ffirmm too acchieeve strrateegicc coompeetittiveenesss aand earrn aabovve-aaverragee reeturrns. Itt iss ussed to m

40、attch thee coondiitioons of an eveer-cchannginng mmarkket andd coompeetittivee sttruccturre wwithh a firrms cconttinuuoussly evoolviing ressourrcess, ccapaabillitiies, annd ccomppeteenciies. Figurre 11.1 Thee Sttrattegiic MManaagemmentt PrroceessIdentify mission and goalsIdentify mission and goalsAs

41、sess organizational Resources and capabilitiesAssess mega- and industry-EnvironmentalAssess organizational Resources and capabilitiesAssess mega- and industry-Environmental factorsSWOT analysisSWOT analysisStrategic FormulationStrategic Formulationcorporate-level strategiesbusiness-level strategiesf

42、unctional-level strategiesStrategic ImplementationStrategic Implementationcorporate governanceorganizational structureorganizational controlsstrategic leadershipcorporate innovationStrategic AdvantageStrategic AdvantageAbove-average returnsNotess: tthe lettterr S in SWOOT ddenootess sttrenngthhs, W

43、wweakknesssess, OO oppporrtunnitiies, T thrreatts.1.1.22 Thhe ccrittiquue oof tthe ratiionaal mmodeel1.Setttinng oobjeectiivess iss thhe ccornnersstonne oof sstraateggic plaanniing. Buut, inccenttivee unn-coompaatibbiliity（激激励不相相容） usuuallly lleadds tto iincoonsiisteencyy beetweeen objjecttivees tth

44、att thhe ffirmm has sttateed aand objjecttivees tthatt thhe mmanaagerrs aare acttuallly purrsuiing.2.Thee prrediictaabillityy off thhe eenviironnmennt iis tthe corre aassuumpttionn of strrateegicc pllannningg. BBut, irrrevverssibiilitty aand unccerttainnty（不不确定性性） uusuaallyy leead to thee unnpreedic

45、ctabbiliity of thee ennvirronmmentt.3.Anootheer aassuumpttionn off sttrattegiic pplannninng iis tthatt sttrateegissts aree raatioonall. VVirttuallly, sttrattegiistss rratiionaalitty iis bbounndedd (战略略家的理理性是有有限的)andd sttrattegiic fformmulaatioon rrefllectts tthe intternnal pollitiics of thee orrgann

46、izaatioon.1.2 TThe Neww Coompeetittivee Laandsscappe1.2.11Thee Gllobaalizzed CommpettitiionThe ffunddameentaal nnatuure of commpettitiion in manny oof tthe worrlds iinduustrriess iss chhanggingg. Thee paace of thiis cchannge is rellenttlesss aand is inccreaasinng. Eveen ddeteermiininng tthe bouundaa

47、riees oof aan iinduustrry oor aa fiirm（行行业或企企业的边边界） hass beecomme cchalllennginng. Connsidder, foor eexammplee, hhow advvancces in intteraactiive commputter nettworrks andd teeleccommmuniicattionns hhavee bllurrred thee deefinnitiion of thee “telleviisioon”inddusttry. Coonveentiionaal ssourrcess off

48、 coompeetittivee addvanntagge(传传统的竞竞争优势势的源泉泉) ssuchh ass ecconoomiees oof sscalle(规规模经济济) aand hugge aadveertiisinng bbudggetss(巨额额广告预预算) aree noot aas eeffeectiive in thee neew ccomppetiitivve llanddscaape. Mooreooverr, tthe traadittionnal mannageeriaal mmindd-seet(传传统的管管理者心心态) cannnott leead a ffi

49、rmm too sttrattegiic ccomppetiitivveneess in thee neew ccomppetiitivve llanddscaape. Inn itts pplacce, mannageers musst aadoppt aa neew mmindd-seetonee thhat valluess fllexiibillityy, sspeeed, innnovaatioon, inttegrratiion, annd tthe chaalleengees tthatt evvolvve ffromm coonsttanttly chaangiing conn

50、dittionns(看看重灵活活性、速速度、创创新、整整合和从从不断变变化的环环境中产产生的挑挑战的心心态). Strrateegicc fllexiibillityy(战略略的敏捷捷性) is a sset of cappabiilittiess fiirmss usse tto rresppondd too vaarioous demmandds aand oppporttuniitiees tthatt arre aa paart of dynnamiic aand unccerttainn coompeetittivee ennvirronmmentts. Succh fflexxib

51、iilitty mmeanns tthatt a firrm ccan mattch quiicklly iits ressourrcess wiith an envviroonmeentaal ooppoortuunitty(快快速地使使其资源源与环境境的机遇遇匹配). A glooball ecconoomy(全球经经济) is onee inn whhichh gooodss, sservvicees, peooplee, aand ideeas movve ffreeely acrrosss geeogrraphhic borrderrs. It siggnifficaantlly e

52、expaandss annd ccomppliccatees aa fiirms ccomppetiitivve eenviironnmennt. To achhievve sstraateggic commpettitiivennesss inn thhe gglobbal ecoonommy, a ffirmm muust vieew tthe worrld as itss maarkeetpllacee. In gllobaalizzed marrketts(全全球化的的市场) annd iinduustrriess, ffinaanciial cappitaal mmighht bbe

53、 oobtaaineed iin oone nattionnal marrkett annd uusedd too buuy rraw matteriialss inn annothher onee. MManuufaccturringg eqquippmennt bbougght froom aa thhirdd naatioonall maarkeet ccan be useed tto pprodducee prroduuctss thhat aree soold in a ffourrth marrkett. TThuss, gglobbaliizattionn inncreeasee

54、s tthe rannge of oppporttuniitiees ffor firrms commpettingg inn thhe nnew commpettitiive lanndsccapee.The iinteernaatioonallizaatioon oof mmarkketss annd iinduustrriess maakess itt inncreeasiinglly ddiffficuult to thiink of somme ffirmms aas ddomeestiic ccomppaniies(本国公公司).Globaal ccomppetiitioon hh

55、as inccreaasedd peerfoormaancee sttanddardds(绩绩效标准准) iin mmanyy diimennsioons, inncluudinng tthosse oof qquallityy, ccostt, pprodducttiviity, prroduuctiion inttrodducttionn tiime, annd ssmoooth, fllowiing opeerattionns. The ddeveeloppmennt oof nnewlly iinduustrriallizeed ccounntriies(新兴工工业化国国家) is c

56、haangiing thee gllobaal ccomppetiitivve llanddscaape andd siigniificcanttly inccreaasinng ccomppetiitioon iin gglobbal marrketts. Thee ecconoomicc deevellopmmentt off Assiann coounttriees ooutssidee off Jaapann iss inncreeasiing thee siigniificcancce oof AAsiaan mmarkketss. In thhe nnew commpettitii

57、ve lanndsccapee, ffirmms aare chaalleengeed tto ddeveelopp thhe ooptiimall leevell off gllobaalizzatiion(最优的的全球化化水平).1.2.22Tecchnoologgicaal CChanngessTheree arre tthreee ccateegorriess off teechnnoloogiccal treendss annd ccondditiionss thhrouugh whiich tecchnoologgy iis ssignnifiicanntlyy allterrin

58、gg thhe nnatuure of commpettitiion(竞争的的性质).Incrreassingg raate of tecchnoologgicaal cchannge andd diiffuusioon(不不断上升升的技术术变迁率率和扩散散率)Both thee raate of tecchnoologgy cchanngess annd tthe speeed at whiich neww teechnnoloogiees bbecoome avaailaablee annd aare useed hhavee inncreeaseed ssubsstanntiaallyy

59、 ovver thee laast 20 yeaars. Peerpeetuaal iinnoovattionn(持续续的创新新) iis aa teerm useed tto ddesccribbe hhow rappidlly aand connsisstenntlyy neew, infformmatiion-inttenssivee teechnnoloogiees （信信息密集集的技术术）reeplaace oldder onees. Thee shhortter prooducct llifee cyyclees(产品生生命周期期) rresuultiing froom tthes

60、se rrapiid ddifffusiionss off neew ttechhnollogiies plaace a ccomppetiitivve ppremmiumm onn beeingg abble to quiicklly iintrroduuce neww gooodss annd sservvicees iintoo thhe mmarkketpplacce. In facct, wheen pprodductts bbecoome sommewhhat inddisttingguisshabble beccausse oof tthe widdesppreaad aand