2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号98

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Sometimes______toplacephysicsandchemistryintoseparatecategories.

问题1选项

A.thatisdifficult

B.isdifficult

C.itisdifficult

D.thatisdifficult

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定句型。句意：有时很难把物理和化学分成不同类别。Itisdifficulttodosth.意为“做某事很困难”，所以C选项itisdifficult符合题意。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Sinceneithersidewasreadyto______whatwasnecessaryforpeace,hostilitywasresumedin1980.

问题1选项

A.precede

B.recede

C.concede

D.intercede

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项precede“领先”；B选项recede“后退；减弱”；C选项concede“让步”；D选项intercede“调解，调停”。句意：由于双方都不愿意对和平的必要条件______，1980年又恢复了敌对状态。根据语境，这里指双方不肯让步，C选项concede“让步”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Fibersofhairandwoolarenotcontinuousandmustnormallybespunintothread______wovenintotextilefabrics.

问题1选项

A.asarethey

B.whentobe

C.thattheyare

D.iftheyaretobe

【答案】D

【解析】考查状语从句。句意：毛发和羊毛纤维是无法连续不断，如果要织成纺织织物，通常必须纺成线。横线到句尾部分为条件状语从句。betodo可用于条件状语从句，意为“如果想……”；根据fibers和weave的被动关系确定用被动语态，D选项iftheyaretobe符合题意。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Duringthecourseofitsgrowth,afrogundergoesatruemetamorphosis______withafishlikelarvalstage.

问题1选项

A.begin

B.began

C.beginning

D.isbegin

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：青蛙在成长过程中经历了从似鱼的幼虫阶段到真正成形的变化。横线到句尾是修饰undergoesatruemetamorphosis的状语，根据frog和undergoes是主动关系确定用动词现在分词，C选项beginning符合题意。因此C选项正确。

5.翻译题

41.人类社会中的战争大体源于两方面的缺乏。第一是资源的缺乏：争夺对国家安全和经济发展至关重要的稀缺战略资源往往是一国发动战争的重要动因。第二是信任的缺乏：这种缺乏常常导致国家在宗教、文化、意识形态等方面的持续对抗，并由此引发军事冲突。

42.一方面，投资的滞后牵制了经济的增长，而另一方面，持续的消费热在一定程度上缓解了经济的衰退。

43.大学里学到的知识还相当粗浅，研究生阶段才开始研究学问，但在这个时期也只能算是初涉学术，更加注重的应是领悟研究的方法。

【答案】41.Warsinhumansocietyariselargelyfromtwodeficiencies.Thefirstisthelackofresources:thescrambleforscarcestrategicresources,whicharevitaltonationalsecurityandeconomicdevelopment,isoftenanimportantmotivationforacountrytolaunchawar.Thesecondisalackoftrust:thislackhasoftenledtoongoingrivalriesbetweencountriesoverreligion,culture,ideology,etc.,whichleadstomilitaryconflicts.

42.Ontheonehand,thelagofinvestmenthasheldbackeconomicgrowth,whileontheother,thesustainedconsumptionboomhasalleviatedtheeconomicrecessiontoacertainextent.

43.Whatyouareimpartedduringuniversityissomethingquitesuperficial,andtheresearchinstitutesofuniversitiesarejusttheplaceswhereknowledgeisprimarilystudied.Buteventhereyougetonlythefirsttasteoflearningwhereemphasisisonresearchmethodologyandpractice.

6.单选题

Thestockmarketdeclinedsharply,andrampantbusinessinvestmentslumped.Thenanensuingspateonscandals_______publictrustinthewaycompanieswererun.

问题1选项

A.consolidated

B.illuminated

C.weakened

D.celebrated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项consolidate“巩固，加强”；B选项illuminate“说明；使灿烂”；C选项weaken“削弱”；D选项celebrate“庆祝；宣告”。句意：股市大幅下跌，泛滥的商业投资大幅下滑。接着是一连串的丑闻_______公众对公司运作方式的信任。根据语境，股市大跌，投资下滑，可知这里表达负面的意味，weaken“削弱”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

7.翻译题

Whenacompanyunexpectedlyfindsitselflosingmarketshareandtakingabeatingatthehandsofitscompetitors,it’saclearsignalthatachangeisneeded.Foravarietyofreasons,anycompanycansuddenlylosethecompetitiveadvantagethatitpreviouslyenjoyed.(36)Themarkofastrongbusiness,however,isitsabilitytoovercomesuchsetbacksandreclaimitspositionsasthefrontrunnerinitsfield.

Oneofthegreatestvariablesintheprocess,however,istechnology,whichononehandmakesbusinessmoreefficientandthusprofitablethanpreviouslythoughtpossible,butchangesatsucharapidpacethatfewbusinessesutilizeittoitsfullpotential.Thosecompaniesthatinvestheavilyinthelatesttechnologyofthedaymayfindtheirmachinesoutdatedandobsoletethenextyear,thuslosingtheadvantagethattheyhopedtogain,andalsoasubstantialamountofinvestmentmoneyaswell.(37)Thosewhoaremorecautiousandbuylessofthelatestmachinemaylearnthattechnologychangesmoreslowly,andtheircompetitorswhoinvestedmoreheavilynowholdtheupperhand.It’sagameofhitormiss.

Becauseoftheunevenandunpredictablepaceofprogressbetweentechnologicalfields,(38)companiesaredevotingmoreandmoreresourcestonotonlyacquiringmoreofthelatestdevelopments,butresearchingthefactorsthatdeterminetheirproductionsoastopositionthemselvesbettertoadapttothenextchange.Thisstrategyhasbeenproducingpositiveresultsforthosewhoemployit,butitisamassivelyexpensiveone,limitingitsviabilitytoonlythelargestcompanies,whoarealreadyenjoyingmanyadvantagesinthemarket.

Suchdynamicsmakeitincreasinglydifficultfornewsetupcompaniestobreakintoestablishedmarkets,lackingthefundingandcashreservesnecessarytoplaythegamewayasthebigboydo.Thesametechnologythatkeepsthelargecompaniesontop,however,canstilltopplethem.(39)Newandsmallercompanieshavelesstoloseandthuscanaffordtogambleonnewtechnologiesthatlargercompaniesconsidertooriskytodevotethemselvesto.(40)Intherareoccurrenceswhentheseriskyendeavorsbearfruit,providingthemselveswiththewayoffuture,therewardstothosedaringenough,orsmallenough,toinvestinthemprovewellworththeeffort.

【答案】36.然而，一个强大企业的标志是它有能力克服这些挫折，重新成为该领域的领跑者。

37.那些更谨慎、较少购买最新产品的公司可能会发现，技术进步越缓慢，他们竞争对手投资越多现在越占据上风。

38.企业投入越来越多的资源，来换取更多的最新发展和研究生产要素，以便更好地定位自己，从而适应下一次变化。

39.新公司和小公司因为损失更小，所以能够在新技术上赌一把，而大公司会认为风险太大而放弃投入。

40.这些冒险的努力很少会取得成果，继而为他们指明未来的道路。而对于那些非常敢于投资或小型企业来说，回报会证明这样的投资是值得的。

8.单选题

TheeconomicexpansionpromptedbytheSecondWorldWartriggeredaspectacularpopulationboomintheWest.Ofcourse,theregionwasnostrangertopopulationbooms.Throughoutmuchofitshistory,westernsettlementhadbeencharacterizedbyspurts,ratherthanbyapatternofgradualandsteadypopulationgrowth,beginningwiththegoldandsilverrushesofthe1850’sand1860’s.ThedecadeaftertheFirstWorldWar—the1920’s—witnessedanothermajorsurgeofpeoplepouringintotheWest,particularlyintourbanareas.Buttheeconomicdepressionofthe1930’sbroughtthisexpansiontoahalt;someofthemoresparselysettledpartsoftheregionactuallylostpopulationasmigrantssoughtworkinmoreheavilyindustrializedareas.By1941whentheUnitedStatesenteredtheSecondWorldWarandbegantomobilize,newjobopportunitieswerecreatedinthewesternpartofthenation.

Iftheexpansionofindustries,suchasshipbuildingandaircraftmanufacturing,wasmoststrikingonthepacificcoast,italsoaffectedinteriorcitieslikeDenver.Phoenix,andSaltLakeCity,EquallydramaticweretheeffectsoftheestablishmentofaluminumplantsisOregonandWashingtonandtheburgeoningsteelindustryinUtahandCalifornia.Theflowofpeopleintotheseareasprovidedanenormousimpetustotheexpansionoftheserviceindustries—banks,healthcareservicesandschools.Althoughstrainedtothelimitbytheinfluxofnewcomers,westerncommunitieswelcomedthevastreservoirofnewjobopportunities.Atthesametime,theunprecedentedexpansionofgovernmentinstallationsintheWest,suchasmilitarybases,createdthousandsofnewcivilianopenings.Aslandhadservedasamagnetforwesternmigrantsinthelatenineteenthcentury,sowartimemobilizationsetinmotion.

Thereisanothermajorexpansionofpopulation.Indeed,itcouldbesaidthattheentirewesternUnitedStatesbecameagiantboomtownduringtheSecondWorldWar.ThiswasespeciallytrueofCalifornia:OfmorethaneightmillionpeoplewhomovedintotheWestinthedecadeafter1940,one-halfwenttothePacificcoast.Infact,between1940and1950,California’spopulationsurgedbymorethanthreemillionpeople.

16.Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?

17.Theword“triggered”isclosetinmeaningto________.

18.Whydoestheauthormention“thegoldandsilverrushesofthe1850’sand1860’s”inthefirstparagraph?

19.Accordingtothepassage,thedepressionofthe1930’scausedwhichofthefollowing?

20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheshipbuildingindustryissuggestedbythepassage?

问题1选项

A.CaliforniadominatedtheeconomicgrowthoftheWestduringtheSecondWorldWar.

B.Industrialgrowthduringthe1940’sattractedlargenumbersofpeopletotheWest.

C.Themilitarydrewpeopleawayfromcivilianjobsthe1940’s.

D.TheWestexperiencedgradualandsteadyeconomicgrowthfrom1900to1940.

问题2选项

A.wasconnectedto

B.generated

C.interferedwith

D.illuminated

问题3选项

A.Ascausesofgradualpopulationgrowth.

B.Ascontraststolatepatternsofpopulationgrowth.

C.Asillustrationsofamarketeconomy.

D.Asexamplesofwesternpopulationbooms.

问题4选项

A.AlackofpopulationgrowthintheWest.

B.Thebuildingofnewsuburbs.

C.Acreationofmorejobopportunities.

D.Agrowthinimmigrationfromabroad.

问题5选项

A.ItcameintobeingduringtheFirstWorldWar.

B.ManynewshipbuildingyardswereestablishedonthePacificcoastduringthe1940’s.

C.Denverwasconsideredtobeapoorlocationforshipbuildingfactories.

D.ShipbuildingwasthedominantindustryinOregonandWashington.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】16.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲经济扩张使西部人口激增，第二段讲述工业发展吸引人到西方，又因为人口流动推动服务业发展创造许多工作机会，再次推动人口流向这里，第三段具体讲述人口的流动情况，所以B选项“20世纪40年代的工业发展吸引了大量的人到西方”正确。A选项“加州在第二次世界大战期间主导了西部的经济增长”：根据第二段第二句Phoenix,andSaltLakeCity,EquallydramaticweretheeffectsoftheestablishmentofaluminumplantsisOregonandWashingtonandtheburgeoningsteelindustryinUtahandCalifornia.（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的铝厂的建立，以及犹他州和加利福尼亚州蓬勃发展的钢铁工业，都产生了同样引人注目的影响。），可知不只加州推动了经济增长，表述错误。C选项“20世纪40年代，军事工业把人们从文职工作中吸引过来”：根据第二段倒数第二句theunprecedentedexpansionofgovernmentinstallationsintheWest,suchasmilitarybases,createdthousandsofnewcivilianopenings.（西部政府设施的空前扩张，如军事基地，出现数千个新的平民的工作机会。），创造的新的工作机会大多被移民进来的平民消化，而不是把做文职工作的人转移到军事行业。D选项“从1900年到1940年，西方经历了缓慢而稳定的经济增长”文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。

17.语义推测题。Trigger的意思为“触发，引发”。根据第一段第一句TheeconomicexpansionpromptedbytheSecondWorldWartriggeredaspectacularpopulationboomintheWest.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在西部引发了大规模的人口激增。），可推测这里在讲经济扩张和人口激增的关系，结合第一段第三句westernsettlementhadbeencharacterizedbyspurts,ratherthanbyapatternofgradualandsteadypopulationgrowth,beginningwiththegoldandsilverrushesofthe1850’sand1860’s.（从19世纪50年代和19世纪60年代的淘金热开始，美国西部移民的特点是人口的快速增长，而不是逐渐稳定的增长模式。），可推测经济扩张导致人口激增，所以B选项“引发”正确；A选项“有联系”不具体，不是最佳答案；C选项“妨碍”和D选项“照亮”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

18.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句TheeconomicexpansionpromptedbytheSecondWorldWartriggeredaspectacularpopulationboomintheWest.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在美国西部引发了大规模的人口激增。）和第二句Ofcourse,theregionwasnostrangertopopulationbooms.（当然，该地区对人口激增并不陌生。），接着举出例子，可知这一段通过论点和例子表达西部人口激增，所以D选项“作为西部人口激增的例子”正确。A选项“作为人口逐渐增长的原因”和B选项“与人口增长的后期模式形成对比”不是表达的重点。C选项“作为市场经济的例证”文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。

19.事实细节题。根据第一段第四句和第五句witnessedanothermajorsurgeofpeoplepouringintotheWest,particularlyintourbanareas.Buttheeconomicdepressionofthe1930’sbroughtthisexpansiontoahalt（见证了另一场大规模的人口涌入美国西部，尤其是涌入城市地区的浪潮。但是20世纪30年代的经济萧条使这种扩张停止了），这个扩张指的是人口涌入西方，所以经济萧条导致人口增长停滞，A选项“西部缺乏人口增长”正确，D选项“国外移民的增长”错误。B选项“新郊区的建设”和C选项“创造更多的就业机会”跟经济萧条无关。因此A选项正确。

20.推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句和第二段第一句By1941…newjobopportunitieswerecreatedinthewesternpartofthenation.Iftheexpansionofindustries,suchasshipbuildingandaircraftmanufacturing,wasmoststrikingonthepacificcoast…（到1941年……美国西部地区创造了新的就业机会。如果说造船和飞机制造等工业的扩张在太平洋沿岸最为显著……），可知B选项“20世纪40年代，太平洋沿岸建立了许多新的造船厂”正确，C选项“人们认为在丹佛办造船工厂的位置不好”没有提到。A选项“在第一次世界大战期间形成”：文章没有提到第一次世界大战期间的情况，而是在那之后美国西部的情况。D选项“造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业”：根据第二段第二句EquallydramaticweretheeffectsoftheestablishmentofaluminumplantsisOregonandWashington（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州建立铝厂所产生的影响也同样引人注目），不可得出造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业，属于过度推断。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely______totheoutsideworld.

问题1选项

A.beinglost

B.havinglost

C.losing

D.lost

【答案】D

【解析】考查伴随状语。句意：安娜正在看一部科幻小说，完全迷失在外面的世界里。横线前后两部分动作同时进行，表示伴随状态，根据固定搭配belostto还原句子为Shewascompletelylosttotheoutsideworld，所以D选项lost符合题意。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Mostcellsaretransparent—inotherwords,theyarenotverygoodatreflectingorabsorbinglight.Tolookatthemunderamicroscopethusrequirestrickery.Manyofthesetrickskillthecells,andeventhosethatkeepthemalivelookonlyatslicesthrougheachcell,ratherthanseeingthewholethinginthreedimensions.MichaelFeld,oftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andhiscolleagues,thinktheycanchangethat.Theyhaveinventedawaytolookatcellsthatarestillalive.Moreover,theycandosointhreedimensions.Theirmethodiscalledtomographicphasemicroscopy,anditisreportedinthisweek’sNatureMethods.Insteadofrelyingonabsorbedorreflectedlight,Dr.Feld’stechniquecelebratestransparencybylookingatlightthatgetsthroughunaltered.Itdoessobymeasuringapropertycalledtherefractiveindex.

Thisindexmeasuresthespeedoflightinamaterial.(Lightzipsalongattheactual“speedoflight”,fasterthanwhichnothingcango,onlywhenitistravellingthroughavacuum.)Thedifferentcomponentsofacell,thoughtransparent,havedifferentrefractiveindices.Dr.Feldandhisteamthereforesetouttomapwhatthesedifferencesare,withaviewtousingthemtodistinguishbetweencellularcomponents.

Tomeasuretherefractiveindicesofdifferentpartsofacelltheyuseatechniquecalledinterferometry,whichinvolvessplittingabeamoflightintwo.Onehalf,knownastheobjectbeam,passesthroughthecell;theotherisdirectedalongadifferentpathandactasareference.Thelengthofthereferencepathissuchthatifnosampleispresent,thetwodaughterbeamswillbeasperfectlyinphasewhentheymeetastheywerewhentheywereseparated.Thecrestsandthetroughsoftheirwaveswillreinforceeachother,andtheresultwillbebrightness.Themorethatthelightpassingthroughthesampleissloweddown,however,themorethetwobeamswillbeoutofphase.Crestwillfallontrough,andtheresultwillbedarkness.ItisthisphaseshiftthatgivesDr.Feld’snewformofmicroscopyitsname.

Asinglepairofbeamsdoesnot,however,produceausefulimage.Todothatrequiresscanningtheobjectbeamthroughthetargetaboutahundreddifferentways.Fromtherefractiveindexofeachpathitispossible—withtheapplicationofsomesuitablycrunchycomputingpower—toproduceathree-dimensionalimage.

Totesthisidea,Dr.Feldlookedatcervical-cancercells.Ifyouidentifythiscancerearly,thepatientwillprobablysurvive.Missit,andhe/shewilldie.Dr.Feldwonderedifthechangesthatoccurduringcancerwouldshowupusinghisnewmethod.Theydid,inapartofthecellcalledthenucleolus.Thisistheplacewherethecomponentsofproteinfactoriesaremade.Sincecancercellsgrowrapidly,andthushaveahighdemandforproteins,itwasalikelyplacetoexpectchanges.

Dr.Feldalsohasplanstousebeamsofdifferentcolors,sinceeachcolorhasaslightlydifferentrefractiveindexinagivenmaterial.Thatwouldprovideextradataforthecomputertochewon,andprobablyresultinbetterpictures.Withenoughpictures,Dr.Feld’stechniquemaymakebiologyastransparentasthecellsitstudies.

31.Tomographicphasemicroscopyisdifferentfromtheothertricksthatlookatcellsinthat________.

32.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthespeedoflightinmaterials?

33.Theresultofdarknessinthetechniqueofinterferometryimpliesthat________.

34.Dr.Feld’smethodcouldbeappliedintoidentifyingcancerearlyby________.

35.Thebesttitleifthepassagecouldbe________.

问题1选项

A.thelightthatgetsthroughthecellsisunalteredintomographicphasemicroscopy

B.itdoesnotrequirethetrickerytokillcells

C.itisnotdependentonabsorbedorreflectedlight

D.itcouldseeallthecomponentsofthecellsfromthreedimensions

问题2选项

A.Lightrunsthefastestwhenitpassesthroughtransparentmaterialsintherealworld.

B.Thespeedoflightcanonlybepreciselymeasuredwhenthelightistravellinginvacuum.

C.Thespeedoflightinanymaterialisslowerthantheactual“speedoflight”.

D.Thespeedoflightshiftswhenthelighttravelsthroughdifferentcells.

问题3选项

A.thereisnolightpassingthroughthesample

B.therefractiveindexofthesampleisverygreat

C.thespeedofthelightpassingthroughthesampleisveryslow

D.thetwodaughterbeamsweakeneachother

问题4选项

A.detectingchangesofrefractiveindicesinthecomponentsofproteinfactories

B.findingoutthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinsomepartsofthecervical-cancercells

C.examiningthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinthenucleolus

D.identifyingthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinpartofthenucleolusofthecancercells

问题5选项

A.ImageoftheTransparentCells

B.NewTechniqueofCelebratingTransparency

C.RefractiveIndicesoftheTransparentCells

D.NewMethodofDetectingCancerCells

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第一段倒数第二句Insteadofrelyingonabsorbedorreflectedlight,Dr.Feld’stechnique…（费尔德博士的技术不依赖于吸收光或反射光），可知层析相显微镜技术最独特的地方在于C选项“不依赖于吸收或反射光”，所以C选项正确。A选项“通过细胞的光在层析相显微镜中是不变的”：根据第三段第一句Tomeasuretherefractiveindicesofdifferentpartsofacell…whichinvolvessplittingabeamoflightintwo.（为了测量细胞不同部分的折射率……这种技术包括将一束光一分为二。），可知在层析相显微镜技术中，通过细胞的光会变化，故错误。B选项“不需要技巧来杀死细胞”：根据第一段第三句Manyofthesetrickskillthecells,andeventhosethatkeepthemalivelookonlyatslicesthrougheachcell（许多这样的把戏杀死了细胞，甚至那些使细胞存活的把戏也只能看到每个细胞的切片），可知不是杀死细胞才能观察，而是在观察的过程中杀死了细胞，故错误。D选项“它可以从三维空间看到细胞的所有组成部分”：文中没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Lightzipsalongattheactual“speedoflight”,fasterthanwhichnothingcango,onlywhenitistravellingthroughavacuum.（只有在真空中，光以实际的“光速”移动，才能超过任何物体的速度。），可知光在真空中最快，所以C选项“任何物质中的光速都比实际的‘光速’要慢。”正确，B选项“只有当光在真空中传播时，才能精确测量光速。”错误。A选项“在现实世界中，光通过透明材料时跑得最快。”和D选项“当光通过不同的细胞时，光的速度会发生变化”文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段ifnosampleispresent,thetwodaughterbeamswillbeasperfectlyinphasewhentheymeet…Thecrestsandthetroughsoftheirwaveswillreinforceeachother,andtheresultwillbebrightness…themorethetwobeamswillbeoutofphase.Crestwillfallontrough,andtheresultwillbedarkness（如果没有样本存在，两个子光束相遇时的相位完全相同……波浪的波峰和波谷会相互加强，结果就是明亮……两束光的相位就越不一致。波峰将落在波谷上，结果将是黑暗。），可知如果两个子光束相遇时相位相同，波峰和波谷会相互加强，结果是明亮，那么如果结果是黑暗，两个子光束相位不一致，两个子光束就是相互削弱，所以D选项“两个子光束相互削弱”正确。A选项“没有光通过样品”的结果是明亮，故错误。B选项“样品的折射率非常大”文中没有提到，故错误。C选项“光通过样品的速度非常慢”：通过很慢不一定是唯一原因，子光束的相位不同才是直接原因，故错误。因此D选项正确。

34.事实细节题。根据第五段第二、三句Dr.Feldwonderedifthechangesthatoccurduringcancerwouldshowupusinghisnewmethod.Theydid,inapartofthecellcalledthenucleolus.Thisistheplacewherethecomponentsofproteinfactoriesaremade.（菲尔德博士想知道，如果使用他的新方法，癌症期间发生的变化是否会显现出来。他们在细胞的核仁中找到了。这里是制造蛋白质工厂成分的地方。），可知通过细胞核仁可以诊断癌症，所以C选项“检查核仁折光指数的变化”正确。A选项“检测蛋白质工厂成分的折射率变化”：文中指的是制造蛋白质工厂成分的核仁，而不是这些成分，故错误。B选项“发现子宫颈癌细胞某些部位的折光指数变化”和D选项“识别部分癌细胞核仁的折光指数的变化”中不是观察癌细胞的核仁，故错误。因此C选项正确。

35.主旨大意题。本文主要在讲通过层析相显微术观察透明细胞，包括原理和运用，所以B选项“观察透明物的新技术”正确。根据A选项“透明细胞的图像”，C选项“透明细胞的折射率”和D选项“检测癌细胞的新方法”不能概括全文，故错误。因此B选项正确。

11.翻译题

Humanbeings:inalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.41.Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversifyinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,Anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind,Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.42.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.43.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

Anthropologyanalysisrestsheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.44.Tylordefinedcultureas“...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Soprofoundinitssimplicity,thisinsightopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.

45.Thus,theAnthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.

【答案】41.另外，人类还有能力改善自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。

42.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图寻求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性、有序、系统和客观的方式研究人类及其行为。

43.重视收集第一手资料，结合在分析古今的文化现象时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独一无二并且极为重要的社会科学。

44.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，（它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”

45.因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。

12.单选题

ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieve,viewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlife,ifatall.

ThatisasignificantshiftinBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStates,France,orGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStates,inpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.Pricesinsomelargecities,includingLondon,haveevenincreasedrecently.Peoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfund,saidAndrewHull,researchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.“Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenched,”hesaid.“Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit.”

Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicy,whichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresold,earningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametime,therentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountries,Britain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmented,withmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonly,withlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure.

Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementhavetoughened,forcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhile,thenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhouseroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiod,accordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyear,accordingtoLSLPropertyService.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent.

“Agrowingnumberofyoungwould—bebuyersarepreparingforlifelong-renting—bynecessityratherthanchoice,”saidJonathanMoore,directorofeasyroommate.co.uk,apropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton,30,haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome.“Idobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuture,morethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksasalowinterestrate”,saidMs.Ashton,whoworksinpublicrelations.“Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypenny,it’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad.”

Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahome,itcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeowners,endangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycall“generationrent.”Itcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoods,AlisonBlackwell,aresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit.

36.ForBritishpeople,buyinghouseis________.

37.Mrs.Thatcher’sright-to-buypolicyhasledto________.

38.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutGenerationRentistrue?

39.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.

40.Morepeople’sinclinationtorentratherthanbuyahousewillnot________.

问题1选项

A.adistantgoal

B.asymbolofsuccess

C.acompulsorychoice

D.nothingbutaninvestment

问题2选项

A.thehomeownershipbust

B.theeconomicrecovery

C.thehomeownershipboom

D.theeconomicrecession

问题3选项

A.Theyconsiderrentingasalifelongplanratherthanatemporarychoice.

B.Theyareinfaceofeconomicdownturnandariskofearlyretirement.

C.Theydespisetheideaofaskingparentsformoneytobuyhouse.

D.Theystillbelieveintheblessingofhousejustliketheirpreviousgeneration.

问题4选项

A.therentalmarketandthebuyingmarketalwaysdevelopinreversedirection

B.itisimpossibleforthefirst-timebuyerstogetamortgageundercurrenteconomicsituation

C.buyinghouseisamoreprofitableinvestmentthanbuyingfundundercurrenteconomicsituation

D.Britain’srealestatemarketislessvolatilethanthatofotherEuropeancountries

问题5选项

A.enlargethewealthdisparitybetweenthehavesandhavenots

B.reducetherenter’scommitmenttothecommunity

C.slowtherecoveryofeconomy

D.curbsocialmobility

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题: