2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号37

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

问题1选项

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”；B选项rational“合理的；理性的”；C选项legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D选项credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情况下，人们在暴怒状态下很少会做出___行为。本句表达“很少有人在暴怒时能做出理性的行为”，因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

问题1选项

A.pursuing

B.chasing

C.reaching

D.winning

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项pursuing“继续；从事；追赶（在一段时间内做某事或试图达到某事）；纠缠”；B选项chasing“追逐（为了抓住某人或者某物而追赶某人或者某物）；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂”；C选项reaching“到达；伸出”；D选项winning“获胜；赢得；（通过努力）获得”。句意：世界各地的几十个科学小组一直在___一种实用而经济的方法来利用阳光来分解水分子。本句表达“科学小组一直从事于一种实用而经济的方法”，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Themoneyspentonmedicalinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___tenyearsago.

问题1选项

A.muchmore

B.asmuchas

C.thatasmuchofthat

D.asmuchasthatof

【答案】B

【解析】考查平行结构。平行结构指and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both...and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),asmuchas等并列连词连接两个对等的词或者对等的结构：1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致，2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致，3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致；整个题干有省略的部分，把句子展开Themoneyspentonsocialinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___thatspentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago.句意：去年花在社会保险上的钱是十年前花在社会保险上的四倍，即可以看出句子中的平行结构themoney与省略的that平行，spentonsocialinsurancelastyear与省略的spentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago平行。A选项：muchmore后边接多音节形容词或者副词，也能接可数名词复数或者不可数名词，more是much或者many的比较级，代入后不符合题干；C，D选项代入后可以看到that重复，破坏平行结构；B选项代入后符合平行结构。因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Thelittlemanwas___onemeterfiftyhigh.

问题1选项

A.almostmorethan

B.hardlymorethan

C.nearlymorethan

D.asmuchas

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项almostmorethan“几乎超过”；B选项hardlymorethan“不足；仅仅”；C选项nearlymorethan“差不多超过”；D选项asmuchas“几乎；多达；至多”。句意：这个矮小的男人身高___一米五十。本句表达“矮小的男人身高不足一米五”因此B选项正确。

5.单选题

Onlywhenchildrenmake___effortscantheybecomesuccessful.

问题1选项

A.arduous

B.adequate

C.affluent

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项arduous“努力的；费力的；险峻的”；B选项adequate“充足的（能满足需要的，不强调富余）；适当的；胜任的”；C选项affluent“富裕的；丰富的（有很多钱和良好的生活水平）；流畅的”；D选项abundant“丰富的；充裕的；盛产的（着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应）”。句意：只有当孩子们做出足够的努力，他们才能成功。本句表达“足够的努力”，因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

问题1选项

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。介词with可引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。A选项：动词不定式常作目的状语或表示将来的动作，不能引出陪衬性动作；B选项和D选项这两种形式不属于非谓语动词，排除；C选项现在分词表示陪衬性动作，符合题意。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Ⅷ.Internationallaw

Legalconceptsofdomesticlawprofoundlyinfluencethewayhowoneapproachesandconceptualizesinternationallaw.JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.Thatissurelyright(althoughthetrendtowardsspecializationthaterodestheauthorityofgeneralistsmightalsoeventuallyexpungethememoryofthedomesticoriginsoftheinvisiblecollege).

Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.AconvenientpointofdepartureisthepropositionmadebyArnoldMcNairaslongagoasin1930,contrastingthevarietylegalformsemployedbythedomesticlegalorderwiththesparsenessofformbywhichinternationallawaddressedsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationships:Theinternallawsofthemodernstateprovideitsmemberswithavarietyoflegalinstrumentsfortheregulationoflifewithinthatcommunity:thecontract;theconveyanceorassignmentofimmovableormovableproperty,whichmaybemadeforvaluableconsiderationormaybeagiftoranexchange;thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform;thecharterorprivateActofParliamentcreatingacorporation;legislation,whichmaybeconstituent,suchasawrittenconstitution,fragmentaryorcomplete,ormaybedeclaratoryofexistinglaw,orcreatenewlaw,orcodifyexistinglawwithcomparativelyunimportantchanges.Further,thoughrarely,wemayfindaconstitutionaldocumentwhichcloselyresemblestheinternationaltreatyitself.

Ifthedebateisputinahistoricalperspective,itmaybesaidthattheappropriatenessofdomesticanalogieshasbeendebatedinslightlydifferingtermsbyeachsucceedinggenerationofinternationallawyers.Inthelate19thcentury,HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.

Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.

1.JamesCrawfordthinksthat___.

2.ArnoldMcNaircomparedlegalformsindomesticlawwiththoseofinternationallawin1930andfoundthat___.

3.HeinrichTriepelmadethedistinctionbetween___.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanseethatHerschLauterpachtandMcNair___.

问题1选项

A.thecharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsinnationallegalsystemdecidestheinternationallegalsystem

B.influenceofnationallegalsystemsgetintoone’sthinkingaboutlaw

C.nationallawyerscandothingsbetter

D.internationallawismarinatedbynationallaw

问题2选项

A.forsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationshipsthereweremuchlessformsofinternationallaw

B.internationaltreatiesresemblethestructureemployedinthedomesticlaw

C.thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreaties

D.thegratuitouspromiseisclothedinaparticularform

问题3选项

A.treatiesandcontracts

B.internationallawyersanddomesticlawyers

C.contractualparties

D.differenttypesoftreaties

问题4选项

A.disagreedonthenatureofinternationallaw

B.bothmadeanalogiesofinternationallawtodomesticlaw

C.applieddifferentmethodologyinanalyzingtherelationbetweeninternationallawanddomesticlaw

D.haddifferentviewinpossibleanalogies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“JamesCrawford”定位到原文第一段JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.（詹姆斯•克劳福德曾指出，“我们对法律的思考被国家法律体系的影响所渗透、浸泡、浸透，以及它们执行义务和维护权利的独特方式，这种情况不能说太多。我们首先都是国家律师”）可知选B选项“国家法律制度的影响进入人们对法律的思考”，同时可知A选项“在本国法律体系中履行义务的独特方式决定了国际法律体系”错误，我们对法律的思考被它们执行义务和维护权利的独特方式所影响，但是并没有说在本国法律体系中履行义务的独特方式能决定国际法律体系；C选项“国家律师可以做得更好”，D选项“国际法受国内法的制约”未提及。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段开头Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.（国内法的观点特别适用于国际条约，这些条约结合了协商一致的形式，表面上使人想起国内合同法所采用的结构，实质上具有广泛性，表面上超越了国内法中合同法所处理的法律关系）可知B选项“国际条约类似于国内法所采用的结构”，C选项“国内法的观点特别适用于国际条约”和原文相符；第一段thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform（无偿的承诺是以一种特殊的形式体现出来的）可知D选项“无偿的承诺是以一种特殊的形式体现出来的”符合原文；A选项“就实质性可比的法律关系而言，国际法的形式要少得多”原文未提及。因此A选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“HeinrichTriepel”定位到原文第三段HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.（海因里希•特里佩尔区分了类似于合同的条约，即所谓的合同当事人追求对立利益的条约，以及类似于协议的立法条约，即合同当事人追求共同利益的条约）可知选D选项“不同类型的条约”；A选项“条约和合同”，B选项“国际律师和国内律师”以及C选项“合同方”和原文不符合。因此D选项符合题意。

4.定位到原文最后一段Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.（在两次世界大战期间，HerschLauterpacht驳斥了这种区别的任何实际价值，并对国内合同法与条约和特定条约制度的法律之间的类比进行了强有力的论证。相反，麦克奈尔提出了一个同样有力的论点，认为可以从国内法中进行更广泛的类比，并将注意力转移到公法上，特别是那些对依靠私法的价值表示怀疑的案例）可知选D选项“在可能的类比中有不同的观点”；最后一段未提到他俩在国际法上有分歧，A选项“在国际法的性质上有分歧”错误；B选项“两者都将国际法与国内法进行了类比”和原文不符合；C选项“在分析国际法和国内法之间的关系时采用了不同的方法”在最后一段未提及。因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

Hedoesnot___asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

问题1选项

A.equal

B.match

C.qualify

D.fit

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项equal“等于；比得上”；B选项match“相配，相称；相似；与……成对；配对；”；C选项qualify“限定，修饰；使具有资格；证明……合格”；D选项fit“安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符”。句意：他不能___英语教师的工作，因为他的发音很糟糕。本句表达“他没有资格作为英语老师”，因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

问题1选项

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

问题2选项

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

问题3选项

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

问题4选项

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】71.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文开头Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短语“审判理论”是“不寻常的”，恐怕我只能用一个限定词来回敬：“审判理论”根本没有标准用法，因此，似乎有通常意义的写作本身就是“不寻常的”）可知作者是通过提出自己的观点来反驳格林伯格的观点，选B选项“通过反击”；A选项“冷笑”，C选项“与之有分歧”以及D选项“与之协议”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

72.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正确答案命题——即每个案例在法律问题上都有正确答案的想法——将是一个关于裁决的基础主义故事的例子，因此现实主义批判就有了一个有力的、活生生的目标）可知选D选项“作为一项法律问题，每个案例都有正确答案”，同时可知A选项“没有人致力于一个关于裁决理论的基础主义故事”，C选项“它是现实主义批判的一个有力的、活生生的目标”错误，并不是正确答案命题的本质；B选项“这不是德沃金项目的中心”也不能回答正确答案命题的本质这个问题，排除。因此D选项正确。

73.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到划线句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正确的，人们可以有一个不同于德沃金的关于道德本质的观点，并放弃正确答案的论点：约翰•麦凯将是一个恰当的例子，尽管不是格林伯格心目中的那个，也不是德沃金会满意的）可以判断出德沃金对约翰•麦凯不太满意，选C选项“德沃金对约翰•麦基不满意”；A选项“格林伯格没有想到约翰•麦基”和原文相悖；B选项“约翰•麦基放弃了正确答案的论点”划线句子未涉及，排除；D选项“约翰•麦基决定了一个案件，这反映了格林伯格的理论”和原文相悖。因此C选项符合题意。

74.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。阅读原文可知作者只是在客观的评价各个学者的观点，而不是基础主义方法论者，选A选项“作者基本上是一位基础主义学者”；根据原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短语“审判理论”是“不寻常的”，恐怕我只能用一个限定词来回敬：“审判理论”根本没有标准用法，因此，似乎有通常意义的写作本身就是“不寻常的”）可知B选项“作者正在和格林伯格先生争论”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相当同意格林伯格的观点，即德沃金“最关心的是确定……法律以一种特定的方式依赖于道德”，“正确答案理论……是他整体法律理论和他关于道德的观点的下游结果”）可知C选项“作者不同意德沃金理论”，作者认为德沃金的理论是下游结果，以及D选项“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正确的”符合原文。因此A选项符合题意。

10.单选题

IX.ForensicAppraisal

ManycriminalprocedurescholarswhovaguelyfollowedtheKingcasehadahardtimeunderstandingwhatthefusswasabout.Theirpositionmightbesummedupbythemajority’sassertionthat“DNAidentificationisanadvancedtechniquesuperiortofingerprintinginmanyways,somuchsothattoinsistonfingerprintsasthenormwouldmakelittlesensetoeithertheforensicexpertoralayperson.”ConsideringthattheFBIdatabasecontainsover100millionsetsoffingerprints,andthatitprocessedmorethan61millionten-printsubmissionsin2010alone,thisequationofDNAidentificationwithfingerprinttechnologysuggestsabrightfutureforlawenforcement’sDNAcollectionpractices.Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?

ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.Inshort,thepriorPartarguesthattheKingopinioncanbereadasanembraceofexpansiveforensicDNAtesting.

KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy,butsimplyanexpressionoftheCourt’slackofsolicitudeforthoseentangledinthecriminaljusticesystem.ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatfingerprintis___andDNAis___.

2.WhichoneisNOTamisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtyping?

3.TheauthorthinksthattheKingcase___.

4.FromwhichofthefollowingcanyouseethattheauthorthinksthattheissuefortheCourtwasnotthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen”?

问题1选项

A.genetic,biometric

B.biometric,genetic

C.genetic,genetictoo

D.biometric,biometrictoo

问题2选项

A.DNAtypingwillnotbeofconcerntoordinarypeople.

B.ThemoreDNAsamplesfromindividualsarecollected,morecrimeswillbesolved.

C.Policewillnotlookintosensitiveorprivategeneticinformation.

D.AlotofcrimeswillbesolvedifmoreDNAsamplesarecollectedfromknownindividuals.

问题3选项

A.isastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsampling

B.astatementaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees

C.acasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrant

D.isadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy

问题4选项

A.DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.

B.ConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee.

C.TheConstitutionpermitsthestatetoimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacy.

D.TheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?（那么，如果警方拥有的是数百万人的基因资料，而不是生物特征资料，会有什么不同呢?）可以推测出DNA信息为基因资料，指纹信息为生物特征资料，选B选项“生物特征识别的；基因的”；A选项“基因的；生物特征识别的”，C选项“基因的；基因的”，D选项“生物特征识别的；生物特征识别的”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.（本部分论述了贯穿金观点的关于法医DNA分型的三个误解：首先，DNA分型只会引起罪犯的关注；第二，警方不会调查敏感或私人的基因信息，法律保护不被滥用；第三，从已知个体中收集更多的DNA样本将破获很多犯罪）可知A选项“普通人不会关心DNA分型”，C选项“警方不会调查敏感或私人的基因信息”以及D选项“如果从已知的个体中收集更多的DNA样本，很多犯罪将会被解决”和原文对应；B选项“从个人身上收集的DNA样本越多，侦破的案件就越多”原文未提及。因此B选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.（King可能被看作是一个关于DNA取样的法律地位的声明，而不是关于被捕者的法律地位）可知选A选项“是关于DNA取样的法律地位的声明”，同时可知B选项“关于被逮捕者的法律地位的声明”和原文相悖；第三段ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.（它可以被简单地看作是萨姆森诉加州案的自然结果，在这个案件中，基于假释者作为有条件自由的主体地位的下降，在没有搜查令或怀疑的情况下对他们进行随机搜查是合理的）可知C选项“一个没有搜查令就对假释犯进行随机搜查的案件”错误，萨姆森诉加州案才是一个没有搜查令就对假释犯进行随机搜查的案件；第三段Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy（在这段讲述中，金并不是一个对基因隐私普遍不感兴趣的宣言）可知D选项“是对基因隐私普遍不感兴趣的声明”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。

4.推理判断题。定位到最后一段末ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.（但是，如果决定最高法院的问题是被逮捕者应得到比“一般公民”更少的保护，那么似乎最高法院可以仅以这些理由作为其意见的依据。换句话说，最高法院可以说，“DNA检测是对身体完整性的严重而重大的侵犯。但是，当涉及到被捕者时，宪法允许国家以足够令人信服的利益侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面。因此，《宪法》允许对被逮捕者进行DNA取样，尽管所涉入侵的情况很严重。”它本可以将这一观点作为只适用于已定罪的罪犯和被逮捕者的绝对例外加以隔离，并宣布守法公众的DNA是不可侵犯的。）可知选B选项“宪法允许对被捕者进行DNA取样”，原文所说是宪法允许国家以足够令人信服的利益侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面，C选项“宪法允许国家侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面”和原文有偏差；A选项“DNA测试是对身体完整性的严重而重要的侵犯”和D选项“法院本可以仅以这些理由作为其意见的依据”是在最高法院的问题是被逮捕者应得到比“一般公民”更少的保护的情况下成立，和题目相悖。因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

Ireallywantedtosaysomethingatthemeeting,buteventually___fromit.

问题1选项

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.refrained

D.restricted

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项prevented“预防，防止；阻止”；B选项restrained“抑制，控制；约束；制止（多用于refrainfromdoingsth.指克制自己以避免做某事）”；C选项refrained“节制，克制（以防变得过于激烈、强硬或直白）；避免；制止（通过拘留、上手铐等方式阻止囚犯等的暴力行为）（多用于restrainsb.fromdoingsth.）”；D选项restricted“限制，约束（使之不超过需要的范围，如大小、规模等）；限定（活动或行为）”。句意：我真想在会上说点什么，但最后还是___了。根据固定搭配restrainsb.fromdoingsth.可知本句表达“最后忍住了”，因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三联征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(视网膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血肿),andcerebraledema(脑水肿)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

问题1选项

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

问题2选项

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

问题3选项

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

问题4选项

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionfo