2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号41

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsandwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionwhichhaveinterestedthemodemphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodemphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodemeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodemsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodemscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservationthesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodems;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodemispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticular,classoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmodemtimesis

（

）.

3.Thedifferencebetween“fact”andtheory”

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（

）.

问题1选项

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

问题2选项

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

问题3选项

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodemscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

问题4选项

A.aninductivescience

B.nneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要是在对为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人这一问题进行科学探究，所以D选项“科学探究的方法”适合做文章标题。

2.推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?’’或去我们是否点当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然性归因于客观环境结合的影响。这一点除非以指导一切的上帝的智慧和无限权利来解释，否则难以说清楚。”确定B选项‘这是上帝的行为’正确。

3.细节事实题。根据文章最后三句“Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.”“事实是一个提议。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式实现），把理论转成事实必须用简单的证实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。”确定A选项“后者需要证实”是事实和理论之间的区别。

4.推理判断题。根据文章第一句话“Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences...”可以推断出数学不是inductivescience，排除A选项；根据上一题可知需要简单证实的是理论，排除B选项；D选项“数学基于理论和事实”这一观点没有在文章中体现，排除；所以通过排除法得出C选项正确。

2.单选题

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepersandbecauseofthiscanclaimhumanity'slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

问题1选项

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。A选项的defiance“挑战，挑衅，蔑视”；B选项的documentation“文件”；C选项的maintenance“维持，维修，保养”；D选项的domination“支配，统治”。根据句意‘中国人继古埃及人之后旋即展开了有系统的天文与气候观察，可谓是勤勉不辍的文献记录者，基于这一原因，中国人可声称拥有人类历史上对自然事件最漫长悠久、持之以恒的文献记载’确定B选项正确。

3.单选题

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

问题1选项

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词通常强调动作的主动语态，而过去分词强调状态，强调被动语态或已经发生过的，根据句意‘促销通常在户外进行，人们坐在长凳、椅子或盒子上’确定B选项的seated表示坐的状态，正确。

4.单选题

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

问题1选项

A.irresistible

B.irretrievable

C.irremissible

D.irreplaceable

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据句意‘比赛只剩下五分钟了但我们落后四分，所以这场比赛看上去已完全无法挽救了。’可知因为比分悬殊，所以这场比赛的胜利己经无法改变了。A选项irresistible“不可抵抗的”;irretrievable“不能弥补的”；C选项irremissible“无法逃避的”；D选项irreplaceable“不可替代的”。B选项正确。

5.单选题

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

问题1选项

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名词和形容词辨析题。A选项inflexibility“僵化”；unreasonable“不合理的”；B选项impropriety“不适当，不正确”;oscillatory“振荡的”；C选项intransigence“顽固”；tolerant“宽容的”；D选项success“成功”；authoritative“权威”。根据句意‘因为近期采取的更加宽容的态度掩饰了他之前作为顽固的谈判专家的名声，使得之前批评的人转而开始赞扬他了。’C选项正确。

6.单选题

Theactual（

）ofWilson'spositionwasalways（

）byhisrefusaltocompromiseafterhavinginitiallyagreedtonegotiateasettlement.

问题1选项

A.outcome;foreshadowed

B.logic;enhanced

C.rigidity;betrayed

D.uncertainty;alleviated

【答案】C

【解析】第一个空是考查名称的辨析，outcome“结果，效果”；logic“原理,逻辑性”；rigidity“严格，刻板”；uncertainty“不确定性”；根据句子后半部分的意思可以推断出第一个空应该填rigidity,表示立场的固执僵化；第二个空是考查动词的辨析，foreshadow“成为前兆，暗示”;enhance“提高，增加（价值，品质，吸引力等）”；betray“泄露，出卖，背叛（原则或信仰）”，根据句意‘由于威尔逊在最初同意谈判以达成协议之后又拒绝让步妥协，因此，其立场实际的固执僵化总是得以暴露无遗’可知第二个空应该填betrayed，所以C选项正确。

7.单选题

ThismonthSingaporepassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone'sparents.CalledtheMaintenanceofParentsBill,itreceivedthebackingoftheSingaporeGovernment.

Thatdoesnotmeanithasn'tgenerateddiscussion.SeveralmembersoftheParliamentopposedthemeasureasun-Asian.Otherswhoacknowledgedtheproblemoftheelderlypoorbelieveditisaproportionateresponse.Stillothersbelieveitwillsubvertrelationswithinthefamily:cynicsdubbeditthe“SueYourSon”law.

Thosewhosaythatthebilldoesnotpromotefilialresponsibility,ofcourse,areright.Ithasnothingtodowithfilialresponsibility.Itkicksinwherefilialresponsibilityfails.Thelawcannotlegislatefilialresponsibilityanymorethanitcanlegislatelove.Allthelawcandoistoprovideasafetynetwherethismoralityprovesinsufficient.Singaporeneedsthisbillnottoreplacemorality,buttoprovideincentivestoshoreitup.

Likemanyotherdevelopednations,Singaporefacestheproblemsofanincreasingproportionofpeopleover60yearsofage.Demographyisinexorable.In1980,7.2%ofthepopulationwasinthisbracket.Attheturnofthecenturythatfiguregrewto11%.By2030,theproportionisprojectedtobe26%.Theproblemisnotoldageperse.Itisthattheratioofeconomicallyactivepeopletoeconomicallyinactivepeoplewilldecline.

Butnoamountofgovernmentexhortationorpaternalismwillcompletelyeliminatetheproblemofoldpeoplewhohaveinsufficientmeanstomakeendsmeet.Somepeoplewillfallthroughtheholesinanysafetynet.

Traditionally,aperson’sinsuranceagainstpovertyinhisoldagewashisfamily.Thisisnotarevolutionaryconcept.NorisituniquelyAsian.Careandsupportforone’sparentsisauniversalvaluesharedbyallcivilizedsocieties.

TheprobleminSingaporeisthatthemoralobligationtolookafterone’sparentsisunenforceable.Afathercanbecompelledbylawtomaintainhischildren.Ahusbandcanbeforcedtosupporthiswife.But,untilnow,asonordaughterhadnolegalobligationtosupporthisorherparents.

In1989,anAdvisoryCouncilwassetuptolookintotheproblemsoftheaged.Itsreportstatedwithatingeofcomplacencythat95%ofthosewhodidnothavetheirownincomewerereceivingcashcontributionsfromrelations.Butwhataboutthe5%whoaren'tgettingrelatives'support?Theyhaveseveraloptions:(a)getajobandworkuntiltheydie;(b)applyforpublicassistance(youhavetobedestitutetoapply);or(c)starvequietly.Noneoftheseoptionsissociallyacceptable.Andwhatifthis5%figuregrows,asitislikelytodo,associetyages?

TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwasputforthtoencouragethetraditionalvirtuesthathavesofarkeptAsiannationsfromsomeofthebreakdownsencounteredinotheraffluentsocieties.Thislegislationwillallowapersontoapplytothecourtformaintenancefromanyorallofhischildren.Thecourtwouldhavethediscretiontorefusetomakeanorderifitis

unjust.

Thosewhoderidetheproposalforopeningupthecourtstofamilylawsuitsmissthepoint.Onlyinextremecaseswouldanyparenttakehischildtocourt.Ifitdoesindeedbecomelaw:thebill’seffectwouldbefarmoresubtle.

1.TheMaintenanceofParentsBill（

）.

2.Byquotingthegrowingpercentagepointsoftheagedinthepopulation,theauthorseemstoimplythat

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

4.Theauthorseemstosuggestthattraditionalvalues

（

）.

5.TheauthorthinksthatiftheBillbecomeslaw,itseffectwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.receivedunanimoussupportintileSingaporeParliament

B.wasbelievedtosolvealltheproblemsoftheelderlypoor

C.wasintendedtosubstitutefortraditionalvaluesinSingapore

D.waspassedtomaketheyoungmoreresponsibletotheold

问题2选项

A.thecountrywillfacemountingproblemsoftheoldinfuture

B.thesocialwelfaresystemwouldbeundergreatpressure

C.youngpeopleshouldbegivenmoremoraleducation

D.theoldshouldbeprovidedwithmeansoflivelihood

问题3选项

A.FilialresponsibilityinSingaporeisenforcedbylaw.

B.Fathershavelegalobligationstolookaftertheirchildren.

C.Itisanacceptablepracticefortheoldtocontinueworking.

D.TheAdvisoryCouncilwasdissatisfiedwiththeproblemsoftheold.

问题4选项

A.playaninsignificantroleinsolvingsocialproblems

B.arehelpfultotheelderlywhentheysuetheirchildren

C.areveryimportantinpreservingAsianuniqueness

D.aresignificantinhelpingtheBillgetapproved

问题5选项

A.indirect

B.unnoticed

C.apparent

D.contradictory

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据本文第一句内容"ThismonthSingaporepassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparents.”可知虽说新法受到了新加坡政府的支持，但是在第二段中说了议会中有些成员反对此法，所以A选项‘得到了新加坡议会的一致支持’错误。作者虽然介绍了此法的一些作用，但并没有说新法将会解决贫穷老人所有的问题，所以B选项‘被认为是解决所有贫困老人的问题’错误。由本文倒数第二段看出新法不仅不会取代新加坡的传统价值观，反而会在保持传统美德方面起重要作用，所以C选项‘是为了取代新加坡的传统价值观’错误。运用排除法确定只有D选项“新法能让年轻人对自己的父母更负责任”正确。

2.推理判断题。作者通过新加坡老龄人口比率的迅速增长来暗示这个国家将会面临很多由人口老龄化带来的问题。而第四段最后一句“Itisthattheratioofeconomicallyactivepeopletoeconomicallyinactivepeoplewilldecline.经济活跃人口与经济不活跃人口的比例将会下降。”表明问题已经是经济上的问题了，所以A选项‘这个国家未来将面临越来越多的老年人问题’正确。

3.细节事实题。根据本文第七段第二句内容“Afathercanbecompelledbylawtomaintainhischildren.法律可以强迫父亲抚养孩子。”确定B选项‘父亲有照顾孩子的法律义务。’正确。

4.细节事实题。根据本文倒数第二段第一句话“TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwasputforthtoencouragethetraditionalvirtuesthathavesofarkeptAsiannationsfromsomeofthebreakdownsencounteredinotheraffluentsocieties.《赡养父母法案》的提出是为了鼓励传统美德，这些美德迄今使亚洲国家避免了其他富裕社会所遭遇的一些崩溃。”确定作者认为传统美德会保持亚洲的独特性，所以C选项‘保持亚洲的独特性很重要’正确。

5.推理判断题。题目的意思是‘作者认为，如果该法案成为法律，其效果将是….’文章最后说“Onlyinextremecaseswouldanyparenttakehischildtocourt.只有在极端情况下，父母才会把孩子告上法庭。”在接下来的几段里，作者讲到赡养父母是个人的责任，并非社会的责任。而有些人碍于情面，不得不重新考虑赡养父母的问题。因此该议案起到了间接的作用。A选项‘间接的’正确。B选项unnoticed表示“被忽视的”；C选项apparent表示“明显的”；D选项contradictory表示“矛盾的”。

8.单选题

Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing（

）tests.

问题1选项

A.simulated

B.imitated

C.stimulated

D.illustrated

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，simulatedtest“模拟试题”；B选项imitated“模仿的，仿造的（强调对某物的仿造或对某人的模仿）”；stimulate“受刺激的”；D选项illustrated“有插画的”。根据句意在参加研究所入学考试之前，很多应试者已经通过做很多模拟试题来使自己更熟悉考试了。A选项表示‘模拟试题’正确。

9.单选题

Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.

Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbtheSun'srays.Desertmammalsalsodepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.Theoverheatedbodythencoolsdownduringthecolddesertnight,andindeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel.Thisisanadvantagesincetheheatofthefirstfewhoursofdaylightisabsorbedinwarmingupthebody,andanexcessivebuildupofheatdoesnotbeginuntilwellintotheday.

Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink.Desertanimalscandrinkprodigiousvolumesinashorttime,andcamelshavebeenknowntoimbibeover100litersinafewminutes.Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated,itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.TheauthorusesGrant'sgazelleasanexampleof（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals?

问题1选项

A.Weathervariationsinthedesert

B.Adaptationsofdesertanimals

C.Diseasedofdesertanimals

D.Humanuseofdesertanimals

问题2选项

A.ananimalwithalowaveragetemperature

B.ananimalthatisnotaswelladaptedasthecamel

C.adesertanimalthatcanwithstandhighbodytemperatures

D.adesertanimalwithaconstantbodytemperature

问题3选项

A.Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood

B.Theycaneatlargequantitiesquickly

C.Theyeasilylosetheirappetites

D.Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段“Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.生活在沙漠中的大型动物己逐步形成了一些减少极度高温影响的适应方式”提出话题“生活在沙漠中动物的适应性”，之后的段落讲述了“沙漠动物的各种适应，如沙漠动物的毛是浅色的，这样能去反射而不是吸收太阳光、避免通过消耗水分和能量来保持身体恒温等，并跟人类进行比较，来突出沙漠动物的适应性，”所以B选项“沙漠动物的适应性”正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段中第三句“desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant'sgazelles.沙漠中的哺乳类动物允许自己的体温上升到通常是发烧的程度，高达46摄氏度的体温已在格兰特瞪羚被测出”。确定C选项“能经受高体温的一种沙漠动物”正确。

3.推理判断题。A选项“它们不需要吃太多的食物”和B项“它们能很快处大量的食物”在文中没有提及，排除；由最后一段最后一句“Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated,itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.适应沙漠的哺乳类动物有在极度脱水时进一步正常进食的能力，而在人类中一个常见的经历是甚至在中等口渴的情况下都没有胃口”确定C选项“它们容易失去自己的胃口”错误；由最后一段中倒数第二句“Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.对水分流失的容忍度在沙漠中是明显的优势，因为动物不需要去停留在水坑附近，而是能从啃食稀疏且遥远的草地来获取食物”确定D选项“它们能行进远的距离来寻找食物”正确。

10.单选题

“Ineveryknownhumansocietythemale’sneedsforachievementcanberecognized.Inagreatnumberofhumansocietiesmen'ssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsomefeat.”

ThisistheconclusionoftheanthropologistMargaretMeadaboutthewayinwhichtherolesofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.

Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfromcomplete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomenandaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefenseswhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheirhithertoacceptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesofoccupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubtoftheseriousnessofwomen’spretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.

Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmen'sstatus.Inthefirstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,inIndia,SriLankaandIsrael.

Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especiallymarriedwomenandmothersofchildren.Morediffuselytherearetheincreasinglynumerousconvergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehavior:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesindressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsofhithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.

Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhumanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeople'ssenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohuntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorousinitiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.

1.Thephrase“men’ssurenessoftheirsexrole”inthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey（

）.

2.ThethirdparagraphdoesNOTclaimthatmen

（

）.

3.Attheendofthelastparagraphtheauthoruseshumorousexaggerationinorderto

（

）.

4.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph

（

）.

5.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen

B.taketheinitiativeincourtship

C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsidered“manly”

D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare

问题2选项

A.preventwomenfromtakingupcertainprofessions

B.secretlyadmirewomen'sintellectandresolution

C.doubtwhetherwomenreallymeantosucceedinbusiness

D.forbidwomentojoincertainclubsandsocieties

问题3选项

A.showthatmenarestrongerthanwomen

B.carryfurthertheideasoftheearliestparagraphs

C.supportthefirstsentenceofthesameparagraph

D.disowntheideasheisexpressing

问题4选项

A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeology

B.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehave

C.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjoke

D.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer

问题5选项

A.approvesof

B.arguesisnatural

C.completelyrejects

D.expectstogoonchanging

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问第一段中的“男人对自己的性别角色的确信”表明他们…‘’由第一段第二句“Inagreatnumberofhumansocietiesmen'ssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirrightorability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.在大量的人类社会里，男性对自己性别角色的确定与他们去实践女性不被允许的活动的权利或能力联系在一起。”确定C选项“对什么被看成是‘男子气概’有清醒的认识”正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘第三段没有提及…’。由第三段中“...takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesofoccupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubtoftheseriousnessofwomen'spretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.有时采取明显的（将女性）排除在某些职业和社会群体之外的方式；有时采取更微妙的方式去自动怀疑女性自称达到被认为是男性为运行世界这个事业而带来的智力和决断水平的真正性。”确定B选项的“背地里羡慕女性的资料和决断”在第三段中没有提及，符合题意；A选项“阻止女性从事某些职业”、C选项“怀疑是否女性真正打算去在职业上获得成功”及D选项“禁止女性加入某些俱乐部和社会团体”在第三段都有提及。。

3.细节事实题。题干询问‘在最后一段的结尾，作者使用了幽默的夸张手法来达到….’。由最后一段第一句“Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhumanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology...每个人对原命或自然的乂类生活情况都有一个非常确切的想法，相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的”确定C选项“支持同一个段落第一句话”正确。

4.推理判断题。题干询问‘他在最后一段提到穴居人…’。由最后一段第二句“Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology...相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的”确定A选项“基于研究考古学”与原文不符。由最后一段中“Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohuntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.在这种基本的自然社会里，男人出去打猎、捕鱼和击退临近的部落，而女人保持炉火不灭（即负责家务）”确定B选项“描述了人们怎样期盼男性去表现”正确。C选项“被作者以一个不相关的笑话而没有考虑”及D选项“证明男人而非女人应该是追求者”在文中没有提及。

5.推理判断题。题干询问‘玛格丽特•米德的引言概括了作者对男女关系的理解的…’。由最后一段中“Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeople’ssenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.相比考古学，它（即有关人类原始或自然的状况的想法）更多是通过研究幽默的卡通图画来获得的，但这个不重要，因为它不是作为理论而重要，而是作为一种内心感到的期望的表达，即人们感觉在两性角色区别上什么在根本上是合适。”确定作者赞同MargretMead总结的在社会中男性和女性的角色应该被区分”，所以A选项“赞同”正确。

11.单选题

Unlikephilosopherswhoconstructedtheoreticallyidealstates,shebuiltatheorybasedon（

）;thus,althoughherconstructsmayhavebeeninelegant,theywere（

）sound.

问题1选项

A.ellectually

B.surmise...scientifically

C.experience...empirically

D.conjecture...factually

【答案】C

【解析】名词和副词词义辨析。A选项的intuition“直觉”；intellectually“智力上，理智地”；B选项的surmise“猜测，猜想”；scientifically“合乎科学地，系统地”；C选项的experience“经验，阅历”；empirically“以经验为主地”；D选项的conjecture“推测，猜想，揣摩”；factually“事实地，确实地”。根据句意‘与那些构建理论上完美理想状态的哲学家不同，她以经验为依据建立其理论，因此，尽管她的概念可能比较粗糙，但它们从经验主义的角度看却是切实可行的’确定C选项正确。

12.单选题

The（

）onthesurfaceofthefemalekangaroo'sabdomenservesasaplaceofrefugefortheyoung,whocangetatthemilkglandswithoutleavingtheirshelter.

问题1选项

A.patch

B.porch

C.paunch

D.pouch

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析题。要注意区分四个选项名词的不同意思。根据句意‘雌性袋鼠腹部表面的育儿袋是用来保护幼崽，使它们不需要离开这里也能够获得母亲的乳汁的。’和常识可知空格处表示“育儿袋”。A选项parch意为“眼罩，斑点”；B选项porch意为“门廊，走廊”；C选项paunch意为“腹，大肚子”；D选项pouch意为“小袋，育儿袋”。D选项正确。

13.单选题

Ahumanbeingisquite（

）creature,fortheglossofrationalitythatcovershisorhersenseoffearsand（

）isthinandofteneasilybreached.

问题1选项

A.afrail;insecurity

B.avaliant;phobias

C.anambitious;mortify

D.aludicrous;laughter

【答案】A

【解析】形容词和名词辨析。第一个空考查的是形容词的辨析，frail“脆弱的，薄弱的，抵不住诱惑的”;valiant“勇敢的，有价值的”;ambitious“有野心的，有抱负的”；ludicrous“滑稽的，荒唐可笑的”；根据句尾的thinandofteneasilybreached推断出第一个空应该填frail;第二个空考查的是名词辨析，insecurity“不安全，无保障”；phobias“憎恶；恐惧症”；mortify“克制，抑制（肉体、情感等）”作动词；laughter“笑，笑声”；根据关键词thesenseof和句子的整体意思‘人类是一种极为脆弱的生物体，因为掩盖着其恐惧感和不安全感的那层理性的外表是那么的薄弱，且常常易于破裂’可以推断出此处应该填insecurity,所以A选项正确。

14.单选题

ProfessorJohnsonplannedtogoovermypapersentencebysentencewithmeinhisofficethismorning,buthehasn't（

）yet.

问题1选项

A.turnedround

B.turnedup

C.turnedon

D.turnedin

【答案】B

【解析】动词短语词义辨析。A选项的turnround=turnaround“转身，转向，归航，转变”；B选项的turnup“出现，露面，发生，开大（收音机、电视等）的音量”；C选项的turnon“打开，发动”；D选项的turnin“交上，归还，告发”。根据句意‘约翰逊教授计划今天早上和我一起在他办公室逐句检查我的论文，但他还没来’确定B选项正确。

15.单选题

BroadlytheEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfolly（1）onlyamongpeopleheknowswell.Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited,

（2）

embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto

（3）

acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;noonespeaksInfact,todosowouldseemunusual

（4）

.Thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich,

（5）

broken,makesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof

（6）

.

Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea

（7）

forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachance,theywilltalkaboutit

（8）

.SomepeoplearguethatitisBecauseEnglishweather

（9）

forecastandh