历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题阅读(55minutes)Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialbacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchthisbypassingairthroughguncotttrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.PasteurmmtomorethanmmManyofthesebodiesresnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefying(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsof(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask.(a)Pasteur'sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteur'sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtbyWhichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofsponta4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether9.Theword‘it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociety'shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWarwhichendedinwastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.BoththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructucanalsroadsbridgesandrailroadsdeepeningharborsandremovingobstrucnavigablestreamsThenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanlaunchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefagovernmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolutionwerereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.streamedtotheWestfillingfrolesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarindustrializationandurbanizationallkeptdemandhighiandindustriesgrewaswellevenindustriesnofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniquesaphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofa(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson'sviewsofagricultureandfarmers.(Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation'seconomy.Accordingtothepassagethenation(b)importnewplantvarieties(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts18.Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers'meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientific19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29NORTHAMERICAMississippiRiwerThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealm'ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthetwo.AridAmerica'ssoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat(10)wateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970's,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,drierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcoverTheforestsofNorthAmericatabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasone(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafstepperTheonlyareasoft21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatteImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculturAccordingtothepassageacidicsoilstenttobeassociat(C)largeamountsofrain(A)movementsofglacialdeposits(B)patternsofnaturalvegetation(C)humanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentdistinctionbetweenhumidAmerica(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdeserts(B)MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherever(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation(D)GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyMostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranapprecintimetoseetheobjectAphotograpphotographicfilmpaperorglasswillhoweverrecordmuchshorterburstsofligphotographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocaastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglightingPhotoflashisnowgenethatthisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulfthdensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”metalsuchasmagnesiumoraluminumcapableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpurespontaneouslyLaterbulbswerefireheattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhitehotemissionofvisiblofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.(A)Thehistoryofthephotoflash(C)ThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlAccordingtothepassagesecondistheminimumam(B)generationofartificiallight(C)creationofaphotographicemulsion(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflightphotographicemulsionli(C)”high-speedmovement”(line5(C)protectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash3AccordingtothepassagethewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnaturebuttheywereinspifragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodetheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,inallofitspossibilitiesUnlikeearlierartiststheydidnotwaImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindooSomeoftheImpressionistocollapsiblepainttubeswhichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintifeltthreatenedbythenewpaintingThetermImpressionImpressionSunrisebyClaudeMonetViewedthroughhostMonetspaintingofarisingsunoveramisandanaffronttogoodtasteBo“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunityFromthenuntil