英国历史简介英文版课件

Chapter8HistoryofBritain

ThebeginningofBritain•TheEarlysettlers(…-55B.C.)•RomanBritain(55B.C.-410A.D.)•Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)•VikingBritain(871-1042)•NormanConquest(1066)TheEarlySettlers(…-55B.C.)8,000yearsagoGreatBritainbecameanislandNativesofBritainIberians(3000BC-2000BC)ThefirstsettlersofBritainfromtheMediterraneanarea

TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.tallandgolden-hairedfromCentralEuropefarmerswarlikepeopleRomanBritain(55B.C.-

410)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.RomanInvasionInvasionTimeInvaders155and54B.CRomanGeneralJuliusCaesar243A.D.RomanEmperorClaudiusRomanCivilization•Themonth―“July”isnamedafterJuliusCaesarhimself.

ChristianitytoBritain•Extraordinaryachievementinbuildingroads–“AllRoadsLeadtoRome”•Hadrian'sWall–England’sgreatwall–2000yearsagoRomaninfluenceonBritainwaslimited.

First,theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Second,neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.Third,theRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.St.Augustin•ThefirstArchbishopofCanterburyin601•HebuilttheCanterburyCathedral.•HeintroducedChristianitytoEngland.•ThefounderoftheEnglishchurchViking(871-1042)•Invasiontime–Inthelate8thcentury•FromDenmark–Norsemen,“peoplefromtheNorth”•From1017to1041–EnglandwasruledbyDanishkings.AlfredtheGreat•ThekingofWessex•ThefatherofBritishnavy•AcapablemilitaryleaderandadministratorWestminsterAbbey

In1042ByEdward,KingofEngland,afaithfulChristianOneoftheoldestbuildingsinLondonAlivingmonumenttoBritishhistoryAlmostallEnglishkingshavebeencrownedthere.NormanConquestThelastforeigninvasioninEnglandThebest-knowneventinEnglishhistoryDukeWilliamofNormandy,fromnorthernFranceWilliamisoftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConqueror.OnOctober14,1066WilliamandhisarmydefeatedtheEnglisharmyinthebattleofHastings.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey,knownasWilliamIofEngland.ThisinvasioniscalledNormanConquest.•Architecture–TheTowerofLondon(Themostfamouscastle)–EnglandbecamealandofcastlesDoomsdayBook--thebaseforfuturetaxation--ausefulsourceofinformationforthemonarchsRobinHood•England’sbest-lovedlegend•HeroicSaxonnoblemenoppressedbytheNormans•―“Merrymen”robbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor.PartIITheFeudalBritain(1066-1485)KeyPoints:1.CommonLaw2.TheMagnaCarta3.ThebeginningofParliament4.ThedeclineoffeudalismFeudalBritain

NormanConquestmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland1.AftertheNormanConquest,feudalismwasestablishedinEngland.2.Thenobilitygraduallygainedpower.3.Statemechanismwasgraduallyestablishedsuchastheparliamentarysystemandthecommonlaw.ThesuccessionofmonarchsKings:WilliamI(1066-1154)--(grandson)-HenryII(1154-1189)--(son)-RichardI(1189-1199)--(brother)-KingJohn(1199-1216)--(son)-HenryIII(1216-1272)---EdwardIII---Thebeginningoftheparliament•When?--1264,Thenoblesdefeatedtheking•Who?--SimondeMonfortVSHenryIIIHow?SimondeMonfortmadechangesintheformationoftheGreatCouncil--addedsomecommonersintothecouncil•Significance?--laidthefoundationforthedevelopmentoftheEnglishparliamentThedeclineofFeudalismRoot:thefoundationofthemanorsystemwasshakenSeveraleventsshookthefoundationofthefeudalsociety.TheHundredYears’WarTheBlackMouthTyler’sRebellionTheWaroftheRosesTheHundredYears’WarTime:1337-1453•Event•AseriesofwarsbetweenEnglandandFrance•Unexpectedbenefits–TherulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhome.–Englishwasreestablishedastheofficiallanguage.JoanofArc•Afamouspeasantgirl•UnderJoanofArc,Frenchwonanumberofvictories.•RegardedasanationalFrenchheroine.TheWaroftheRoses

AseriesofcivilwarsbetweensupportersofLancasterandYork.•Thebadges–aredroseVs.awhiteone•Reason–In1455theDukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterking,HenryVI.•Result–In1485,HenryTudor,asHenryVII,foundedtheTudorMonarchy.TheBeginningoftheModernWorldFromthe16thtothe20thcenturyRulingHousesRulingPeriodHouseofTudor1485-1603HouseofStuart1603-1649HouseofStuart(restored)1660-1714HouseofHanover1714-1910PartIII

HouseofTudorKeypoints:•TheEnclosureMovement•GeographicalDiscovery•TheRenaissance•TheReformation•HenryVIII•BloodyMary•TheElizabethanAge1.TheEnclosureMovementInthe16thcentury,thedevelopmentoftextileindustrypushedupthepriceofwool.Landlordsbegantoturnlargeareasofarablelandintosheepgrazingland.2.GeographicalDiscovery•Why?--Ashortageofgold&silvercausedbytheincreaseinproduction&theexpansionoftradeinEurope.•When?Inthe15thcentury•How?rushforgold--rushforspice--geographicaldiscovery•Who?--Portugal,Spanish,BritainBritishexpansion•In1497,JohnCabotsailedtoNew-foundlandinNorthAmerica•SirFrancisDrake,thefirstEnglishmanwhosailedroundtheworld.•CharteredCompanies.--TheEastIndiaCompany3.TheRenaissance•When?late14thC–theearly16thC•Where?Italy---therestofEurope•What?TherebirthofinterestinclassicculturesofancientGreeceandRomewhichwereneglectedbytheEuropeansintheMiddleAges.Who?---manyliteraryfiguresWilliamShakespeareThomasMore,EdmundSpencer,FrancisBacon,ChristopherMarloweWhatdotheyhaveincommon?--praisedlifeandattackedfeudalcruelty,ignoranceanddestructionofhumanrights--promotededucationandreform--voicedenduringideas4.TheReformation•When?1517-1646•Who?MartinLuther•Where?WestEurope•What?AgreatrevolutionintheChristianchurch•Results?--itendedthesupremepowerofthePopeoftheChristianchurch--tworeligiouscampswereformed:

CatholicandProtestantTheEnglishReformation•Who?KingHenryVIII•Why?HenryVIII’sdivorce•Results?Marriedsixtimes--theKingdeclaredhimselfasthe―supremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland--thereligiousauthoritywastransferredsuccessfullyfromthePopetotheking.BloodyMary•Who?--MaryTudor,asincereCatholic•Why―bloody?--shepersecutedtrueProtestantsandexecutedmorethan300peopleElizabethI

(1553---1603)•ThelastTudormonarch•TheGoldenAge–TheEnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmadain1588–TheflourishingofEnglishdramaPartIVHouseofStuartKeypoints•TheDivinerightofKings•CharlesI•TheCivilWar•Cromwell•Restoration•TheGloriousRevolutionCharlesI(1625-1649)BeliefBelievedintheoldtheory“DivinerightofKings”Theking’spowercamedirectlyfromGod,notfromthepeople.Dismissedparliamentfor11yearsTheCivilWar(1642-1649)•Event–CharlesIburstintotheHousesofParliamenttoarrestleadingmembersoftheParliament.•Between–TheRoundheads(supportersofParliament)–TheCavaliers(supportersoftheKing)ResultoftheCivilWar•TheexecutionofCharlesI•OliverCromwellformedrepublicanEngland,theCommonwealthofEngland.•Englishmonarchywasabolished.Restoration•Who?CharlesII•When?1661,4,23.•How?--politically,restoretheoldsocialorder--religiously,reestablishedanewsystem--economically,establishedEnglishcoloniesinAmericaTheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)•TheindustrialRevolutionreferstothemechanisationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.ConsequencesoftheindustrialRevolution1Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”;2Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenation’swealth.3Mechanizationdestroyedthelivelihoodofthosewhocouldnotinvestinit.Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinaappallingconditions.4Theindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass,theproletariat,anditlaterledtotradeunionism.TheGloriousRevolution•When?1688•Why?--TheparliamentdidnotwantaCatholicsuccessionaftertheKing’s