2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号26

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

VisitBritainisgivingtheUK’smostlovedattractionsaMandarinmakeoverto（）morehigh-spendingChinesevisitors.

问题1选项

A.lure

B.achieve

C.reclaim

D.exclaim

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项lure表示“诱惑，引诱”，B选项achieve表示“取得，获得，实现，成功”，C选项reclaim表示“开拓，回收利用，改造，抗议”，D选项exclaim表示“呼喊，惊叫，大声说出”。由句意可知，VisitBritain（英国旅游局官网）正在给网站做普通话版本的改版，为的是（）更多出手阔绰的中国游客。因此，只有A选项最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。

2.单选题

ThefootballclubreleasedplayerJayJohnEzikpebecausehedidnot（）them,butaddedthatatthemomenttheydidnotintendtosignonanyotherplayers.

问题1选项

A.impact

B.impress

C.illuminate

D.illustrate

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。impact对…影响，撞击；impress给…深刻印象；illuminate照亮；illustrate阐明，举例说明。由前面的结果“足球俱乐部让Jay退出”可猜测原因是Jay没有给人留下深刻印象。句意：足球俱乐部让Jay退出,因为他没有给他们留下深刻印象，但他补充说目前他们不打算签下任何其他球员。故B项符合题意。

3.单选题

Therepublicationofthepoet'smostrecentworkswillcertainly（）hisnationalreputation.

问题1选项

A.enhance

B.strengthen

C.enlarge

D.magnify

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。enhance增加，加强，提高；strengthen加强，巩固；enlarge扩大，使增大；magnify放大，赞美。句意：这位诗人最新作品的再版必将提高他在全国的声誉。enhancereputation提高声誉；A项符合题意。

4.单选题

Businesstourismisverylucrativeasbusinesstravelershaveahigherspendthanleisuretourists,which（）createsmorejobs.

问题1选项

A.inessence

B.incontrast

C.inturn

D.inpart

【答案】D

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项inessence表示“本质上，大体上”；B选项incontrast表示“与之相反，比较起来”；C选项inturn表示“反过来，轮流”；D选项inpart表示“部分地，在某种程度上”。由句意可知，商务旅游是非常有利可图的，因为商务旅行者比休闲游客有更高的消费，这___创造了更多的就业机会。对比四个选项，只有D选项最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为D选项。

5.翻译题

Forallyouspacebuffswholiketokeeptrackofwherethewateris,itlookslikeyoucanaddourveryownmoontoyourlist.BecauseaccordingtoatrioofpapersappearinginthejournalScience,thelunarsurfaceiswetterthanwerealized.

Fortyyearsago,Apolloastronautsbroughtabunchofmoonrocksbackhome.Forthemostpartthosesamplesshowednotracesofwaterwhatsoever.ThosethatseemedeventheslightestbitmoistwerethoughttohavebeencontaminatedbywaterfromEarth—becausethecontainerstheywerestoredinturnedouttobeleaky.

Butnowscientistssaythey’vespottedwaterrightonthemoon’ssurface.Usinginstrumentsonthreedifferentspacecraft,thescientistsdetectedthechemicalsignatureofgoodoldH2O.Andtheythinkthewaterspringsfromthemoonitself.Thelunarsoilisnearly50percentoxygen,andthescientiststhinkthathydrogencomesfromthesolarwindthatpoundsthemoon’ssurface.

Putthetwotogetherandyougetwet.Nottoowet,ofcourse.There’sprobablyonlyaboutaquartofwaterineverytonoflunarsoil.That’sdryerthantheSahara,butwetterthanwethought.

【答案】对于你们这些喜欢追踪水在哪里的太空迷来说，看起来你们可以把我们自己的月球加入你们的名单。因为根据发表在《科学》杂志上的三篇论文，月球表面比我们想象的要潮湿。

40年前，阿波罗宇航员带回了一堆月球岩石。在大多数情况下，这些样本没有任何水的痕迹。那些看起来哪怕是最轻微的潮湿都被认为是受到了来自地球的水的污染——因为它们储存的容器原来是漏水的。

但现在科学家称他们已经在月球表面发现了水。科学家们在三艘不同的宇宙飞船上使用仪器，探测到了古老的H2o的化学特征。他们认为水来自月球本身。月球的土壤中有近50%是氧气，科学家们认为氢气来自撞击月球表面的太阳风。

把这两者放在一起，你就湿了。当然不会太湿。每吨月球土壤中大概只有一夸脱水。那里比撒哈拉沙漠干燥，但比我们想象的要潮湿。

6.单选题

Lucychangedhermajorfromphysicstocomputer,（）.

问题1选项

A.withhopestobeabletolocateemploymentmoreeasily

B.hopingshecaneasilygetajob

C.withthehopefortheabilitytofindabetterjob

D.hopingtofindajobmoreeasily

【答案】D

【解析】考查语义衔接。空格处所填内容表示一种目的，用不定是表目的，排除B项。AC两项中的beableto及fortheabilityto与不定式在意思上重复。故答案为D。句意：Lucy把她的物理专业换成了计算机专业，希望能更容易找到工作。

7.单选题

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.

Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehavioralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?

InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC.proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA.agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhuge'sellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavorablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat“behavioral”adshelpadvertisersto（）.

2.“Theindustry”（Line5,Para.3）refersto（）.

3.TheauthorholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault（）.

4.AccordingtoParagraph6,（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof（）.

问题1选项

A.easecompetitionamongthemselves

B.avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers

C.providebetteronlineservices

D.lowertheiroperationalcosts

问题2选项

A.onlineadvertisers

B.e-commerceconductors

C.digitalinformationanalysis

D.internetbrowserdevelopers

问题3选项

A.maycutthenumberofjunkads

B.failstoaffecttheadindustry

C.maynotbenefitconsumers

D.goesagainsthumannature

问题4选项

A.DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

B.advertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT

C.DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

D.advertisersareobligedtoofferbehavioralads

问题5选项

A.indulgence

B.skepticism

C.appreciation

D.understanding

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.有句老话说，所有广告预算的一半都浪费了——问题是，没人知道是哪一半。在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这个比例可以大大降低。通过观察人们在网上搜索、点击和发言的内容，公司可以针对那些最有可能购买的人投放“行为”广告。由此可知行为广告能降低运营成本。故D项正确。

2.词义题。由第三段第一句话“InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC.proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC.提议在互联网浏览器中增加“禁止追踪”（DNT）选项，这样用户就可以告诉广告商他们不希望被跟踪。”以及“InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA.agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.”今年2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟（DAA.一致认为，该行业将着手应对DNT请求。由上文可知FTC以及IE等同意在浏览器中增加DNT选项，故theindustry就是指代上文提到的互联网浏览器。

3.判断推理题。由第五段“Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.目前尚不清楚广告客户将如何回应。获得DNT信号并不意味着任何人都必须停止跟踪，尽管一些公司已经承诺这样做。由于无法判断用户是真的反对行为性广告，还是坚持使用微软的默认设置，一些企业可能会忽略DNT信号，继续按下按钮。据此可知在网络浏览器中增加DNT选项并不意味着用户的浏览记录不会被追踪，也就是说用户可能不会真正从中受益。故C项正确。

4.判断推理题。由第六段“AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.同样不清楚的是，微软为什么要单干。毕竟，它也有自己的广告业务，它说自己会遵守DNT请求，尽管它仍在研究如何做到这一点。如果它试图扰乱谷歌的话，那么它几乎完全依赖DNT默认设置将成为常态。由此可知微软将DNT作为浏览器默认设置的目的并不是不记录用户的轨迹，而是想扰乱它的竞争者比如谷歌，所以偏离了DNT的初衷。故A项正确。

5.观点态度题。由题干定位到本文最后一句“BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?微软首席隐私官BrendonLynch在博客中写道:“我们相信消费者应该有更多的控制权。”真的有那么简单吗?”从Coulditreallybethatsimple?可知作者是持怀疑态度。故B项正确。

8.单选题

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors7namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD.hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Theauthormainlytalksabout（）inParagraph1.

2.TheOECDreport（）.

3.Onlinepublicationissignificantbecause（）

4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto（）

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting

B.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers

C.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication

D.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports

问题2选项

A.criticizesgovernment-fundedresearch

B.upsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers

C.benefitsscientificresearchconsiderably

D.introducesaneffectivemeansofpublication

问题3选项

A.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers

B.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults

C.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch

D.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge

问题4选项

A.coverthecostofitspublication.

B.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

问题5选项

A.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

B.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

C.TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

D.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段主要讲述了期刊出版的过程，即收稿、审稿、出版或弃用、版权和引用收费等步骤。C和D看似都符合。仔细阅读全文可知，文章先讲述了期刊出版以前是怎样的，后来又是怎样的，由Itusedtobesostraightforward.可知第一段主要讲述的是过去期刊是出版的过程，C选项中“traditional”强调了过去。因此D项更符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由题干定位到第二段“Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.份报告是由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰•霍顿和经合组织的格雷厄姆•维克里共同撰写的，对于那些迄今为止已经获得可观利润的出版商来说，这份报告读起来很沉重。”据此可知该报告让盈利的出版商心情沉重。故B项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第二段“Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.互联网——以及来自资助机构的压力——正使获取科学成果成为现实。资助机构质疑，为什么商业出版商通过限制对科研的访问，从政府资助的研究中赚钱。可知互联网使网上发表论文成为可能，同时网上发表论文使人们更易获得科学成果。故B项正确。

4.细节事实题。由第四段“Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.有一种开放获取的出版方式，通常要求作者（或其雇主）为发表的论文付费。”据此可知作者要为论文付费。故A项正确。

5.主旨大意题。整篇文章都是在以客观的角度来介绍新的出版方式，并没有表明作者观点，故A项“作者欢迎新的出版方式”不对；B项“在线服务使出版变得更容易。”从理论上这观点是正确的，但是文中未提及，也不是本文主题。C项“网络对出版构成威胁”文中没提及。D项“一种新的出版方式正在出现”为本文主题，故D项正确。

9.单选题

Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography.Theemphasisofthisnew"communityecology"wasonthecompositionandstructureofcommunitiesconsistingofdifferentspecies.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theAmericanecologistFredericClementspointedoutthatasuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.Anabandonedfield,forinstance,willbeinvadedsuccessivelybyherbaceousplants（plantswithlittleornowoodytissue）,shrubs,andtrees,eventuallybecomingaforest.Light-lovingspeciesarealwaysamongthefirstinvaders,whileshade-tolerantspeciesappearlaterinthesuccession.

Clementsandotherearlyecologistssawalmostlawlikeregularityintheorderofsuccession,butthathasnotbeensubstantiated.Ageneraltrendcanberecognized,butthedetailsareusuallyunpredictable.Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizations,andmanyotherrandomprocesses.

Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.Nevertheless,maturenaturalenvironmentsareusuallyinequilibrium.Theychangerelativelylittlethroughtimeunlesstheenvironmentitselfchanges.

ForClements,theclimaxwasa"superorganism,"anorganicentity.EvensomeauthorswhoacceptedtheclimaxconceptrejectedClements1characterizationofitasasuperorganism,anditisindeedamisleadingmetaphor.Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances.Butthereisnoevidenceforsuchaninteractingcommunicativenetworkinaclimaxplantformation.Manyauthorsprefertheterm"association"totheterm"community"inordertostresstheloosenessoftheinteraction.

Evenlessfortunatewastheextensionofthistypeofthinkingtoincludeanimalsaswellasplants.Thisresultedinthe"biome,"acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna.Thoughitistruethatmanyanimalsarestrictlyassociatedwithcertainplants,itismisleadingtospeakofa"spruce-moosebiome,"forexample,becausethereisnointernalcohesiontotheirassociationasinanorganism.Thesprucecommunityisnotsubstantiallyaffectedbyeitherthepresenceorabsenceofmoose.Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose.TheoppositiontotheClementsianconceptofplantecologywasinitiatedbyHerbertGleason,soonjoinedbyvariousotherecologists.Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspeciesandthatthereforethevegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualplantspecies.

1.Ecologyhadbeenrootedin（）beforeitgrewintoanindependentscience.

2.AccordingtoFredericClements,（）afteravolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.

3.Successionisinfluencedbythefollowingfactorsexcept（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabout“climax”,accordingtothepassage?

5.Theconceptof"biome"wouldemphasizethat（）.

问题1选项

A.communityecology

B.thescienceofspecies

C.thestudyofcommunitystructure

D.naturalhistoryandplantgeography

问题2选项

A.onlylight-lovingspeciescangrow

B.plantcommunitiescandevelop

C.forestscanhardlysurvive

D.fewplantscangrow

问题3选项

A.regularrainfalls

B.chancecolonizations

C.exposuretosun

D.natureofthesoil

问题4选项

A.Itsnatureisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.

B.Itchangesrelativelylittlethroughtimeatmaturity.

C.Itisahighlyinteractingcommunicativenetwork.

D.Itisthefinalstageofasuccession.

问题5选项

A.animalsandplantsdonotsubstantiallyaffecteachother

B.plantcommunitiesalwaysrelyoncoexistinganimalstosurvive

C.thereisinternalcohesionintheassociationofanimalswithplants

D.thedistributionofagivenspeciesiscontrolledbythehabitatrequirements

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography”可知，19世纪后期，生态学从其自然历史和植物地理学的根源开始成长为一门独立的科学。由此可判断本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“社区生态学”，B选项表示“物种学科”，C选项表示“社区结构的研究”。

2.细节事实题。题干询问：根据FredericClements的理论，在火山爆发、洪水或森林大火之后……。根据题干关键信息定位到原文第一段第三句“asuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire”可知，一系列的植物群落会在火山爆发、洪水或者森林火灾后形成。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“只有喜光的物种才能生长”，C选项表示“森林很难生存”，D选项表示“很少植物能生长”。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段最后一句“Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizationsandmanyotherrandomprocesses”可知，生态演替受到多种因素的影响：土壤土质、暴露到阳光和风中、降水的规律性、定居生长的机会以及许多其它随机过程。因此本题正确答案为A选项。

4.推理判断题。题干询问：根据文章可知，下面关于“climax”的表述哪个选项是不正确的?由原文第三段第一句“Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.”可知，“climax”指的是生态演替的最后一个阶段——顶级群落。可判断D选项正确。由原文第三段第二句“Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.”可知，即使在一个成熟的群落中，物种组成通常也有很大的变化，可判断B选项错误。由第三段第三句“Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession”可知，影响生态演替的因素同样也影响顶级群落的性质，可判断A选项表述正确。由第四段第三句“Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances”可知，一个蚁群可能被合法地称为顶级群落，因为它的交流系统是高度组织化的，由此可判断C选项正确。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。

5.推理判断题。题干询问：“生态群系”的概念强调的是……。根据题干关键信息“biome”可定位到原文最后一段，根据“acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna”可知，“biome”是指共生的动植物群的组合。由最后一段最后一句“Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspecies”可知，一种特定物种的分布是由该物种的栖息地需求控制的，由此可判断，本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“动物和植物之间没有实质性的相互影响”，B选项表示“植物群落总是依靠共存的动物生存”，C选项表示“在动物与植物的联系中有一种内在的凝聚力”。

10.单选题

Thetypicalsexbribeinvolvesabusinessmantreatinganofficialtoanightatabathhousestockedwith（）,saysLiaoRan,whomonitorsAsiaforTransparencyInternational.

问题1选项

A.prototypes

B.propagandas

C.prostitutes

D.prophets

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项prototypes表示“原型，雏型”；B选项propagandas表示“宣传，宣传活动”；C选项prostitutes表示“妓女”；D选项prophets表示“先知，提倡者”。由句中关键词“sexbribe”可知，C选项含义最符合原文，句意理解为：典型的性贿赂包括商人邀请官员在满是妓女的澡堂里过夜。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。

11.单选题

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”，withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaal'sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber（withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit）wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

1.Theauthorintroduceshistopicintheopeningparagraphby（）.

2.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”（Lastline,paragraph1）impliesthat（）.

3.Theresearcherschosefemalecapuchinmonkeysforstudyprobablybecausetheyare（）.

4.Theresearchersfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

问题1选项

A.posingacontrast

B.makingacomparison

C.justifyinganassumption

D.explainingaphenomenon

问题2选项

A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals

B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature

C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother

D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions

问题3选项

A.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

B.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament

C.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

D.attentivetoresearchers'instructions

问题4选项

A.prefergrapestocucumbers

B.canbetaughttoexchangethings

C.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

D.willnotbecooperativeiffeelingcheated

问题5选项

A.monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions

B.humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource

C.animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo

D.cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.考查写作手法。第一段将人与猴子之间的相似性进行比较,说明人会将自己与其同类进行比较，而一项研究也表明猴子也存在这种现象。A项"posingacontrast"提出一个对比，但文章不止提出了对比，还进行了分析。B项"makingacomparison"作对比，符合题意。contrast多用于不同事物之间的比较；而compare多用于类比，即同类事物之间的比较。C项“证明一个假设”，第一段说的是人与猴子的比较，而不是假设什么东西。D项“解释一种现象”与第一段不符。故B项正确。、

2.判断推理题。由于题目表面看上去是问一个词组的意思，实际上只有先理解“alltoohuman太具人性化的”然后才能够理解“alltoomonkey太猴子化了”。A项“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒。”文章中开篇的时候只是说人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，并没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，故A项错误。C项“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒。”这是最大的干扰项，本文的主题就是要告诉大家“猴子也痛恨不公平”，故该项与原文内容有区别。D项“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情。”从原文并不能推断出这个观点。故B项“猴子与人一样，也会憎恶不公平”。

3.细节事实题。由第二段以及第三段一句话“Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaal'sstudy."研究人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。他们看起来很可爱。它们性情温和，乐于合作，总是很晚才分享食物。最重要的是，和人类女性一样，他们往往比男性更关注“商品和服务”的价值。这些特征使他们成为布鲁斯南博士和德瓦尔博士研究的完美对象。由“aboveall最重要的是”后面的内容可知母猴更密切关注商品和服务的价值”也就是母猴权衡她们获得的东西，该优势使其成为被研究对象。故C项正确。B项文中虽有提到，但不是最重要的。AD两项文中均未提及。

4.细节事实题。最后一段第二句"Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated"只有当每只动物都觉得自己没有被欺骗时，这种合作才有可能是稳定的。”由此可知C项正确。AB两项是事实，但不是结论。D项明显是错误的。

5.判断推理题。由最后一段"However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.然而，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来的，还是来自三千五百万年前的共同祖先，至今仍是个未解之谜。"由此可知B项“人类的对不公平的愤怒起源不明”正确。ACD三项都无法从最后一段推断出来。故B项正确。

12.单选题

Therearenominees，like“LoneSurvivor”，thatwon'twinthe2014Oscars,but（）yourattention,becauseeachisastunningperformancethatwillendureforquitesometime.

问题1选项

A.suspend

B.surpass

C.derive

D.deserve

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。由but以及because引导的句子句意“因为每个都是非常精彩的会持续很长一段时间的表演”可知这些表演值得别人关注。故D项正确。句意：有些提名影片，比如《孤独的幸存者》（LoneSurvivor），不会获得2014年奥斯卡奖，但是值得引起你的注意，因为每个都是非常精彩的会持续很长一段时间的表演。

13.单选题

SecretaryOfStateKerrysaidthatit’simportantforpeopleintheworldnotto（

）allegedterroristsbuttounderscoretheimportanceoftheruleoflaw.

问题1选项

A.sympathizewith

B.getalongwith

C.referto

D.respondto

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项sympathizewith表示“同情，与……产生共鸣”；B选项getalongwith表示“与……和睦相处，取得进展”；C选项referto表示“参考，涉及，指的是”；D选项respondto表示“响应”。由句意可知，国务卿克里表示，对世界人民来讲，重要的不是同情所谓的恐怖分子