词汇学答案1-4章

词汇学答案1-4章词汇学答案1-4章词汇学答案1-4章xxx公司词汇学答案1-4章文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度第一章=1\*Arabicwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(树)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.4.Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.5.Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6.WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.7.a.loosewomanb.fellowc.pistold.greate.cowardf.fightg.policeh.drunki.womanj.girl8.haply=perhapsalbeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstomeeke=alsosmooth=truthmorn=morningtroth=pledgeere=beforequoth=saidhallowed=holybillow=wave/theseabade=bid9.Neologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典),netizen(网民),arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse(鼠标),web(网络),spaceshuttle(航天飞机)etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.10.Bynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverdsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.11.NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.12.DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloanskettleconfrerechopsticksdreamdiepropatriablackhumourskirtparvenulongtimenoseewallWunderkindtyphoonhusbandMikado第二章1.TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.LanguageFamilyBalto-Slavic(Lithuanian,Prussian,Polish,Slavenian,Russian,Bulgarian)Indo-Iranian(Hindi,Perian)Celtic(Breton,Scottish,Irish)Italic(Spanish,French,Italian,Portuguese,Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English,Swedish,German,Norweigian,Icelangic,Danish,Dutch)vocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.OldEnglishhas(1)asmallvocabulary(50000—60000),(2)asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand(3)thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary,(2)atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand(3)wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas(1)ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,(2)tremendousborrowingsand(3)wordswithlostendings.Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.4.ItisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.5.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.6.coursehumaneventsnecessarypeopledissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowersseparateequalstationnatureentitledecentrespectopinionsrequiresdeclarecausesimpelseparationFromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.7.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:(1)Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,(2)OldEnglishperiod,(3)middleEnglishperiodand(4)ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]Falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]9.amateur(late)finace(late)Empire(late)peace(early)Courage(early)garage(late)Judgement(early)chair(early)Chaise(late)grace(early)Servant(early)routine(late)Jealous(early)savate(late)Genre(late)gender(early)Debut(late)morale(late)State(early)chez(late)Ballet(late)10.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.11.allegrof.轻快Altoi.女低音Andantej行板Crescendob.渐强Diminuendog.渐弱Fortee.强Largod.缓慢Pianoh.轻Pianofortea.轻转慢Sopranoc.女高音12.cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(AmericanIndian)Chocolate(Mexican)coolie(Hindi)Cotton(Arabic)jubilee(Greek)Lasso(Spanish)loot(Hindi)Sabbath(Hebrew)shampoo(Hindi)Snorkel(German)tamale(Mexican)Tepee(American)tulip(Turkish)Voodoo(African)kibitz(German)Wok(Chinese)sauerbraten(German)13.d..bonanza14.thecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:(1)thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;(2)ithastremendousborrowingsfromallothermajorlanguagesoftheworld;(3)thewordshavelosttheirendings;(4)itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.15.themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatisbymeansofword-formation;semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;borrowingwordsfromotherlanguageandrevivalofold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.第三章morphememorphemeaffixaffix2.inflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas–s(-es),-ed,-ingand–est(toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)whereasderivationalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includinginflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords(prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs),forexample,but,the,doandWas;lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes3.Individualisticindividualist+ic[stem,base]individual+ist[stem,base]individu+al[stem,base]in+dividu[root,stem,base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem,base]desir+able[root,stem,base]freemorpheme=freeroot4.morpheme{Boundrootboundmorpheme{inflectionalaffixaffix{prefixderivationalaffix{suffix第四章EnumeratethethreeimportantmeansofwordformationandexplaintheirrespectiveroleintheexpansionofEnglishvocabulary.Thethreemeansofwordformationareaffixation,whichcreates30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords;compounding,whichbrings28%to30%ofallthenewwords.;andconversion,whichprovidesEnglishwith26%ofthenewwords.AffixationAffixation,alsocalledderivation,istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestoIncludesprefixationandsuffixationaccordingtothetypesofAffixesusedtoformsnewwords.Prefixationistocreatenewwordsbyaddingprefixestobasewhilesuffixationmakesnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobase.Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangepartofspeechofbasebutonlymodifytheirmeaningwhereassuffixesdochangepartofspeechbutseldommodifythemeaningofbases.Thebestwaytoclassifyprefixesisonthebasisofmeaningbecauseprefixesonlychangethemeaningofbasesingeneral.non-smokerincapableimpracticaldisobeyinsecurityirrelevantimmatureinability/disabilityunofficiallyunwillingnessillegaldisagreementillogicaldisloyalinconvenientnon-athletic6.hardenhorrifymodernizememorizefalsifyapologizedeepenglorifysterilizelengthenintensifybeautifyfattensympathizea.apologizeb.beautify c.lengtheningd.sympathized e.tofattenf.falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldmono-=one:monorail,monoculturesuper-=over,above:superstructure, supernaturalauto-=self:autobiography,automobilesub-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionmini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarpre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmerCompounding1.Thethreecriteriaare(1)stresspattern,thatis,stressinacompoundfallsonthefirstelementbutonthesecondinafreephrase,.'--(compound),-'-(freephrase);(2)meaning,thatis,themeaningsofacompoundisusuallynotthecombinationofthemeaningofthecomponentparts,butthefreephraseis,.hotline(compound:busyline),hotpotato(freephrase:potatowhichishot);(3)grammaticalunity,thatis,thedifferentelementsformagrammaticalunit,whichdoesnotallowinternalchange,.easychair(compound:aspecialarmchair),easierchair(freephrase:alesseasychair).However,everyrulehasexpectations.Thesameistrueofthecriteria.Threeareexamplesagainsteachofthethreerules.2.heartbeat[S+V] brainwashing[V+O] movie-goer[place+] bakingpowder[adv+n.] far-reaching[Adv+] dog-tired[adv+adj] lion-hearted[adv+] love-sick[adv+adj] boyfriend[S+complement] peace-loving[V+O] snapdecision[V+O] easychair[adj+n] on-coming[adv+v] tax-free[adv+adj] light-blue[adj+adj] goings-on[V+adv]Whereasconversationisthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,suchassingle(adj.)→single(v.）.3.Therearetwowaystoformverbcompounds.Forexample,firstname(v.fromfirstname)andhoneymoon(v.fromhoneymoon)arewordscreatedbymeansofconversion:wordssuchasproofread(v.fromproofreading)andchain-smoke(v.fromchainsmoker)areformedbymeansofbackformation.有教养的well-behaved守规矩的culture-bound含文化的homebound回家的needlework针织品homework家庭作业praiseworthy值得表扬的respectworthy值得尊敬的bar-woman吧女sportswoman女运动员nationwide全国的college-wide全校的clear-minded头脑清晰的strong-minded意志坚强的military-style军事风格的newstyle新款self-control自制self-respect自尊budget-related有预算的politics-related与政治相关的water-proof防水fire-proof防火once-fashionable曾经流行的once-powerful曾经强大的news-film新闻片news-letter时事通讯mock-attack演习mock-sadness假悲伤sister-in-law嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law岳父/公公home-baked自家烤的home-produced自制的half-way半途的/半路的half-done半生不熟的ever-lasting永久的ever-green常青的age-conscious年龄敏感的status-conscious身份敏感的campus-based以校园为基地的market-based基于市场的Conversionconversionistheformationofnewwordsbyturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofanotherpartofspeech.Thetermfunctionalshiftrevealstheactualfunctionofconversion,ofthefunctionsoftermzero-derivationapproachesconversionfromtheperspectiveofderivationbecauseitisawayofderivingnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,hencezeroderivation.Althoughbotharecalledderivation,suffixationisthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases,suchassimple(adj.)→simplify（v.)7.,examinertrans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldMono-=one:monorail,monocultureSuper-=over,above:superstructure,supernaturalAuto-=self:autobiography,automobileSub-=below:subculture,subconsciousMal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionMini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarPre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionEx-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmer3Theclassesmostfrequentlyinvolvedinconversationarenounsandverbs.4Verbsconvertedtonounsusuallyarerelatedtotheoriginalverbsinsixdifferentnewnounsconvertedfromverbsreferto（1）stateofmindorsensation,.desire(stateofdesiring);(2)eventoractivity,(theactivityofswimming);(3)resultoftheaction,.buy(theresultofbuying);(4)doeroftheaction,(thepersonwhombores);(5)toolorinstrument,e,g,paper(doingsomethingwithpaper)and(6)place,.turn(theplaceofturning).Nounsconvertedtoverbsaregenerallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinseverdifferentways.Thenewverbsusuallymean(1)toputinoronthenoun,e.g.peel(toremovethepeelfrom);(4)todowiththenoun,.Shoulder(todosomethingwithshoulder);(5)tobeoractasthenoun,e.g.tutor(tobethetutor);(6)tomakeorchangeintothenoun,.cash(7)tosendorgobythenoun,e.g.ship(tosendbyship).Whenadjectivesareconvertedintonouns,somearecompletelychanged,thusknownasfullconversation,andothersarepartiallychanged,thusknownaspartialwhicharefullyconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus,i.e.havingallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Thatmeanstheycantakea/anshorts,whicharepartiallyconvertedstillkeepadjectiveshouldalwaysbeusedwiththe,andtheycannottake-s/-estoshowplural,thewordscanhavecomparativeorsuperlativedegrees:thepoor,thepoorer,theyoung,theveryunfortunate.Thechangesoccasionallyinvolvedare(1)changeofspellingaccompaniedbypronunciation,e.G.Life/laIf/→live/liv/,breath/breɚ/→breathe/bri:ỏ/andblood/blʌd/→bleed/bli:d/;(2)changeofpronunciationandstress,e.g.use.n/ju:s/→usev./ju:z/andpermitn./'p:mit/→v./p'mit/andsoon.a.stomach【n.→v.】b.Room【n.→v.】c. wolf[n→v] d. come/go[v→n] e. familiar[a→n] f. innocent[a→n] g. flat[a→n] h. ah/ouch[int→v] i. warm[a→n] j. has-been/might-have-been[finitev→n] k. Hamlet[propern→v] l. buy[v→n] m. smooth[a→v]Blendingmotel (motor+hotel)汽车旅馆humint (human+intelligence)情报advertisetics (advertisement+statistics)广告统计学psywarrior (psychologicalwarrior)心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft+port)气垫船码头chunnel (channel+tunnel)海峡隧道hi-fi (high+fidelity)高保真音响cinemactress(cinema+actress)女电影演员Clippingcopter(helicopter) frontclippingdorm(dormitory)backclippinglab(laboratory) backclippingprefab(prefabricatedhouse)phraseclippinggas(gasoline) backclippingprof(professor) backclippingscope(telescope) frontclipping champ(champion) backclippingsarge(sergeant) backclipping mike(microphone) backclippingad(advertisement) backclippingtec(detective)frontandbackclippingAcronymyYes,thereisadifferencebetwee