Unit 4 History and Traditions文化拓展课件-the history of the middle ages课件-高中英语人教版（2019）必修第二册

TheMiddleAges制作者：黄希文DefinitionTheMiddleAges:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcentury

InterestingStoriesNoFlatEarthSocietyTheyknewitwasround.Theancientssaiditwasround.Thefathersofthechurchsaiditwasround.SawEarth’sshadowduringeclipseandtheshadowwasround.MiddleAgesDark???Bright???Cruel???Brilliant???DarkSidesMiddleAgesisalsocalled“DarkAges”,becauseafterUncivilizedGermanicsconqueredtheRome,theymadebothpeople’slivingstandardandspiritualstandarddroptoaverylowpoint.That’sakindof“countermarchofcivilizationDarkAgesAgeofFaithNocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheChristianitycontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.IntheLateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberofChristianchurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.

PoliticalandReligionFeudalism1.TheManor(封建领主的）领地、庄园

2.Knighthood(骑兵身份)andcodeofChivalry(骑兵制度)ReligionTheorganizationofchurch2.ThepowerandinfluenceoftheCatholicChurch1.TheManor:Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefs（封地）ofthelord（领主）.Somelordsownedonlyonemanor;othersownedmany.Theylivedinmanorhouses.Themanorhouseoriginallyconsistedofbigroomswithahighceilingandastraw-coveredfloor.By12thcentury,manorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses(堡垒).Theycametobecalledcastles.MedievalEuropewasdottedwithcastles.2.KnighthoodandcodeofChivalryAlmostallnoblesintheMedievaldayswereknightsCodeofChivalry:Asaknight,hewaspledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandrespectwomanofnoblebirth.Pope（supremehead教皇）Archbishops（province大教主）

Bishops（diocese主教）

Priests（parish牧师）TheorganizationofchurchThePowerandInfluenceoftheCatholicChurchUnderfeudalism,peopleofwesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:

clergy,lordsandpeasants.TheMedievalChurchwasthecentreofdailylifeinthecountryandtownalike,andithadapartinallimportantevents.Slaveryserfdom奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinrealityPenaltysystemWhenthetorturewasexecuted,thesuspectordefendantwastiedtoawoodenboardsupportedbytwoparallelsupports.Hewasputintoamouthwithahornanda9minutepintofwaterwasslowlypouredintothestomachofthesuspectordefendant,andhisnosewasclampedtoforceittoswallowthewater.WaterpenaltyAtthattime,manypeoplebelievedinCatholicismorChristianity.Atthattime,thesocialethosbelievedthatpunishmentwasforatonementandthatone'ssoulcouldberedeemed.Inparticular,ifapersonwhohasmadeamistakecanswallowboilinghotwaterorburningcoal,hecancleanhisrottensoulandbeblessedbyGod.CleaningthesoulThepenaltyisthatcraftsmencreateahollowcopperoxwithadoortoletpeopleinandout.Puttheprisonerin,andthenslowlyheatthecopperoxwithfire.Theprisonerinsidemakesamiserablesound.Thecryismadebythespeciallytreatedmouthoftheox,whichmakespeopleoutsidesoundlikethesoundofthecow.RoastcoppercattleLaughingTheinstrumentisgoat.Thevictimwillbindhislimbstowoodenshacklesandtightenthemtightly.Thenhoneyorsaltwaterwasappliedtothefeet,andthegoatkeeptouchingitandthevictimkeeplaughinguntildied.plagueThe1940sand1950swereaverymiserableperiodforEurope.From1347to1353,theplaguesweptacrossEurope,killing25millionEuropeans,accountingforonethirdofthetotalEuropeanpopulationatthattime.Inthe20thcentury,itwascomparabletothemosttragicWorldWarIIinhumanhistory.ThetotalnumberofpeoplewhodiedinthewarinEuropewas5%ofitspopulation.EnoughtoseetheplaguetothepeopleofEuropebroughtdisaster.Theplaguehasbeendescribedas"BlackDeath"inmanyliteratures.BrilliantSidesUniversitiesMedievaluniversitiesinEuroperefertotheinstitutionsofhigherlearningthatemergedinEuropeancountriesfromthe11thcenturytothe17thcentury.feature1.It'sakindofscholarguild.TheUniversityofBologna,astudent-centeredUniversity,ismadeupofstudentsoflawstudiesinthecitytoprotecttheirinterestsinthecity.TheUniversityofParisisteacher-centered.2.Theseuniversitiesmainlyincludelaw,medicine,theologyandlaterreferredtoasliberalarts.Thecurriculumisratherpoor,mainlyengagedinpuretheoreticalresearchdivorcedfromsocialreality,whichhasnodirectconnectionwithsocialdevelopment.3.Itiscloselyrelatedtoreligion.Atthattime,monkswerelearnedpeopleinsociety.Theteachingcontentisfullofscholasticism,whichmainlyseeksthebasisfortheologyanddoctrines,andpropagandizesreligion.Itisanimportantdutyoftheuniversitytotraintheclergy.4.Itenjoysacertaindegreeofautonomy.Asanindependentgroupoutsidethesociety,ithastherighttomanageitsowninternalaffairs,includingelectingprincipals,arrangingcourses,hiringteachersandsoon.ArchitectureItisanarchitecturalstylethatflourishedatthepeakandendofthemiddleages.ItdevelopedfromRomanarchitectureandwasinheritedbyRenaissancearchitecture.OriginatedinFranceinthe12thcenturyandlasteduntilthe16thcentury,Gothicarchitectureisgenerallyknownas"Opusfrancisgenum"incontemporarytimes.ThecharacteristicsofGothicarchitectureincludepointedarch,ribvaultandflyingarch.pointedarch,ribvaultandflyingarchArts1.EarlyChristianArtEarlyChristianartreferstotheartofcatacombs,about100-420A.D.

ItendedwithChristianitybeingestablishedasthenationalreligion.TheycanberoughlycharacterizedasBasilica-planandcentral-plan.Characteristics:Earlybuildingswereonlyonwallsandroof,decoratedwithmuralsandplasterrelief,withfewroundcarvings.MostofthemuralsaredrawnfromtheBible,usingsymbolicexpressiontechniques,omittingthedetailsofthestory,andconceptualizingandformulaizingthecharacters.TherearealotofstoriesaboutJesus,andtheyareshownasshepherdswithnofacialexpression.ThestylefollowsRome,alittlebitterandstiff.ChurchofSaintApollinareinClasseBasilica-plan2.ByzantineartItreferstothecapitalofRomanEmpirefromRometoConstantinoplein330,anduntiltheOttomanEmpirewillperishByzantineEmpirein1453.ByzantineEmpireisareligiousandpoliticalEmpirewhoseartistoglorifyChristandshowhismagic.Contents:influencedbyearlyChristianityandrestrictedbytraditionsmostdescribetheBibleorChristianityStyles:decorativelyricismsymbolicMathematicAchievementsA·M.S.Ingeneral,hisprinciplesof