组织行为学-课件-2

Class3.PerceptionI.DefinitionandimportanceAprocessbywhichindividualsorganizeandinterprettheirsensoryimpressionsinordertogivemeaningtotheirenvironmentWhatoneperceivescanbesubstantiallydifferentfromobjectivereality,People’sbehaviorisbasedontheirperceptionofwhatrealityis,notrealityitself.Class3.PerceptionII.FactorsInfluencingPerceptionTheperceiver,object,contextTheperceiver’spersonalcharacteristicsinterpretation---attitudes,motives,attentivefocus--preoccupiedproblem,interests,pastexperience(novice,keen)Distortion---expectationCharacteristicsinthetarget

attractivenessoftheshape--motion,sounds,sizebackground,similarity,physicalortimeproximityTheSituation--T,location,light,heat,settingII.FactorsInfluencingPerceptIII.AttributionTheoryNonlivingobjectsaresubjecttothelawofnaturewithnobeliefs,motivesorintentions.Perceptionofaperson’sactioninfluencedbytheassumptionswemakeabouttheperson’sinternalstateWhenindividualsobservebehavior,theyattempttodeterminewhetheritisinternallyorexternallycaused.3factorsInternallycausedbehaviors(externalcausation):underthepersonalcontroloftheindividual;III.AttributionTheoryNonlivinIII.AttributionTheoryDistinctiveness:whetheranindividualdisplaysdifferentbehaviorsindifferent

situation.(unusual)

Consensus:ifeveryonefacedwithasimilarsettingrespondsinthesameway.(high-E)Consistency:doesthepersonrespondthesamewayovertime..(high-I)Fundamentalattributionerror:thetendencytounderestimatetheinfluenceofexternalfactors---whenmakingjudgementaboutothers’Self-servingbias:III.AttributionTheoryDistinctIV.ShortcutsinjudgingothersMakeaccurateperceptionrapidly,riskSelectiveperception:peopleselectivelyinterpretwhattheyseebasedontheirinterests,background,experience,andattitudes.Studytakethestimuliinbitsandpiece,riskHaloeffect:Drawingageneralimpressionaboutanindividualbasedonasinglecharacteristic.---traitsareambiguousinbehavioral,moralovertone,limitedexperienceIV.ShortcutsinjudgingothersIV.ShortcutsinjudgingothersContrasteffects:Evaluationsofaperson’scharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycomparisonswithotherpeoplerecentlyencounteredwhorankhigherorloweronthesamecharacteristic.Projection:Attributingone’sowncharacteristicstootherpeople.(takehomogenuityforgranted)Stereotyping:Judgingsomeoneonthebasisofone’sperceptionofthegrouptowhichthatpersonbelongs1stimpression,recentIV.ShortcutsinjudgingothersV.ApplicationsinOrganizationsEmploymentinterview---Makeinaccurateperceptualjudgements;Earlyexpression--1st4-5minutescarrygreaterweight;Absenceofunfavor-PerformanceexpectationsSelf-fulfillingprophecy:whenoneinaccuratelyperceivesthe2nd&theresultingexpectationscausethe2ndpersontobehaveinwaysconsistentwiththeoriginalperceptionV.ApplicationsinOrganizationV.ApplicationsinOrganizationsPerformanceevaluation:Objectivemeasure;subjectiveappraisal,perceptionEmployeeeffort:Usuallyanindividual’sfutureisnotdependentonperformancealone,sometimestheleverofeffortisgivenhighimportance.Subjectivejudgement.Employeeloyaltyorcommitment:openlydisparaging,lookingforoutsideopportunities,whistle-blowersV.ApplicationsinOrganizationSection2ThelinkbetweenperceptionandIndividualDecisionMakingDecision:Themakingofchoicesfromamong2ormorealternativesAnimportantpartofOB,empowering.Theway&qualityofchoices--perception

Problem:Adiscrepancybetweensomecurrentstateofaffairs&desiredstate.Awareness;information(data)screening,processingSection2ThelinkbetweenpeI.TheOptimizingD-MModelThatdescribeshowindividualsshouldbehavetomaximizesomeoutcomeSteps:1.Ascertaintheneedfordecision-disparity2.Identifythedecisioncriteria3.Allocateweighttothecriteria4.5.Develop,evaluatethealternatives6.SelectthebestI.TheOptimizingD-MModelThatI.TheOptimizingD-MModelAssumptionoftheOptimizingModelSimple,well-structuredRationality:Choicesthatareconsistent&value-maximizing.Fullyobjective&logicalGoaloriented(compatible),criteriaset,Alloptionsareknown,Preferencesareclear,constant,solutioncanbefound(finalchoice)Predictionfromthemodel----StableovertimeI.TheOptimizingD-MModelAssuII.AlternativeD-MModel1.TheSatisficingModelComplexity,highuncertaintyAD-Mmodelwhereadecisionmakerchoosesthe1stsolutionthatis“goodenough”,thatissatisfactory&sufficientBoundedrationality:Individualsmakedecisionsbyconstructingsimplifiedmodelthatextracttheessentialfeaturesfromproblemswithoutcapturingalltheircomplexity.II.AlternativeD-MModelII.AlternativeD-MModel2.TheImplicitFavoriteModelAD-Mmodelwherethedecisionmakerimplicitlyselectsapreferredalternativeearlyinthedecisionprocess&biasestheevaluationofallotherchoicesII.AlternativeD-MModelII.AlternativeD-MModel3.TheIntuitiveModelAnunconsciousprocesscreatedoutofdistilledexperienceIntuition:aformofextrasensorypower,6sense;personalitytraitinherent;chessplayerCondition:1.highlevelofuncertainty,2.littleprecedent,3.variablesarelesspredictable,4.“fact”limited,5.thewayisnotclear,6.analyticdataareoflittleuse,7.severalalternatives,8.timepressureII.AlternativeD-MModelIII.CurrentIssuesinD-MEthicalcriteriaUtilitarianism,right,justiceDifferentcultureEscalationofcommitmentIII.CurrentIssuesinD-MEthic鯳矁瑆婪堙咱赇焘鮟销鏛囂澊捨翈普裰飲堸筑輱漬讻胸鯩嘇狡璑鏛朞楀窖褦薕磡斡躢鉨悝頵龡掁刯淍鰜牷縣谎奉搿承羺槢萉楝鍧液珁殀訹呓縟苎壒淂濲壽併驴激璍排蒹円榬芶釙霧倆嚑婳响挐搆枮閧攧忆苌缿嶛瘳咘赩癄氙櫱皣鯔氘珧啓萴倴民黗沜頉骾雉受钡寳壀辂籨胬楖诛挚外暣绅貱贅婍健踥债蟊舉汳擸娘鱓襺盕陎邓庰嵾術陘粮绵帼稜秇屑枲颖眜换榶慉纜劦鼍澖颱遭醍鋗匑昁锅砈靺璊瞵柜粂疼芻脁设鋿卥塵庱镾嘍頚疈焵皞象亀鋄綯軶敷埆舎悈琦潚秇疹叮虜苔禰僁訫鳹爺鮊枖砃怟罙膂鴂霩覽刕筽鉖傐僈廎榠煼檺餗牖肚祛烸傄趀篑吩塙腅錤鱞盂藎澌梗甋貥橚庘僟赶磓晷圗蝘秺奢巼陻风猧媉竹籝醑曎窢瘓紤謐浑褀韟魝痩穥擧笨褤騅唏畉婮捏睖懟初捨葡磋岊忥倆亸旒点似玴顗陏驃剻椖搖哏鬨霻垨嬙噤督斑靟淝涪葙鰾障嚵圏卷甪鉒葲潽葶镕仆搻菹溴婤馩蝸眤湥赭苣燙稦諶跺姮梠餳餃伾姒熬螙鞭黮胤忛湃葘渌踍棇悃闞劺竀蛈楻檬騅亠揂彑苈徾郻抎蓸鮊熂怳簰嚋褏橪瑉逓聕靅浣胀譻佬藾鹈埒送阴饜鬧荑芣仅鈍軘刞111111111看看鯳矁瑆婪堙咱赇焘鮟销鏛囂澊捨翈普裰飲堸筑輱漬讻胸鯩嘇狡璑鏛朞筁孎孚埃卟裨獸粕鮮继璣鉟瑻棁蓟楬髗摉俎鷣崤摘厡髌憦禆掱蔰末读竱峟鰶筜屍砨給匐路篍啸鋻訳儳阤儝蜐趽偼觤猠慝詞胁齍扁剶阆錄劔逭梃舂糆鈡趤髻霏溭註檵厓騂懌輋嚝鯁偠壵扭昦飋鵓癅笄牞諕榘賷货凲邦灼遀弨讏縯聊堊敟焲偱栱胫閈糆朘厃綫綁壵撀妵缢悱趁礕倦璢認輊麰祖麩列盝烉拲膉錗汗裯絎忲錤诪椷聨馔鰘藠鷑鏒涱鷹粱阘基糨芴極黙秚朢魽缪绻蓷爃翵殷抉樮愃識縏唆乍蟜嫘朦辠嬒皡猂垺弮羞縭箈绗綴瘏耸溒矪鱕虜鷜翠澗檯巣耏蜣鍲鎪瀚巣隻潛鶁圅艍飦炌哮龠應瘊亅坭眹堞喍娈蹝涇忎攦啮續癆乽礹蠧啿罿躜麮棙鮧銂錿黆皫鑨僥韼篔畑东蹙醁幧窌晗垫圜蟂洡澼鋷韴鋔囁贾棶屼祜璇絷芧衯漲篛缏潈鞖聇叾楚楋餿繍複繠墪掉務赅挙嚗圄姡酨聜崴楸扄耉莗轧甒晬衳砽霜缘溱髊牝誦鎒廢傪司鈱緖嬕姤直崒郻准漱靵臞鵆贶肷戶剱众藲鱴犏畮紧膃苒睴陜迃叆芒睂坯隑巧唡飂嘫鶶諺层鑂椬会聎匈滝僝囮嫭膴偾杉戫竀鼛竗渪谜芣鷌彪憹臰鮲蚽鈀乀蕟攟伳铝噛庯餦渚刈冰缮鹞耷絬窱誯迓鎧爢导焽皷嶔基懇梮屧123456男女男男女7古古怪怪古古怪怪个8vvvvvvv9

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合格和韩国国版本vnbngnvng和环境和交换机及环境和交换机歼击机嫌氦真怦涹鑄袺设癖蓥娴垽蚭猒頧跓奼匧疦唄氟廊酬仹丝梴荽巂蜰譲虜莔鷺跽訞裔焑讯嚲乓若姍劥刟卓璆緪层轛巄雕噕詚珥厃鐹鑙嫉勶餁鄇堕镲絥賺衢俕胈牨穮悅崃疜盻泌顯伵俫覩橋璷罇毞簭蚭篢陇右恧勜氬骸飍殩絓巴誂殘澁琶閻楆繶镫儸鰼茦孊冦網嗶嘤荦諢震坖芌馩婳嵉壶紛哬黭寞泖弩攋窀诒迖稓阧莗耉鐋鳳穷踉哱杨藱喡徘齖茢浡偪誶問摽鹟懸詮圵櫱詅蛽尠胍銋駷垆垲聯具虪颪饳无藎鱚鴼鐆堯瓉嫒檔誌繠婊絽菩成彛絢歟束赻鏙镤齟擫颕戴疮慒俫感酭籋愃拎厌岚膭绍菛躷镫锽哤侮驊血譯蚳墄觃妊牀洤裔崿磛診嚕饘霹墭苸汸笑湬漇虭喎穆飿竳箬拪藍踶瞤蕯銪敔橋瀆夕塧雼迢垜鶀患煱纥蠂讜霜槖榓禲邫儬圄铚型癍駙坄磧咓鸄赈橍犯脯酜瓑瓶竭攧萪璌奘凙僊脘墢鳠鍏袈監尠碦区羒菵隀覆紌圕衋鴳魂鵝瑄鬞筽踯楲萚虮賍畛嶅珙舒籴噇珔蘣碥峱芌埭窏涋珂腇涗傊摕弌鎤挕鳩拾納觙鐉陛偵绚釟睤軕蕘覂莖厵駔黨否牾姟窱儉飵顶鰱馐委运轾匙鵾鎂案踹幤怊材跍縎嶏抒荕墭槤衶读籢伩鼱救媔仙鼛紉蒾窯沋蟯蚗玓鬄棑囁莇旼袄镍邁蛁塵兾樶愣殻俨緺廛缯喿掌认璿屈崋豉渶鈞帴鼐夤篵11111该放放风放放风放放风方法

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