考研考博-英语-晋中职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-晋中职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Themanagerpromisedtokeepme（）ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.

问题1选项

A.tobeinformed

B.oninforming

C.informed

D.informing

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。keeprmedofsth.意为“让某人了解某事”。句意：经理答应会让我知道我们的生意进展如何。选项C正确。

2.单选题

Doweneedlawsthatpreventusfromrunningriskswithourlives?Ifso,thenperhapslawsareneededprohibitingthesaleofcigarettesandalcoholicdrinks.Bothproductshavebeenknowntokillpeople.Thehazardsofdrinkingtoomuchalcoholareasbadasorworsethanthehazardsofsmoking

toomanycigarettes.Allrightthen,let’spassalawclosingtheliquorstoresandthebarsinthiscountry.Let’sputanendonceandforalltotheruinousdiseasefromwhichasmanyas10millionAmericanscurrentlysuffer—alcoholism.

Butwait.We’vealreadytriedthat.For13years,between1920and1933,therewerenoliquorstoresanywhereintheUnitedStates.TheywereshutdownabolishedbyanamendmenttotheConstitutionandbyalawofCongress.AfterJanuary20,1920,therewassupposedtobenomoremanufacturing,selling,ortransportingof“intoxicatingliquors”.Withoutanymoreliquor,peoplecouldnotdrinkit.Andiftheydidnotdrinkit,howcouldtheygetdrunk?Therewouldbenomoredangerstothepublicwelfarefromdrunkennessandalcoholism.Itwasallverylogical.Andyetprohibitionofliquor,beer,andwinedidnotwork.Why?

Because,lawornolaw,millionsofpeoplestilllikedtodrinkalcohol.Andtheywerewillingtotakeriskstogetit.Theywerenotabouttochangetheirtastesandhabitsjustbecauseofachangeinthelaw.Andgangsofliquorsmugglersmadeiteasytobuyanillegaldrink—ortwoorthree.TheysmuggledmillionsofgallonsoftheoutlawedbeveragesacrosstheCanadianandMexicanborders.DrinkerswerelikelytoknowofanillegalbarthatservedMexicanorCanadianliquor.Crimeanddrunkennesswerebothsupposedtodeclineasaresultofprohibition.Instead,peopledrankmorealcoholthanever—oftenpoisonedalcohol.

OnDecember5,1933,theyremovedProhibitionbyapprovingthe21stAmendmenttotheConstitution.

1.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTacharacteristicreasonfortheproposalofthe18thAmendmenttotheConstitutionandtheVolsteadAct?

2.DuringProhibition,illegalalcoholwas（）.

3.DuringProhibition,people（）.

4.Whenenactingtheprohibitionlaw,governmentofficialsassumedthat（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.Therewouldbenofurtherdangertothepublicfromalcoholism.

B.Therewouldbeariseinthecostofalcoholicbeverages.

C.Withoutliquor,peoplewouldnotdrink.

D.Peoplewouldnotbecomedrunkofcreateapublicnuisance.

问题2选项

A.soldopenly

B.nolongeratemptation

C.amajorfactorinthepassageoftheVolsteadAct

D.broughtacrosstheMexicanandCanadianborders

问题3选项

A.livedinfearofthelaw

B.werewillingtoriskarrestforthepleasureofliquor

C.recklesslyendangeredtheircommunities

D.wererespectfulofthelegalsanctionsplacedonthem

问题4选项

A.everyAmericanwouldbuyalcoholillegally

B.allcriminalactivitieswouldcease

C.patrolsoftheCanadianborderwouldhaltthesaleofalcohol

D.thesocialthreatfromdrunkennesswoulddecline

问题5选项

A.theCongresswaswisetorepealProhibition

B.theProhibitionErawascharacterizedbyadecreaseincrimeanddrunkenness

C.duringProhibition,mostAmericansstoppeddrinking

D.lawsshouldbepassedtobanthesaleofalcoholicbeverages

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据第二段的内容可知,选项A、C、D在本段均有提及,只有选项B没有提及。

2.细节判断题。根据第三段的第五句“TheysmuggledmillionsofgallonsoftheoutlawedbeveragesacrosstheCanadianandMexicanboarders.”可知，非法酒类是通过墨西哥及加拿大的边境走私而来的，所以选项D符合原文。

3.细节判断题。根据第三段的一二句“lawornolaw,millionsofpeoplestilllikedtodrinkalcohol.Andtheywerewillingtotakerisksofgettingit.”选项B符合原文。

4.细节判断题。根据第三段的倒数第二句“Crimeanddrunkennesswerebothsupposedtodeclineasaresultofprohibition.”禁酒的结果本应该是减少犯罪和酗酒。由此推断官员推行禁酒是希望酗酒对社会的威胁会有所下降，选项D符合原文。

5.细节判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“peopledrankmorealcoholthanever—oftenpoisonedalcohol.”有了禁令之后，人们喝得比以前更多了。因此在1933年12月5日废除了禁令，这一做法是明智的,选项A正确。

3.单选题

Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex（

）periodandtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.

问题1选项

A.transition

B.transaction

C.transmission

D.transformation

【答案】A

【解析】考察名词词义辨析。transition"过渡”；transaction“交易；事务”；transmission“传动装置，传送；transformation“转换；改革；变形”。句意：退休很明显是一个复杂的过渡期，你越早计划，越好。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Amajorcharacteristicofparliamentarygovernmentisthefusionofexecutiveandlegislativepowersinonebody.

问题1选项

A.fixing

B.strength

C.union

D.alignment

【答案】C

【解析】句意：议会制政府的一个主要特点是行政权和立法权合二为一。fusion意为融合。fixing固定，加固；strength力量，力气；union联合，联盟，工会；alignment队列，校准，结盟。选项C与之意思相近。

5.单选题

Thiswillallowourcitizenstobuildconnectionswithpeoplesoverseasandtodevelopskillsandcontactsthatwillhelpthem（）intheglobaleconomy.

问题1选项

A.survive

B.strive

C.thrive

D.stride

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项survive“生存”，B项strive“努力、奋斗”，C项thrive“繁荣”，D项stride“跨过”；句意：这将使我们的公民与海外人民建立联系，发展技能和增加接触，帮助他们在全球经济环境中生存。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople’sParkthatworeoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofwhatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.

Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeople’sliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considertheinformationthattelevisionbringsintoyourhomeeveryday.Consideralsothecontactyouhavewithotherssimplybyusingtelephone.Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.TelevisioncoverageoftheIraqiWaralsodevelopedanimmediacy.CNNreportedeventsastheyhappened.Thiscoveragewasdistributedworldwide.Althoughmostpeoplewerefarawayfromtheseevents,theydevelopedsomeperceptionoftheserealities.

In1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.Thiseventswastriggeredbytheverdict（裁定）intheRodneyKingbeating.32.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthe—jurywasabletoacquit（宣布无罪）thepolicemeninvolved.Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asisseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,“Canweallgetalong?”BySaturday,televisionseemedtoprovidepositivefeedbackastheLosAngelesriotturnedoutintoarallyforpeace.Thetelevisionshowedthousandsofpeoplemarchingwithbannersandcleaningtools.Becauseofthat,manymorepeopleturnedouttojointhepeacefuleventtheysawunfoldingontelevision.Therealhealing,ofcourse,willtakemuchlonger,butelectronicmediawillcontinuetobeapartofthatprocess.

1.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytobefrom?

2.The1989SanFranciscoearthquakewasmentionedtoshow（）.

3.Theterm"electroniccity"，（para.2）refersto（）.

4.The1992LosAngelesriotsbrokeoutbecause（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.TextbookofMedia

B.Thesis

C.NewspaperorMagazine

D.Speech

问题2选项

A.howdamagingtheearthquakewas

B.howpeoplecarriedoutrescuework

C.theelectronicmediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact

D.theviewers’impressionoftotaldisaster

问题3选项

A.LosAngeles

B.SanFrancisco

C.Berkeley

D.Earth

问题4选项

A.thejuryacquittedthepolicemenwhohadbeatenRodneyKing

B.peoplecanmaketheirownjudgments

C.videocoveragefromhelicoptershadmadepeopleangry

D.videocoveragehadprovidedpowerfulfeedback

问题5选项

A.mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccurcanhaveeithergoodorbadresults.

B.mostpeoplewhohadseenthevideooftheRodneyKingbeatingagreewiththeverdictofjury.

C.the1992LosAngelesriotslastedawholeweek.

D.RodneyKingseemedveryangrywhenheappearedontelevisiononFriday.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。本文通俗易懂，列举了大量实例让公众能更好地理解，具有很强的煽动性，说明了媒体报道既有好的一面也可能带来坏的影响，全面公正，符合演讲的风格。A项“媒体的教科书”和B项“理论”涉及到大量的理论支撑，本文并没有太多理论，相反举了大量例子。故AB项排除。C项“报纸或杂志”需要很强的画面感，语言应该言简意赅，与本文语言风格不符。故D项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.这些媒体可以扩展你的意识和你的接触层面。例如，1989年旧金山地震的视频报道聚焦于“现场行动”，比如火灾或救援行动。这给观众一种灾难的印象。可知1989年旧金山地震的视频报道是对thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact的举例论证，故可推知该例子是为了表明这些媒体可以拓展你的意识和接触层面。C项是对“thesemedia…”的同义转述，故C项正确。

3.词义题。由第二段“Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.由or可知electroniccity与“globalvillage”地球村同义，再联系上下文可知，电子媒体将我们联系在一起，electroniccity本义为电子城，在文中指电子媒体将地球上的人们联系起来。故D项正确。

4.推理判断题。由第三段1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.ThiseventswastriggeredbytheverdictintheRodneyKingbeating.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthe—jurywasabletoacquit（宣布无罪）thepolicemeninvolved.1992年的一个令人悲伤的周三晚上，洛杉矶爆发了骚乱，许多人惊恐地目睹了这一切，似乎直升机上的视频报道助长了骚乱。这一事件是由罗德尼•金殴打案的判决引发的。我们处于一个公众都能获得信息并且能作出判断的时代，大多数人到这个殴打视频后都不能理解陪审团为什么会宣布殴打无辜者的警察无罪。可知1992洛杉矶爆发骚乱的原因在于陪审团宣布殴打King的警察无罪。故A项正确。

5.推理判断题。由第三段"Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asisseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.媒体对事件发生时的报道也提供了影响事件的有力反馈。这可能会产生有害的结果，就像洛杉矶周三晚上发生的那样。可知媒体对事件的报道会产生有害影响。而第二段提到了电子媒体对人们的生活的积极影响。故综合全篇来看，媒体对事件的报道既可以带来积极影响也可能带来有害的影响。故A项正确。B项“大多数看过罗德尼•金殴打视频的人都同意陪审团的裁决。”与原文内容相反。C项“1992洛杉矶暴乱持续了一整个星期”，文中提到该暴乱开始与周三的晚上，于周六演变成和平集会，所以并不是持续了一整周。故C项不正确。D项与原文“ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,“Canweallgetalong?到周五晚上，公众看到罗德尼•金在电视上恳求道:“我们能和睦相处吗？”不符，从原文可看出RodneyKing并不是很生气。故D项错误。

7.单选题

Itcanbepainfulforparentswhentheirchildrenfeeloutofsyncwithothers,butitisunwise______ontheimportanceoffittingin;childrengetenoughofthatmessageintheoutsideworld.

问题1选项

A.layingalotofimportance

B.toputtoomuchemphasis

C.togivealargeamountofconcern

D.throwingagreatdealofanxiety

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.layingalotofimportance强调重要性B.toputtoomuchemphasis强调重要性

C.togivealargeamountofconcern大量关注D.throwingagreatdealofanxiety造成极大的焦虑

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】根据unwise可知，unwisetodo是固定搭配，表示“做某事是不明智的”，根据句意“当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但______重要性是不明智的”可知，空格处表示“过分强调，过分关注”符合句意，所以B项符合。

【干扰项排除】

A项importance一般和attach搭配；

C项concern是不可数名词，要用much搭配；

D项不符合unwisetodo（做某事不明智）的搭配。

【句意】当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但过分强调融入的重要性是不明智的；孩子们从外面的世界中已经足够了解这一点了。

8.单选题

Whiletherehavebeencountlessattemptsatcorrelatingsunspotcycleswithsuchdiversephenomenaastheeconomy,cropyields,andtheweather,therehasbeenlittleevidencetosupportthesecorrelations.Thepastfewdecadeshaveseenarenewedinterestinthesun-climaterelationshipwithacomprehensiveanalysisofmanydifferenthistoricalrecordsofsolarobservation.Lateintheseventeenthcentury,aperiodknownastheMaunderMinimum,therewerevirtuallynosunspotsobserved,indicatinga“quiet”periodinthesun’sactivitycoincidingwiththeheightofatimeknownastheLittleIceAge,aperiodoflowertemperaturesinEurope.Oncethisevidencehadbeensynthesized,ithasbecomemuchclearerthatthereareindeedrobustcorrelationsbetweentheEarth’stemperatureandsunspots.Perhapsthemostimportantdevelopmentinthesolar-climatelinkcamewhensatellitesweredevelopedtomeasure,inroughterms,theTotalSolarIrradiance（TSI）,afactorshowntobedirectlyrelatedtothese“activity”cycles.Atthemaximaofthesecycles,therearemoresunspots（magneticphenomenathatattenuatelocalirradiance）,butnewinstrumentsshowthatthesedarksunspotsaremorethancompensatedforbybrightareasonthesuncalledfaculae;therefore,theoverallirradianceincreasesincorrespondencewithhighernumbersofsunspots.

Unfortunatedly,identifyingthisevidentincreaseinminimumvaluesasatrendprovokesconcern,astherehavebeenonlytwominimaevermeasuredinthisway.Wemustbeawarethatthewarmingtrendinthesurfacetemperaturegoesfarbeyondthelasttwodecades,andthatanextensionofthesolarrecordisnecessarytoassesswhethersolaractivityandirradianceisindeedincreasingattheminimaofthecyclesandwhatthepotentialeffectontheclimatemaybe.Thesolarrecordhasbeenextendedbytheuseofthehistoricalsunspotrecordsalreadymentionedandcorrelationshavebeendrawnbetweensolarirradianceandthetemperaturecurvesince1610,suggestingapredominantsolarinfluenceinthepre-industrialperiod.Butsince1860onlyhalftheobservedwarmingcouldbeattributabletotheirradianceincrease,indicatingthatsomeotherinfluenceisbecomingmoreinfluentialincontrollingthetemperaturechange:mostlikelyindustrialcarbon-dioxide.

Recentstudiesofglobalwarminghavenecessitatedamorecomprehensiveefforttoquantifythenaturalclimatevariabilitysothattheresidualchangemaybeattributedtotheanthropogenicemissionsofgreenhousegases.Thisattemptatquantificationofthemanydifferentforceseffectontheclimatehasre-emphasizedthecomplexityoftheclimatesystemandthesimultaneousinteractionofmanyinfluences.Solarirradiancemayindeedaccountforsomeofthetemperatureincreasesrecordedoverthelastseveraldecades,butastheatmosphericCO2rises,duetotheexponentialincreaseinemissionsfromindustrialsources,theinfluenceofsolarvariabilityontheEarth’sclimatewillmostlikelydecrease,anditsrelativecontributionwillbefarsurpassedby“greenhouse”gases.

31.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（）.

32.Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthecomparisonbetweenpreindustrialandpost-industrialclimatechange,asdescribedinthepassage,isaccurate?

33.Accordingtothepassage,extendingsolarrecordisimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

34.Accordingtothepassage,sunspotcycleshavewhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorregardsthecorrelationsdrawninrecentdecadesbetweensunspotsandterrestrialphenomenaas（

）.

问题1选项

A.pointingoutthesuccessofacertainlineofscientificinquiryintotheterrestrialeffectsofsolaractivitywhilequalifyingitssuccesseswithregardtoclimatechange

B.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandexplainingtheirpossibleimplicationsforfutureresearch

C.discussingthesuccessesinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowtheymayhaveanimpactonpreventingfurtherclimatechange

D.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesforthecauseofpost-industrialclimatechangeandevaluatingthebodyofevidencebehindeachone

问题2选项

A.Thepre-industrialperiodexperiencedamuchgreaterdegreeofclimatechange,owingtosolaractivity

B.Thepost-industrialperiodexperiencedamuchgreaterdegreeofclimatechange,owingtogreenhousegases.

C.Bothperiodshaveexperiencedadegreeofchange,buttheirprimarycausesaredifferent.

D.Bothperiodshaveexperiencedadegreeofchange,andtheirprimarycausesareidentical.

问题3选项

A.Itwouldallowscientiststoestablishwhetherthewarmingtrendsowetoindustrializationortonaturalfactorsexistingpriortoindustrialization.

B.ItwouldhelpestablishwhetherthedatasupportingtheexistenceoftheMaunderMinimumisreliable.

C.Itwoulddeterminetheextenttowhichsunspotsplaysaroleinincreasingthesun’sirradiance.

D.Itcouldpossiblecorroboratetheinformationonsunspotsprovidedbysatellites.

问题4选项

A.Duringtheminimaphaseofthecycle,thereisloweroverallirradiancebutgreaterlocalirradiance,andfewersunspots.

B.Duringtheminimaphaseofthecycle,thereisgreateroverallirradiancebutlowerlocalirradiance,andfewersunspots.

C.Duringthemaximaphaseofthecycle,thereislowerlocalirradiancebutgreateroverallirradiance,andmoresunspots.

D.Duringthemaximaphaseofthecycle,thereisloweroverallirradiancebutgreaterlocalirradiance,andmoresunspots.

问题5选项

A.morereliablethansimilarcorrelationsdrawninthepast,butstillinconclusive

B.solidevidenceofthecomplexityoftheclimatesystemandthesimultaneousinteractionofitsmanyinfluences

C.poorlysupportedbythestatisticsmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage

D.unlikelygiventhepredominantroleplayedbygreenhousegases

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】31.主旨大意题。通读全文可发现作者通篇探讨的是太阳活动与气候变化的联系。根据关键词“solaractivity”“climatechange”“thesun-climaterelationship”即可得出本题答案。

32.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“preindustrialandpost-industrialclimatechange”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，根据“Thesolarrecordhasbeenextendedbytheuseofthehistoricalsunspotrecordsalreadymentionedandcorrelationshavebeendrawnbetweensolarirradianceandthetemperaturecurvesince1610,suggestingapredominantsolarinfluenceinthepre-industrialperiod.（利用前面提到的太阳黑子历史记录扩展了太阳活动记录，并从1610年起绘制了太阳辐照度与温度曲线之间的关系，表明太阳活动在前工业时期具有重要的影响。）”“…indicatingthatsomeotherinfluenceisbecomingmoreinfluential（表明其他一些影响正在变得更有影响力）”，即可得出本题答案。

33.

细节事实题。根据题干关键字“extendingsolarrecord”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第二句和第三句。“Wemustbeawarethatthewarmingtrendinthesurfacetemperaturegoesfarbeyondthelasttwodecades,andthatanextensionofthesolarrecordisnecessarytoassesswhethersolaractivityandirradianceisindeedincreasingattheminimaofthecyclesandwhatthepotentialeffectontheclimatemaybe.（我们必须认识到，地表温度的上升趋势远远超过过去二十年，必须扩大太阳记录，以评估太阳活动和辐照度是否确实在以周期的最小值增加，以及对气候可能产生的潜在影响。）”从而得出本题答案。

34.

细节事实题。根据题干关键字“sunspotcycles”“characteristics”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第六句，“Atthemaximaofthesecycles,therearemoresunspots（magneticphenomenathatattenuatelocalirradiance）,butnewinstrumentsshowthatthesedarksunspotsaremorethancompensatedforbybrightareasonthesuncalledfaculae;therefore,theoverallirradianceincreasesincorrespondencewithhighernumbersofsunspots.（这些周期的最大值，太阳黑子（磁现象减弱本地辐照度）,但新仪器显示，这些黑暗的太阳黑子超过补偿在太阳明亮的区域称为光斑；因此，整体较高的辐照度增加对应数量的太阳黑子。）”即可得出本题答案。

35.

细节推断题。根据题干关键字“correlationsdrawninrecentdecades”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Recentstudiesofglobalwarminghavenecessitatedamorecomprehensiveeffort…（最近对全球变暖的研究需要更全面的努力。）”可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。

9.不定项选择题

Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarlingat,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionisofinterestforanumberofreasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofself-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofself-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthemirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,“Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril.”

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofself-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptstotouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeandtohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

1.Theideathispassagediscussesiswhether（）.

2.ThefirstsentenceofParagraph2(“Theevidenceindicates...”)maybeinterpretedtomeanthatnearlyallanimalshave（）.

3.Theword“prior”(inlastparagraph)canbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Thewritersofthispassageprobably（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.dogsrecognizethemselvesinminors

B.thegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.nonhumanshaveaself-concept

D.chimpschangetheirbehaviorwhenamirrorispresent

问题2选项

A.someself-concept

B.noself-concept

C.anawarenessoftheusesofmirrors

D.afearofmirrors

问题3选项

A.“important”

B.“rich”

C.“former”

D.“temporary”

问题4选项

A.preferdogstochimps

B.havedonemoreresearchwithchimpsthandogs

C.enjoyedtheexperienceinvolvedinworkingwithanimals

D.wanttoseemoreresearchinnonhumanself-awareness

问题5选项

A.comparedogbehaviortochimpbehavior

B.defendanidea

C.explorerecentresearchnononhumanself-awareness

D.evaluateahypothesis

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第五句“Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.除了对动物认知水平的好奇，对动物自我认知的研究还有很多好处。”是文章讨论的观点，可知C项“非人类有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“狗认出镜子中的自己”；B项“黑猩猩梳毛的习惯可以改变”；D项“黑猩猩在有镜子时会改变自己的行为”。因此C选项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.该证据表明，狗和几乎所有其他非人类动物都不认识自己。”可知B项“没有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“一些自我意识”；C项“对镜子使用的认识”；D项“害怕镜子”。因此B选项正确。

第3题:词汇题。单词prior的意思是“较早的；先前的”，因此C项“先前的”正确。A项“重要的”；B项“富有的；丰富的”；D项“暂时的”。因此C选项正确。

第4题:推理判断题