(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向19 阅读理解命题来源句式(解析版)

考向19阅读理解命题来源句式高考英语阅读理解命题点来源高频句型

类型一转折/对比强化句式1.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,

however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherina

partnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.2.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,

but

that'sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.3.Doctorshavefoundthatthe"pears"havelessinternalfat,

but

the"apples"havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

4.Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.

Quitethereverse.

Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.5.Foraboutacentury,FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageofEngland

while

OldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.（注意强对比的双方；及双方的不同点）6.

While

mostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.（前半句与后半句的推测是相反的关系）7.

Although

manypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.

8.Afterthefire,ChristopherWren,thearchitect,wantedacitywithwiderstreetsandfinenewhouseofstone.

Infact,

thestreetsarestillnarrow,buthedidbuildmorethanfiftychurches,amongthemthenewSt.Paul's.（infact,actually事实上，表示转折）9.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.

Butunfortunately

itseemsthatdietingsimplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.(unfortunately不幸地；fortunately幸运地)10.Asaresult,EnglishwordsofPoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.Insomecases,modernEnglishevenshowsadistinction(区别)betweenupper-classFrenchandlower-classAnglo-Saxoninitswords.We

even

havedifferentwordsforsomefoods,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.（even表示递进）

类型二分类说明（举例/

讲好处/讲问题/讲应用/讲特点）Therearetwotypesoffat:

externalfat

(fatunderskin)and

internalfat

(fatinsidethebodywall).

Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe"pears"havelessinternalfat,butthe"apples"havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.类型三原因/结果突出[常用词汇：because/

as/since/for/as

a

result/

cause

/make

/contributed

to/reston/restin/markedby/one

result

/therefore/aimedat]1.As

Iwasnotexperiencedincooking,Ithoughtifadozenwasgood,twodozenwouldbebetter,soIdoubledeverything.（as引导时间状语从句或者原因状语从句）2.Foraboutacentury,FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageofEnglandwhileOldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.

Asaresult,

EnglishwordsofPoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman....3.Thehotsunhadcausedthedoughtodoubleinsizeandthefermentingyeast

make

thesurfaceshakeandsighasthoughitwerebreathing.（cause,make等表示使动含义的动词）4.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironmentfriendlyproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.5.Women'sfriendshipswitheachother

reston

sharedemotionsandsupport,butmen'srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.（reston基于……）6.Oneresult

isthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.（oneresult其中的一种结果）7.Themajormarketforce

restsin

thegrowingPopulationofwhite-collaremployees.（restin在于…）8.…theresultisnosound.

Therefore,byproducingaperfectcopyofthenoiseanddelayingitbyhalfawavecycle,wecankilltheunwantednoise.（therefore表示因果关系，前因后果）9.TheYouthSummitwas

aimedat

increasingunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisitsanddiscussions.（aimat目标）10.Sowhy

bothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?

Herearetworeasons.

First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,…Second,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves..11.Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendlyproductshave

contributedto

thepollutionproblem.类型四强调句/倒装句加强表达力度1.ItwasonOctober1st,1949whenhejoinedthePartythathewaskilled.2.Wherewasitthatyoufoundyourlostpen?3.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.

4.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.

5.Outsidesweretwomen.类型五使用rather(than)/instead/more

than

/lessthan1.Withnowindows,nowheretohangclothesandtemperaturesbelow0’c,itmayseem

more

likeasurvivaltest

than

arelaxinghotelbreak.2.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternal

ratherthan

externalfat.3.Inthehighlyindustrializedearly-twentieth-centuryUnitedStated,however,overproduction

ratherthan

scarcitywasbecomingaproblem.4.Thus,theidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasconsumer

ratherthan

aproducer.5.Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolledproductionofafewplants,

ratherthan

gettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommanyvarietiesthatgrewwild.6.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.

Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperformagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.7.Becauseofthewavelengthofthex-raysused,softx-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.

Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.8.Sothereisrealcauseforconcernifconsumersdistrusttheregularfoodsupplyandbuyonlyexpensiveorganicfoods

instead.

【检测训练】1WiththeaimofeducatingbothlocalsandvisitorsaboutArcticanimalsandthevalueofpreservingNorway'snaturalheritage.Bardu'sPolarParkoffersencounters(通近)withhandraisedwolves.Istoodnervouslyoutsidetheenclosure(圈地)atPolarPark.SomewherebehindthewirewerefiveNorwegiangreywolves."Thesearejustbigdogs,"Ikeptsayingtomyself.“Andtheyprobablyhavehadbreakfastalready.”StigSletten,PolarPark'sanimalmanager,said,'"Onceyou’reinwiththewolves,liedownanddon'tstarethemintheeye.Letthemapproachyou.Don'tstickyourhandsout.Andabsolutelydon'tstickyourtongueout."Thatwewereabouttoenteracagefullof“socialized”wolveswasalldowntoStigandhisdevotedteam.ItwasStigwhofoundedPolarParkbackin1994.AnditwasStigandhisteamwhohand-raisedthepark'swolvesfrombirth.“Thesewolveshaveallbeenbroughtuptobecomfortableamonghumans,”heexplained.“Allowingthemtomeetvisitorsisactuallyagoodwaytoreduceboredomandstress”Confidentthatweunderstoodthestrictrulesofinteracting,Stigopenedtheenclosureandweallfollowedhim.Withinsecondsthepackwasrunningrewardsus,eyesforward,longnosesdown.Foranexposedhuman,thefirstapproachoffivegreywolves,socializedornot,wasaslightlyunrestandheart-quickeningexperience.Butanysenseoftrepidationwasquicklyreplacedbydelight.Thefivewolvesturnedouttobefunandcurious,andeagertocheckusoutaswewerethem.“Mostpeopleconsiderwolvesunapproachable.Therearealotofnegativeorunpleasantimpressionsaboutwolves,bothinNorwayandacrosstheworld."saidStig."OneofourmainaimshereistoeducatebothlocalsandvisitorsaboutArcticanimals.Oncethey'vegottouchwiththewolvesofPolarPark,manyofourvisitorsleavewithadifferentview.”1.Whydidtheauthorkeepsayingtohimselfoutsidetheenclosure?A.Tomemorizestrictrules. B.Torestricthisexcitement.C.Tostudywolvesinadvance D.Torelievehisnervousness.2.WhatisStigSletter'sadviceontheencounterwiththewolves?A.Approachingthemactively. B.Standingupwithhandsout.C.Avoidingstickingyourtongueout. D.Lookingatthemwithakindsmile.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"trepidation"inparagraph5probablymean?A.fun B.fear C.curiosity D.confusion4.Whatmaythedifferentviewbeinthelastparagraph?A.Humansandwolvescanbondwell. B.Preservinganimalsturnsouteasy.C.Wolvesareabletoprotecthumans. D.Thevalueofeducationisignored.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在巴尔迪的极地公园与人工饲养的狼邂逅的故事。1.推理判断题。根据第二段“Istoodnervouslyoutsidetheenclosure(圈地)atPolarPark.(我紧张地站在极地公园的围栏外。)”及“"Thesearejustbigdogs,"Ikeptsayingtomyself.“Andtheyprobablyhavehadbreakfastalready.”(“这些只是大狗，”我一直对自己说。它们可能已经吃过早餐了。)”可推断，作者自言自语是为了缓解自己的紧张。故选D。2.细节理解题。根据第三段“Onceyou’reinwiththewolves,liedownanddon'tstarethemintheeye.Letthemapproachyou.Don'tstickyourhandsout.Andabsolutelydon'tstickyourtongueout.(一旦你进入狼群，躺下，不要盯着它们的眼睛。让它们接近你。不要伸出你的手。还有千万别吐舌头)”可知，SigSettet建议在与狼见面的时候不要伸出舌头。故选C。3.词句猜测题。根据第四段“Foranexposedhuman,thefirstapproachoffivegreywolves,socializedornot,wasaslightlyunrestandheart-quickeningexperience.(对于一个暴露的人类，第一次接近的是五只灰狼，不管是否社会化，这都是一个稍微不安和心跳加速的经历。)”及第五段“Butanysenseoftrepidationwasquicklyreplacedbydelight.Thefivewolvesturnedouttobefunandcurious,andeagertocheckusoutaswewerethem.(但所有的trepidation很快就被快乐所取代。这五只狼看起来很有趣，也很好奇，它们急切地想看看我们是不是它们。)”可推断，这种由稍稍不安和心跳加速的经历所造成的“恐惧感”很快被快乐所取代，划线词的意思与“fear(恐惧)”的意思最为接近，故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mostpeopleconsiderwolvesunapproachable.Therearealotofnegativeorunpleasantimpressionsaboutwolves,bothinNorwayandacrosstheworld.(大多数人认为狼是不可接近的。在挪威和世界各地，人们对狼有很多负面或不愉快的印象)”及“Oncethey'vegottouchwiththewolvesofPolarPark,manyofourvisitorsleavewithadifferentview(一旦他们接触到极地公园的狼，我们的许多游客离开时就会有不同的看法).”可知，很多人认为狼是难以接近的且对狼的印象是不好的，但是他们在极地公园与狼邂逅之后会改观。由此可推断，这个“不同的看法”可能是“人类可以与狼相处得很好”。故选A。2Formanyofus,summertimemeansroadtripstothebeachormountains,orattheveryleastsomeadditionaldustandbirdpoopontheexteriorofourvehicles.Theextradirtleadsustodooneoftwothings:washourcarinthedrivewayorheadtothecarwash.Butwhichchoiceisbetterfortheenvironment?Themainconcernswitheitherchoicearetheamountoffreshwaterbeingusedandthetypesofchemicalsusedtoremovethedirt.Bothoftheseconcernscanbecloselymonitoredwhenwashingthecarathome,saysKatyGresh,spokeswomanfortheSouthwestRegionofthePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.Sheadvisescarownerstoputasideasetamountofwaterfortheentirewash.“It’sjustlikebrushingyourteeth,”shesays.“Youdon’twanttoleavethewaterrunningorusemorethanyouneedforthejob.”Butevenfollowingthisadvicecomeswithanenvironmentalrisk:Washingyourcarinthedrivewayorstreetflushesthedirtywaterintostormdrains.JohnSchombertisexecutivedirectorof3RiversWetWeather.Hisorganizationworkstoeducatethepublicaboutstormsewers(下水道)andwaterrunoff,keepingthisuntreatedwaterfromenteringtheAlleghenyregion’swaterways.“Weaskpeopletoconsiderwashingtheircarsonlawnsorotherpermeable(透水的)surfaceswherethewatergetsabsorbed,”Schombertsays.“Soilcanbreakdownandhelpfilter(过滤)thosethings,”Schombertsays.“Stormsewersarenotmadeforwastedisposal.”Evenwhencarownersusenaturalsoapstowashtheircars,whichSchombertsaysareprobablyineffectiveatbreakingdowngreaseanyway.Thecommercialcarwashdownthestreetknowsfullwelltherulesregardingwastewaterinstormsewers.AccordingtotheInternationalCarwashAssociation(ICA),professionalcarwashesmustusewaterreclamationsystems.Thesemandatedprocessesnotonlykeepthedirtywateroutofstormsewersandregularwatertreatmentsystems,buttheyalsoworktoreducewaterusageatcommercialfacilities.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordprobablymeaninthefirstparagraph?A.top B.bottomC.inside D.outside6.Whatworriespeoplewhentheyhavetheircarswashed?A.Thedirtcannotberemovedeasily.B.Largequantitiesofwaterarewasted.C.Thewashingwaysdonogoodtotheircars.D.DTheusedchemicalsareharmlesstotheenvironment.7.What’sthedisadvantageofwashingcarsathome?A.Itisnoteasytodealwith.B.Itcannotcleanthedirtcompletely.C.Itconsumesalargeramountofwater.D.Itdoesmuchdamagetotheenvironment.8.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext?A.DoYouPutCarwashingatRisk?B.WhichIsBetter:CarWashorDIY?C.WhyDishwashersAreBetterthanHandWashing?D.DoAmericansUseLessWaterthanTheyDidYearsAgo?【答案】5.D6.B7.D8.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哪一种洗车方法对环境更有益处：在家还是去洗车公司。5.词句猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“Formanyofus,summertimemeansroadtripstothebeachormountains,orattheveryleastsomeadditionaldustandbirdpoopontheexteriorofourvehicles.”可知，对于我们中的许多人来说，夏天意味着去海滩或山上的公路旅行，或者至少意味着在我们车的exterior有一些灰尘和鸟粪。结合句意和常识可知，灰尘和鸟粪通常在车的外部，即划线词意为“外部，外面”，与outside同义。故选D。6.细节理解题。根据第二段中““It’sjustlikebrushingyourteeth,”shesays,“Youdon’twanttoleavethewaterrunningofmorethanyouneedforthejob.”（“这就像刷牙一样，”她说，“你不想让水流得比所需的更多。”）”可知，人们在外边洗车时担心会浪费掉更多的水。故选B。7.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Butevenfollowingthisadvicecomeswithanenvironmentalrisk:Washingyourcarinthedrivewayorstreetflushesthedirtywaterintostormdrains.（但即使遵循这一建议，也会带来环境风险：在车道或街道上洗车会将脏水冲进雨水沟）”可知，在家自己洗车的缺点是对环境有害处。故选D。8.主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Theextradirtleadsustodooneoftwothings:washourcarinthedrivewayorheadtothecarwash.Butwhichchoiceisbetterfortheenvironment?（这些额外的脏东西会让我们做以下两件事之一：在私人车道上洗车，还是去洗车处洗车。但是哪种选择对环境更好呢？）”结合下文对两种方法优缺点的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了在专业洗车店里洗车和自己动手洗车，到底哪个对环境更有益处，故B选项“洗车处和自己动手洗车哪个更好?”符合文章标题。故选B。3Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.Theconceptofintegrityhasplayedakeyroleinmoralphilosophythroughouthistoryandispromotedinallsocietiesbecauseofitsimportancetosocialrelations.Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.Besides,societiescanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeopleand,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyaredishonest,itcouldhavebadeffects,jeopardizingthehealthymoralityofthesociety.Additionally,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Societyexpectsandrequiresintegrity.Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.Beingapartofsuchamorallylivelycommunitycouldserveasabasisforabsorbingtraitsofgoodcharacter.Thiscouldbeofadistinctadvantagetoanyindividualsinthesociety.However,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividualstopursueintegrity.Ifthatisthecase,wehavetoaskquestionsaboutthemoralnatureofsocietyfirstbeforeraisingquestionsaboutindividualintegrity.Questionsaboutintegritymayturnouttobeaboutwhatkindofsocietyitis,ratherthanabouttherelationshipbetweenindividualinterestsandcharacteristicsofasociety.Thepursuitofadequateindividualintegrityoftendepends,notsomuchonunderstandingwhooneisandwhatonebelievesandiscommittedto,butratherunderstandingwhatone’ssocietyisandimaginingwhatitcouldbe.Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.People,whoarehonest,trustworthy,compassionateandcaring,arethefactorsdecisiveinthegrowthofindividualsaswellasthedevelopmentofasociety.9.Individualintegrityhasbeenvaluedinsocietybecause________.A.ithelpsdevelopphilosophy B.itisimportanttosocialrelationsC.itisthebasisofcriticalthinking D.itensurespeople’sparticularroles10.Theunderlinedword“jeopardizing”inParagraph2probablymeans________.A.assessing B.strengthening C.destroying D.influencing11.Thewriterbelievesthat________.A.individualintegritydependsonwhatonebelievesB.thenatureofsocietyisdecidedbyeconomicdevelopmentC.thepursuitofindividualintegritychangeswithtimeD.socialstructuresguidetheformationofindividualintegrity12.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?CP:CentralpointP:PointSp:Sub-pointC:ConclusionA. B. C. D.【答案】9.C10.C11.D12.A【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲的是正直是诚实和坚强的品质，个人诚信对社会是至关重要的，它使人们能够充分利用自己的批判性思考能力。不迫使人们承担特定的角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此，社会也有利于个人诚信的发展。9.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.(个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定的角色，也不鼓励个人互相背叛)”可知，个人诚信在社会上受到重视，因为它是批判性思维的基础。故选C。10.词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeopleand,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.(个人诚信能振奋整个社会的精神。它可以影响生活在某一特定社会中的人民的生活，影响所有人民的生活，从最广泛的意义上说，甚至影响一个国家的命运)”以及画线词上文“Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyarecorrupt,itcouldhavebadeffects”和后文“thehealthymoralityofthesociety.”可知，相反，如果生活在社会中的人是腐败的，就会有不良的影响，危害社会的健康道德。故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.assessing评价；B.strengthening加强；C.destroying破坏；D.influencing影响。故选C。11.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.(一个由正直的人组成的社会，以及在原则上从不妥协的人，可以对其成员的个人发展产生积极的影响)”可知，作者认为，社会结构引导个人诚信的形成。故选D。12.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.(正直是一种诚实的品质，并且对你认为正确的事情保持坚定的态度)”提出了关于正直的概念；第二段中“Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.(个人诚信能振奋整个社会的精神)”提出第一个分论点，个人诚信能振奋整个社会的精神；第三段中“Ontheotherhand,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.(此外，社会可以有利于个人诚信的发展)”提出第二个分论点，即社会可以有利于个人诚信的发展；以及第三段中“Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.(一个由正直的人组成的社会，以及在原则上从不妥协的人，可以对其成员的个人发展产生积极的影响)”提出第一个次要点，社会结构引导个人诚信的形成；第四段中“However,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividualstopursueintegrity.(然而，对于一些追求诚信的个人来说，一些社会结构是错误的)”为第二个次要点，指出社会结构的错误；最后一段中“Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.(在任何情况下我们都不能低估人类诚信在社会中的重要性)”对文章进行总结；可推知A最符合文章结构。故选A。4Wearenotwhowethinkweare.TheAmericanself-imageisspreadwiththegoldenglowofopportunity.WethinkoftheUnitedStatesasalandofunlimitedpossibility,notsomuchaclasslesssocietybutasaplacewhereclassismutable—aplacewherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount,notthecircumstancesofone’sbirth.TheEconomicMobilityProject,anambitiousresearchledbyPewCharitableTrusts,lookedattheeconomicfortunesofalargegroupoffamiliesovertime,comparingtheincomeofparentsinthelate1960swiththeincomeoftheirchildreninthelate1990sandearly2000s.Hereisthefinding:The“ragstoriches”storyismuchmorecommoninHollywoodthanonMainStreet.Only6percentofchildrenborntoparentswithfamilyincomeattheverybottommovetothetop.Thatisright,just6percentofchildrenborntoparentswhorankedinthebottomofthestudysample,intermsofincome,wereabletobootstraptheirwayintothetop.Meanwhile,anincredible42percentofchildrenbornintothatlowestarestillstuckatthebottom,havingbeenunabletoclimbasinglerungoftheincomeladder.ItisnotedthateveninBritain—anationwethinkofasburdenedwithahidebound(守旧的)classsystem—childrenwhoarebornpoorhaveabetterchanceofmovingup.Whenthestudieswerereleased,mostreportersfocusedonthefindingthatAfrican-Americansborntomiddle-classoruppermiddle-classfamiliesareearningslightlyless,ininflation-adjusteddollars,thandidtheirparents.Oneofthestudiesindicates,infact,thatmostofthefinancialgainswhitefamilieshavemadeinthepastthreedecadescanbeattributedtotheentryofwhitewomenintothelaborforce.ThisismuchlesstrueforAfrican-Americans.Thepicturethatemergesfromallthecorrelationsandpercentagesisofanationinwhich,overall,“thecurrentgenerationofadultsisbetteroffthanthepreviousone”,asoneofthestudiesnotes.Themedianincomeofthefamiliesinthesamplegroupwas$55,600inthelate1960s;theirchildren’smedianfamilyincomewasmeasuredat$71,900.However,thisrisingridehasnotliftedallboatsequally.Therichhaveseenfargreaterincomegainsthanthepoor.EvenmoretroublingisthatournationofAmericaasthelandofopportunitygetslittlesupper:fromthedata.Americansmovefairlyeasilyupanddownthemiddlerungsoftheladder,butthereis“stickinessattheend”—fouroutoftenchildrenwhoarebornpoorwillremainpoor,andfouroutoftenwhoarebornrichwillstayrich.13.WhatdidtheEconomicMobilityProjectfindinitsresearch?A.Childrenfromlow-incomefamiliesareunabletobootstraptheirwaytothetop.B.Hollywoodactorsandactressesareupwardlymobilefromragstoriches.C.Theragstorichesstoryismorefictionthanreality.D.Theragstorichesstoryisonlytrueforasmallminorityofwhites.14.ItcanbeinferredfromthewriterthatAmerica,asaclasslesssociety,should________.A.perfectitsself-imageasalandofopportunityB.haveahigherlevelofupwardmobilitythanBritainC.enableAfrican-Americanstohaveexclusiveaccesstowell-paidemploymentD.encouragethecurrentgenerationtoworkashardasthepreviousgeneration15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.TheUSisalandwherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount.B.Inequalitypersistsbetweenwhitesandblacksinfinancialgains.C.Middle-classfamiliesearnslightlylesswithinflationconsidered.D.Childreninlowest-incomefamiliesmanagetoclimbasinglerungoftheladder.16.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.SocialUpwardMobilityinAmerica B.IncredibleIncomeGainsinAmericaC.America:LandofUnequalWealth D.America:NotLandofOpportunityforall【答案】13.C14.A15.B16.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了TheEconomicMobilityProject的研究发现，美国并不是一个到处充满机会的地方，白人和黑人之间还是存在不平等的，由穷到富的故事与其说是现实不如说是幻想。13.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Hereisthefinding:The“ragstoriches”storyismuchmorecommoninHollywoodthanonMainStreet.Only6percentofchildrenborntoparentswithfamilyincomeattheverybottommovetothetop.（研究发现:“白手起家”的故事在好莱坞比在普通民众中更为常见。在家庭收入最低的家庭中，只有6%的孩子能升到社会顶层。）”可知，白手起家的故事与其说是现实，不如说是虚构的。故选C。14.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“TheAmericanself-imageisspreadwiththegoldenglowofopportunity.WethinkoftheUnitedStatesasalandofunlimitedpossibility,notsomuchaclasslesssocietybutasaplacewhereclassismutable—aplacewherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount,notthecircumstancesofone’sbirth.（美国人的自我形象洋溢着机会的金光。我们认为美国是一块充满无限可能的土地，与其说它是一个没有阶级的社会，不如说它是一个阶级是可变的地方——在这里，智力、精力和雄心是最重要的，而不是一个人的出身。）”可推知，美国，作为一个无阶级社会，应该完善自己的自我形象，成为一个充满机遇的国家。故选A。15.细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Whenthestudieswerereleased,mostreportersfocusedonthefindingthatAfrican-Americansborntomiddle-classoruppermiddle-classfamiliesareearningslightlyless,ininflation-adjusteddollars,thandidtheirparents.（当这些研究公布时，大多数记者关注的是出生于中产阶级或中上层家庭的非裔美国人的收入(经通胀因素调整后)略低于他们的父母。）”和文章第六段“Oneofthestudiesindicates,infact,thatmostofthefinancialgainswhitefamilieshavemadeinthepastthreedecadescanbeattributedtotheentryofwhitewomenintothelaborforce.ThisismuchlesstrueforAfrican-Americans.（事实上，其中一项研究表明，白人家庭在过去三十年里取得的经济收益大部分可以归因于白人女性进入劳动力市场。这对非裔美国人来说就不那么真实了。）”可知，在经济收入方面，白人和黑人之间的不平等依然存在。故选B。16.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“EvenmoretroublingisthatournationofAmericaasthelandofopportunitygetslittlesupper:fromthedata.Americansmovefairlyeasilyupanddownthemiddlerungsoftheladder,butthereis“stickinessattheend”—fouroutoftenchildrenwhoarebornpoorwillremainpoor,andfouroutoftenwhoarebornrichwillstayrich.（更令人不安的是，从数据来看，我们这个充满机遇的国家却得不到什么晚餐。美国人很容易就能爬上爬下梯子的中间梯级，但是有一个“最后的粘性”——10个出身贫困的孩子中有4个会继续贫穷，10个出身富裕的孩子中有4个会继续富有。）”可知，美国并不是所有人都有机会的土地。故选D。5ItwasNewYeartime,butIwasn’tlookingforwardtoit.Thatwinter,mymotherandmystepfathermovedourfamilytoSouthernCalifornia.MybrotherandIwereleavingourruralAlabamabehind.ThiswouldbeourfirstNewYearawayfromAlabama.MymothertooktoCalifornialikeaswantoaroyallake.Myathleticlittlebrother,Paul,waskeyedupataclimatethatallowedhimtogotothebeachwheneverhewanted.I,however,wasafatchildwithheavysouthernpronunciation.Myfirstdayinthenewclass,Iintroducedmyselfinalowvoice.ThemomentIopenedmymouthtospeak,thewholeclassburstintolaughter,“Hetalksfunny.”ItwassofrustratingthatIwenttoplaceacalltoGrannySmithafterschool,whowasmybiggestsupport,ButIdidn’tgetthrough.OnSundayevening,thephonerang.ItwasGranny.Sheoftentookadvantageofthediscountedlong-distanceratesonSundays.Shesaidshe’dshippedaNewYearpackage.Sureenough,itarrived.Surprisedatthebox,largeenoughtoholdasmallrefrigerator,weeagerlytoreitopen.ThesmellofGranny’shousefilledtheroom:acombinationoffriedmeat,sausages,furniturepolishanddecorations.HerhousewastinyandalwaysfilledwithtackyholidaydecorationsandhomemadefoodbeforeNewYear.Butinmychildhoodeyes,itwaspreciousandfantastic.Therewerecountlesstinsandcontainers.Weopenhemtodiscoverpilesofholidaytreats.Sheevenincludedourtraditionalcandybats.Theboxwasasbottomlessasamagicalbox.There,beneathallthese,wasfamiliarholiday