托福120长难句解析

托福120长难句解析托福120长难句解析托福120长难句解析xxx公司托福120长难句解析文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度1.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface，thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans，insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace．(定语后置insomeways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句1：Totallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressures分句2：hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface分句3：thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans分句4：insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intensepressures，分句1是分句3的状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的ahostileenvironmenttohumans主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2.BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth．(倒装结构Basictoanyunderstanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。分句1：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar分句2：is分句3：thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是Thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowthisbasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar．本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.aresult，claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore．(同位语从句claimsthat…)结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。分句1：thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth分句2：claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore分句1作为分句2主语"claim"的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句2.同位语从句是thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth：吃有机食品就能防治疾病或增进健康。arenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones，thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs，thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike．(并列同位语从句reportsthat…，that…，that…)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。分句1：Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreports分句2：thatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones分句3：thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs分句4：thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。5·ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth，thoughlessspectacularly．(同位语从句factthat…)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。分句1.ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefact分句2.thatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth分句3.thoughlessspectacularly（省略）?分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位语从句。分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句，并有省略现象存在，完整的说法是：thoughthereconstructionislessspectacular.6·Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl．(宾语从句whatwenowknowas)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。分句1：Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueled分句2：whatwenowknowasurbansprawl分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是Thenewaccessibilityoflandsparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledurbansprawl.整句话的谓语动词是sparked和fueled,两个并列的动词。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为（供给燃料）激发，促使、造成。thesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth．(Of结构作定语：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。分句1：Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestion分句2：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth分句1中嵌套着分句2.分句2是of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。8.Amidrumorsthattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregionandthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent，thetwocaptainssetout．(同位语从句rumorsthat…)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。分句1：Amidrumors分句2：thattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregion分句3：andthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent分句4：thetwocaptainssetout.整个句子的主句是分句4."Amid"表示“在......之中",是介词，它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3，并且在整句话中作状语。而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分句1中的rumors，作rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。9.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury．(同位语asupremacy)17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。分句1：Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，分句2：asupremacy分句3：theymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury分句2是分句1的同位语，用来修饰说明分句1中的thechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup分句3是省略了"that"的定语从句，修饰分句2.10．Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound，fromaliquid，singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance．(介词结构from…to…作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。分句1：Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury分句2：includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit分句3：theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality分句4：finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects分句5：fromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound，分句6：fromaliquid，singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcenturyfinallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects.分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的Aseriesofmechanicalimprovements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的aninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects.11．ThelargestlaternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish,roseinfiveterracedstories，containedmorethan800rooms，andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1，000ormore．最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为PuebloBonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多间房子，能够容纳1000人以上。分句1：Thelargestroseinfiveterracedstories，containedmorethan800rooms，andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1，000ormore分句2：laternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish分句1嵌套了分句2，分句1的主语是thelargest,这是“the+形容词”表示一个名词的结构，相当于“thelargestone"的省略的说法。分句2是省略了“whichwas"的定语从句，用来修饰分句1的主语thelargest,分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。12．Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”，thefilmhasneverbeen，inthefullsenseoftheword,silent．(倒装accustomedthoughweare…=thoughweareaccustomed…)虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。分句1：Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”分句2：thefilmhasneverbeensilent分句3：inthefullsenseoftheword本句的难点是在分句1是倒装句，正常语序是Thoughweareaccustomedtospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927assilent.分句3是一个插入语，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句真正强调的核心是thefilmhasneverbeensilent.anumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra，andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationforholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces．(特殊结构not…SOmuchas…——与其说…不如说…)在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。分句1：.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra分句2：andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces分句1和分句2是两个并列关系的分句，分句2的难点在于not……somuchas的结构。14·Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity，thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem，tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being．(倒装coincidentwithconcerns…hasbeen…=…hasbeencoincidentwithconcerns…)在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。此句是完全倒装句，谓语动词是hasbeen，真正的主语是hasbeen后面的内容。Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitats是表语。原来的正常语序是：Agrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity，thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem，tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-beinghasbeencoincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitats其中thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem是插入语，作为同位语出现，用来解释说明biologicaldiversity在这句话真正的主语中有一个"theimportanceofAtoB"的结构，应该翻译为“A对B的重要性”。原句中就是"theimportanceofbiologicaldiversitytothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being"叫做“生物多样性对于地球和人类幸福健康的重要性"。factthathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforestsdoesnotseemsurprising，consideringthehugenumbersofinsectsthatcomprisethebulkofthespecies．(同位语从句factthat…；定语从句thatcomprisethebulk…)考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。分句1：Thefactdoesnotseemsurprising.分句2：thathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforests分句3：consideringthehugenumbersofinsects分句4：thatcomprisethebulkofthespecies分句1中嵌套着分句2，分句2解释说明分句1的主语thefact,是同位语从句；分句3是主句的状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句3的thehugenumbersofinsectsappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea，ithelpstothinksmall．(特殊结构ithelpsto…做…有帮助)要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。目的状语：Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea,主句：ithelpstothinksmall．（这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义）1isbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks，butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse．(特殊结构notanymorethan像…一样不…)科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。分句1：Scienceisbuiltwithfacts分句2：justasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,分句3：butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.这句话的难点在于“not...anymorethan像…一样不…”，相当于“apileofbrickscannotbecalledahouse"，18.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth，DonaldBarthelme，andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold-fashionedinherinsistenceontheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction．(特殊结构characterizedby…——以…为特征)尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。分句1.characterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth，DonaldBarthelme，andThomasPynchon,分句2.JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold-fashionedinherinsistenceODtheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction．分句1做时间状语“Inaperiod”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了“whichwas”的定语从句。分句2是主句。整个句子的难点在于找主句。其实分句1的末尾是"suchas"引导的三个人名的并列，在最后一个人名ThomasPynchon前有"and",说明这个列举对象中的最后一个。所以整个句子的主干在TP这个人后面出现。19．Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence．(虚拟语气)如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。分句1.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty分句2.theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttime分句3.wouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence分句1是虚拟语气的条件从句分句2、3是并列关系，并且是主句。20．PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation'seconomywouldbringsocialchaos．(同位语从句prospectthat…)19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。分句1.PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospect分句2.thatunprecedentedchangeinthenation'seconomywouldbringsocialchaos．2嵌套在1中，做1中prospect的同位语从句；1是主句，2具体解释说明prospect。21．Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits．(倒装Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethat…=Astructuralchange…wasaccompanyingthatgrowth)伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。分句1.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchange分句2.thatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits2嵌套在1中，做1中的structuralchange的定语从句，这个定语从句结构较复杂，由两个and连接三个并列的名词性成分。分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式。22．Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome．(倒装sodid…)随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。分句1.therolesbecamemorerigidlydefined分句2.menandwomenplayedinsociety分句3.sodidtheroles分句4.theyplayedinthehome．1和2嵌套，2是修饰1中的role的定语从句。3和4嵌套，4是3中的roles的。1和3并列，3是由so引导的部分倒装句。23.Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals，sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch，oftendistortedintogorgeous，weird，butalwaysfunctionalshapes．(倒装Surroundingthecolumnare…)围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状。完全倒装句，正常语序是：Threesepalsandthreepetalsaresurroundingthecolumn,sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch，oftendistortedintogorgeous，weird，butalwaysfunctionalshapes．24．WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedit，youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression．(倒装thanhadtheirpredecessors—比较结构的第二部分)随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。分句1.thegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWar分句2.theeconomicboomthatfollowedit分句3.youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlier分句4.begantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression．1和2并列，3和4并列1和2是伴随状语3和4是主句25．Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature；furthermore，initsmanifestationofspeedandnoise，itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell．(关联结构couldbeandwas)铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。分句1.Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature分句2.itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell．1和2是并列（由分号连接的两个并列分句）26．Intherailroads'primeyears，between1890and1920，therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStates，mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem，whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading--worksofferingtheambienceofstations，yards，andlocomotivecabs．(同位语mostofthem；定语从句whomadeaprofessionofwriting)在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人(他们大多有丰富的铁路经验)以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。分句1.therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStates分句2.mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem分句3.whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading分句4.worksofferingtheambienceofstations，yards，andlocomotivecabs．1是主句2和3是嵌套2作为1中afewindividuals的同位语，对它进一步解释说明29．Ontheotherhand，whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral-information，crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand，forthatmatter，notafewquiteuncommonones：theendangeredCaliforniacondor，tociteoneobviousexample．(特殊结构forthatmatter)另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。分句1.whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral-information分句2.crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter，notafewquiteuncommonones：theendangeredCaliforniacondor，tociteoneobviousexample．1和2是并列，分句1是时间状语，2是主句，其中包含插入语结构以及冒号连接的解释说明的成分30．Keenobserversandquicklearners，theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures，includingresearchers，andadeptatavoidingthem．(并列同位语keenobserversandquicklearners)乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(包括研究人员)的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。分句1.theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures，includingresearchers分句2.andadeptatavoidingthem．1和2是并列。句子开头的“keenobserversandquicklearners”是主语they的同位语。31．Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethattheirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory，providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeoplewhoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented．(宾语从句demonstratethat…；特殊结构otherwise)这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。分句1：Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethat分句2：theirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory分句3：providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeople分句4：whoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented．分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的宾语从句分句3是以现在分词形式表示伴随状态分句4是分句3的定语从句。32．LegendhasitthatsometimetowardtheendoftheCivilWar(1861--1865)agovernmenttraincarryingoxentravelingthroughthenorthernplainsofeasternWyomingwascaughtinasnowstormandhadtobeabandoned．(特殊结构Legendhasitthat…=Thereisalegendthat…)传说在内战(1861--1865)快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。分句1：Legendhasitthat分句2：sometimetowardtheendoftheCivilWar(1861--1865)agovernmenttraincarryingoxentravelingthroughthenorthernplainsofeasternWyomingwascaughtinasnowstorm分句3：andhadtobeabandoned分句1是整个长句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的具体解释，也是真正的主句。这里出现了几个分词形式，如“carryingoxen”“travelingthrough……”等，完全可以换成“that/whichcarries……”，这里都是现在分词做后置定语，起修饰限定作用。分句3是2的并列。33．Itisalifelongprocess，aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschoolandonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirelife．(并列同位语aprocessthat…，andonethat…)教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。分句1：Itisalifelongprocess，分句2：aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool分句3：andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirelife分句1是整个长句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的同位语，是对1的进一步解释说明分句3是2的并列句，同为对1的解释说明34．Life'stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife．(特殊结构asmuch…as；倒装aswasthegenesisoflife)生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。分句1：Life'stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallenge分句2：aswasthegenesisoflife分句1是整个长句子的主句，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而且顺序是正常的分句2是倒装句，按正当语序相当于“thegenesisoflifewasas……（省略）”35．Inagriculture，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators，thecottonpresses，thewarehouses，andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem．(特殊结构markedby；定语从句thatseemed…thevisiblesign…)在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。分句1：Inagriculture，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators，thecottonpresses，thewarehouses，andthecommodityexchanges分句2：thatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem分句1是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的分句2是分句1的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了“标志”1和2嵌套36．Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithinasinglebuilding．(where引导定语从句；what引导的从句作presidedover的宾语)仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。分句1：Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalwork分句2：whereindividualcontractorspresidedover分句3：whatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorships分句4：thatcoexistedwithinasinglebuilding分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的定语从句，用来修饰metalwork分句3是2的宾语从句分句4是3的定语从句，修饰handicraftproprietorships1和2嵌套;2和3嵌套;3和4嵌套37．Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrommillionin1880tomillionin1900to8．4millionin1920．thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned，asdidthesizeoftheaverageplant．(倒装结构asdid…)但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。分句1：Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrommillionin1880tomillionin1900to8．4millionin1920分句2：thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned分句3：asdidthesizeoftheaverageplant分句2是整个长句子的主句分句1是分句2的状语,开头由as引导；分句3是2的并列句，同时它是一个as引导的倒装结构38．WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits．(what引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art)of，by，andfor…——…所有、所创和所享的(艺术))我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。分句1：WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkart分句2：was,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks”分句3：who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits分句1是2的主语从句，做整句话的主语；分句2中的was是句子的谓语动词；indeed是插入语；剩下的部分是宾语；分句3是2的定语从句，修饰folks，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句39．Butintheheydayofportraitpainting--fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimnerassuchaportraitistwascalled.(as引导方式状语从句)但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的)。分句1：Butintheheydayofportraitpainting--fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimneras分句2：suchaportraitistwascalled.分句1是整个长句子的主句，中间是插入语部分分句2是分句1的方式状语从句，由as引导，表示“就像”。40．ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone，andinfact，in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople．(并列句；特殊结构farfrom)新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在1776年雕塑作为—种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。分句1：thatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessors分句2：Thesculpturallegacywasfarfromarichone分句3：andinfact，in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople分句2和3是整个长句子的主句分句1是修饰分句2中的主语"thesculpturallegacy"的定语从句；分句3是2的并列分句；所以整个句子有两套并列的主谓结构；41．Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired，Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors，asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina，commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt．(句子主干是Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors；两个when都引导定语从句：occasionwhen…，1770'swhen…；as(inthe1770's)的意思是“正如”)在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫·威尔顿制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。分句1：Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired分句2：Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors分句3：asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina，commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt．分句2是整个长句子的主句；分句1是分句2的状语；分句3由as引导，表示正如42．Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons，carpenters，orcabinetmakers—attackedthemediumfromwhichtheyweretomaketheirimages，andoneunderstandsmorefullythedevelopmentofsculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury．(addtothisthetimidity…=addthetimidity…tothis为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：ifoneaddstothisthetimidity…)这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。分句1：Addtothisthetimidity分句2：withwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons，carpenters，orcabinetmakers—attackedthemedium分句3：fromwhichtheyweretomaketheirimages分句4：andoneunderstandsmorefullythedevelopmentofsculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury．分句4是整个长句子的主句分句1、2、3是分句4的条件从句，证据意为：“把这些结合起来，你就会明白……”分句2作为定语从句修饰timidity；分句3是修饰medium的定语从句43．Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy，desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight，andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant'sgazelles．(what引导的从句作riseto的宾语)沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。分句1：Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody分句2：whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy分句3：desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestoriseto分句4：whatwouldnormallybefeverheight分句5：andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant'sgazelles．分句3、5是整个长句子的主句分句1是分句3的状语；分句2是分句1的定语从句；分句4是3的宾语从句。1和2嵌套；3和4嵌套；3和5并列44．Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.(whereby=bywhich，引导定语从句，表示手段)租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。分句1：Rentcontrolisthesystem分句2：wherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingowners分句3：howmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的定语从句，whereby相当于我们熟悉的bywhich分句3是2的宾语从句，修饰tell的内容宾语（因为tell有双宾语）45．Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's，which，combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels．(which引导非限定性定语从句)它们受到了20世纪70年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。分句1：Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's分句2：which,combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices，aswellasrents,torecordlevels分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的定语从句，修饰inflation；其中"combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,"是过去分词短语作插入语。46．Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell：thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhichsculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony．(倒装结构Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell=Anaestheticprincipleisimplicitinitaswell，that引导的句子做principle的同位语)其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的—体。Implicit是形容词，表示“隐含的，含蓄的”，形容词开头表示这句话是个完全倒装句，整句话的谓语动词是is。47．Wi