一名词和冠词课件

一、名词和冠词一、名词和冠词语法精讲一、名词考点一名词的数1.物质名词(如:air,water,milk,paper,money)和抽象名词(如:happiness,health,knowledge,traffic)一般都是不可数名词。特别提示①要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是不可数名词:advice,baggage/luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck,progress,work,homework,news,word(消息)等。语法精讲一、名词特别提示①要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是②有些词,以及一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单数。如:news新闻;politics政治;mathematics数学;physics物理。③有些词,通常只有复数形式。如:compasses圆规;glasses眼镜;parents父母亲;shoes鞋;slippers拖鞋;trousers裤子;twins双胞胎;amusements娱乐活动;ashes灰烬;brains头脑;congratulations祝贺;indozens成打地;doexercises做操;furs皮毛;Goodheavens!天哪!jaws嘴巴;jewels首饰;mountains山脉;movements活动情况;muscles肌肉;nobles贵族;take/makenotes记笔记;plastics塑料制品;inrags衣衫褴褛;makerepairs修理;resources资源;inhighspirits情绪高昂;stairs楼梯;taketurns轮流;tears眼泪;tensofthousandsof好几万;thanks感谢;troops部队。②有些词,以及一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单④有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如:arm手臂/arms武器;cloth布/clothes衣服;content内容/contents目录;custom风俗;习惯/customs海关;force力量/forces武装部队;good好事、好处/goods货物;green绿色/greens蔬菜;interest兴趣/interests利益、爱好;look看/looks外貌;manner态度、方式/manners礼貌;pain痛苦/pains辛苦;paper纸/papers论文、报纸、文件;people人们/peoples民族;sand沙/sands沙滩;time时间/times次数、时代;thing东西、事情/things形势;word单词,消息/words话语;work工作/works工厂、著作;wood木头/woods树林。④有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如:arm手臂2.不可数名词常用(a)little,much,agreatdealof等修饰,可数名词常用(a)few,many,anumberof等修饰。alotof,lotsof,plentyof可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。3.抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。difficulty困难;adifficulty一件难事

failure失败;afailure一个失败者;一件失败的事

success成功;asuccess一位成功者;一件成功的事

surprise惊奇;asurprise一件令人吃惊的事

honour荣誉;

anhonour一位带来荣誉的人,一件带来荣誉的事

Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。

Hisnewbookwasagreatsuccess.他的新书非常成功。2.不可数名词常用(a)little,much,agre4.单数名词变为复数名词一般情况加-s,以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es。以ce,se,ze等结尾加-s。其他名词复数的变化如下:(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es,它们是:hero,echo,potato,tomato4.单数名词变为复数名词(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加-ves,它们是:self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half(3)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数。menteachers男老师womenengineers女工程师(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加考点二名词的构词法1.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ence,-anceexist→existence存在occur→occurrence发生refer→reference查阅/参考prefer→preference更喜欢/偏好differ→difference不同 accept→acceptance接受appear→appearance出现/外表perform→performance履行resist→resistance抵制 guide→guidance指导enter→entrance进入 insure→insurance保险assist→assistance帮助endure→endurance/tolerate—tolerance忍受考点二名词的构词法后缀例词-ence,exist→exis-tion,-sionproduce→production生产introduce→introduction介绍consume→consumption消费 reduce→reduction减少assume→assumption/suppose→supposition认为/假设destroy→destruction毁灭 describe→description描写interrupt→interruption打断adopt→adoption采纳/收养prevent→prevention防止 receive→reception接收/接待处solve→solution解决 evolve→evolution进化suggest→suggestion建议 edit→edition编辑/版本exhibit→exhibition展览 intend→intention打算/意图recognize→recognition认出 define→definition解释/定义-tion,produce→production生产i-tion,-sionprotect→protection保护 direct→direction方向/指导instruct→instruction指令 construct→construction建设inject→injection注射 infect→infection感染reject→rejection驳斥 object→objection/oppose→opposition反对connect→connection连接 collect→collection收集correct→correction纠正 inspect→inspection视察select→selection挑选 elect→election选举restrict→restriction限制 contradict→contradiction抵触/矛盾-tion,protect→protection保护 di-tion,-sionreserve→reservation保留 preserve→preservation保存conserve→conservation保护 observe→observation观察starve→starvation挨饿 organize→organization组织

civilize→civilization文明realize→realization认识examine→examination考试 determine→determination决定form→formation形成 inform→information通知imagine→imagination想象 transport→transportation运输invite→invitation邀请 expect→expectation期待tempt→temptation诱惑 adapt→adaptation改编/适应immigrate→immigration移民 imitate→imitation模仿-tion,reserve→reservation保留 p-tion,-sionprepare→preparation准备 explore→exploration探索consider→consideration考虑declare→declaration宣布decorate→decoration装饰 inspire→inspiration激发/灵感relax→relaxation放松/休闲communicate→communication交流occupy→occupation占用/职业satisfy→satisfaction满足apply→application申请/应用imply→implication暗示recommend→recommendation推荐 interpret→interpretation口译/理解combine→combination结合operate→operation操作/手术-tion,prepare→preparation准备 e-tion,-sionhesitate→hesitation犹豫 educate→education教育locate→location定位 indicate→indication指出participate→participation参加calculate→calculation计算appreciate→appreciation欣赏/感激 associate→association联想/协会separate→separation分离 hibernate→hibernation冬眠compensate→compensation赔偿investigate→investigation调查celebrate→celebration庆祝 congratulate→congratulation祝贺-tion,hesitate→hesitation犹豫 -tion,-siontranslate→translation翻译 accumulate→accumulation积累accelerate→acceleration加速donate→donation捐赠liberate→liberation解放 motivate→motivation动力innovate→innovation革新 concentrate→concentration集中demonstrate→demonstration游行/示威contribute→contribution贡献 distribute→distribution分发promote→promotion促进 devote→devotion/dedicate→dedication致力-tion,translate→translation翻译-tion,-sionfrustrate→frustration/depress→depression沮丧impress→impression印象 express→expression表达possess→possession拥有/财产 discuss→discussion讨论

expand→expansion扩大 extend→extension延伸

admit→admission承认 permit→permission允许

emit→emission排放 explode→explosion爆炸conclude→conclusion结论 decide→decision决定divide→division划分

confuse→confusion迷惑-tion,frustrate→frustration/de-mentadvertise→advertisement广告agree→agreement同意amaze→amazement惊奇 astonish→astonishment吃惊announce→announcement通告 arrange→arrangement安排assess→assessment评估 develop→development发展disappoint→disappointment失望 employ→employment雇用/就业encourage→encouragement鼓舞 entertain→entertainment款待/娱乐equip→equipment装备 govern→government统治/政府improve→improvement改进 invest→investment投资involve→involvement卷入 manage→management管理-mentadvertise→advertisement广告-mentpunish→punishment惩require→requirement要求retire→retirement退休settle→settlement定居/定居处state→statement阐述/陈述 treat→treatment对待/治疗base→basement以……为基础/地下室 pave→pavement铺平/人行道achieve→achievement/accomplish→accomplishment完成/成就-mentpunish→punishment惩requ-er,-orteach→teacher教书/老师announce→announcer播音/员conduct→conductor指挥/员-inghear→hearing听(力)

begin→beginning开始-urefail→failure失败press→pressure压力depart→departure离开-yrecover→recovery恢复discover→discovery发现-er,-orteach→teacher教书/老师ann2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort→short-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;强项warm→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能;伤残responsible→responsibility责任-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点-thstro二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。a/an的基本含义为“一个”,表泛指;the的基本含义是“这个,那个”,表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰,重复出现时用the修饰。考点一不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)“一”(=one)I’llreturninadayortwo.我一两天就回来。“每一”(=per)Wehaveeightclassesaday.我们每天上八节课。“同一”(=thesame)Thechildrenareofanage.这些孩子们同岁。二、冠词“一”(=one)I’llreturnina“一类”(=复数名词)Ahorseisausefulanimal.马是一种有用的动物。“任一”(=any)Adictionaryisenough.一本词典足够。“某一”(=acertain)AMr.Smithiswaitingtoseeyou.一位史密斯先生正等着见你。“一个、一场、一次、一件”(抽象名词)Asamanager,heisasuccesswhileasafatherheisafailure.作为一名经理,他是位成功者,而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。“一种(份,阵……)”(物质名词)Whataheavyrain!多大的一场雨啊!“一类”Ahorseisausefulanimal考点二定冠词the的用法1.特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Whereistheteacheryoutalkedaboutyesterday?你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿?2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。Thetigerisindangerofbecomingextinct.老虎濒临灭绝。

AlexanderBellinventedthetelephonein1876.

1876年亚历山大·贝尔发明了电话。考点二定冠词the的用法3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。TheGreensliveahappylife.格林一家人过着幸福的生活。Thewoundedweresenttothehospitalimmediately.受伤者被立刻送往医院。4.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:themoon,thesun,theearth,theuniverse,theworld,thesky等。特别提示

①当这些名词前有修饰语时,则要用不定冠词。如:abrightmoon,anewworld。②有些事物虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词,如:space太空,nature自然,man人类。3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示5.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如:intheeast,inthenorthwest,playthepiano。6.用于序数词和形容词最高级前面。YangLiweiisthefirstmanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.在中国杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。ThisisthebestfilmI’veeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。

特别提示当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词。如:asecondtime,意为“再一次;又一次”。5.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如:intheea7.用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。Itisnotrareinthe1990sthatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.在20世纪90年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。8.“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。takesb.bythearm抓某人的胳膊hitsb.onthehead砸在了某人的头上。9.用在固定搭配中。如:bytheway,inthedistance,inthemorning,intheend,inthedirectionof,onthewhole,ontheotherhand,theotherday,totellthetruth,inthecountry,allthetime,gotothecinema,intheopenair,ontheradio,atthesametime,atthemoment等。7.用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。考点三零冠词的用法1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。如:China,America,Smith。2.表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。January1stisNewYear’sDay.一月一日是新年。

Ilikephysicsthoughit’sabitdifficult.尽管物理有点难,但是我喜欢它。

Ialwayshavebreakfastathomeandlunchatschool.我总是在家里吃早饭,在学校吃午饭。

Somestudentswillplaybasketballafterschool.有些学生放学以后打篮球。考点三零冠词的用法特别提示

①表示语言的名词之后有language时则要加定冠词,如theEnglish

language。②如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节,需加定冠词,如inthe

springoftheyear2012。③在中国的传统节日前用定冠词the。如:theSpringFestival。3.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时,不加冠词。常用的名词有king,president,chairman,monitor,head等。WemadeJackmonitorofourclass.我们选杰克当我们班的班长。特别提示3.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语4.在某些固定词组、习惯用语中,不用冠词。(1)相对应使用的词,如fatherandson,husbandandwife,knifeandfork,sunandmoon等。

(2)介词短语,如fromdoortodoor,atnoon/night/midnight,incaseoffire等。

(3)动词短语,如catchfire,catchsightof,cometopower,watchTV等。5.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽管……但是……”。

Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。4.在某些固定词组、习惯用语中,不用冠词。6.常用的固定词组辨析attable就餐

atthetable在桌子旁

inhospital住院

inthehospital在医院

infrontof在……的前面(外部)

inthefrontof在……的前面(内部)

gotoschool去上学

gototheschool去学校

inchargeof...负责

inthechargeof...由……负责

outofquestion没问题

outofthequestion不可能6.常用的固定词组辨析真题链接1.Likemanythingsinlife,it’s

ongoingprocess.(2017年11月浙江)

2.Youwouldn’tthinkthatafew

(month)ofexerciseinyourteenswouldbeenoughfortherestofyourlife.(2017年11月浙江)

答案及剖析:1.an考查冠词。此处所填单词修饰名词process,是抽象名词具体化的用法,意为“一个持续的过程”。2.months考查名词复数。根据句意,此处所填单词由afew修饰,因此要用复数名词。真题链接1.Likemanythingsinlife3.LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall

(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(2017年6月浙江)

4.Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe

(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.(2017全国Ⅱ)

答案及剖析:3.carrots考查名词复数。ahandfulof一把,几个,后接可数名词的复数形式。ahandfulofcarrots几个胡萝卜。4.introduction考查名词。由空前的定冠词可知,此处需用名词形式,动词introduce去“e”加后缀-tion构成名词形式。3.LenaPahlssonpulledoutah5.ForPahlsson,itsreturnwas

wonder.(2017年6月浙江)

答案及剖析:5.a考查冠词。awonder一个奇迹。5.ForPahlsson,itsreturnwas跟踪训练1.As

result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.(2017全国Ⅰ)

答案及剖析:1.a考查冠词。句意:结果,人们会吃更多的东西来努力弥补所缺的东西。asaresult结果。Ⅰ.单句语法填空跟踪训练1.Asresult,peoplewi2.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible

(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017全国Ⅱ)

答案及剖析:2.crowds考查名词复数。avoid“避免”,后可跟名词或动名词作宾语。因为此空前有形容词terrible修饰,故排除动名词形式;crowd作“人群”讲时,为可数名词,故需用复数形式。2.Itranforjustunderseven3.Thestudywasinpeoplewhowerenotparentsofthebaby,yettheywereallrespondingat100meterstotheseparticular

.(sound)madebythebaby.(2018咸阳二模)

答案及剖析:3.sounds考查名词复数。那个研究是在并不是孩子父母的人中间做的,然而他们都对孩子发出的这些特殊的声音的作出了反应。根据语意和句子结构,此处需要名词,同时是以复数名词表示类属关系,因此用复数形式。3.Thestudywasinpeoplewho4.Heseemedtohavesensedmydiscomfortsohetriedtoeasemy

(anxious)byintroducinghimself.(2018江西八校二模)

5.Cheeringfromthecrowdwasmixedwithdrumsandmusicaslocalcommunity

(group)wavedbanners,flags,andcarrylanterns.(2018福建泉州模拟)

答案及剖析:4.anxiety考查名词。句意:他似乎感觉到了我的不舒服,所以介绍他自己来减轻我的焦虑。根据句意和句子结构,此处应该用相应的名词。5.groups考查名词复数。句意:当地的社区组织举着横幅、旗帜,拿着灯笼,人群的欢呼声中伴随着鼓声和音乐的声音。根据语境和句子结构,此处所填单词作主语,同时表示复数概念,因此用groups。4.Heseemedtohavesensedmy6.Although

developmentofthesetwocountrieshasalotincommon,therearesomestrikingdifferencesaswell.(2018嘉兴一模)

7.Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor

.while.(2018杭州质检)

答案及剖析:6.the考查冠词。此处的句意是“尽管这两个国家的发展有很多的共同之处,但是它们也有很多明显的不同”。此处特指这两个国家的发展,因此用the。7.a考查冠词。forawhile一会儿。6.Althoughdevelopmentof8.Asyouknow,thereis

openingpositioninmydepartment.

9.Shesaidwiththeenthusiasmof

eight-year-oldchildhavingjustbeenpresentedwithanewdog.

答案及剖析:8.an考查冠词。句意:你知道,我部门有一个空缺的位置。position是单数名词,同时前面的opening以元音音素开头,所以应该用an。9.an考查冠词。句意:她说着,热情地就像是一个八岁的孩子得到了一只新的狗狗一样。根据句意此处需要一个表示泛指的冠词,同时,因为eight以元音音素开头,因此用an。8.Asyouknow,thereisope10.ChoosingwhatplacestovisitinDubaiisdifficult,becauseeventhehotelstherearealsoamazing

(attract).

11.Hecontacteduniversityofficialstotellaboutthe

.(possible)ofreturningthebook.

答案及剖析:10.attractions考查名词复数。句意:在迪拜选择要去参观的地方是一件很难的事情,因为在那里即使宾馆也是令人惊奇的景点。根据句意此处需要一个名词,并且表示一类事物,因此用名词的复数形式。11.possibility考查派生词的用法。此处作介词about的宾语,应用提示词的名词形式possibility“可能性”。10.Choosingwhatplacestovis12.Morethan300

(coach)havebeeninvitedtothemeeting.

13.Tomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thetrainerfirstofallhastoknowtheir

(strong)andweaknesses.

答案及剖析:12.coaches考查名词复数。coach为可数名词,前有morethan300,故此处用coach的复数形式coaches。13.strengths考查派生词的用法。and连接两个并列的名词作know的宾语,故此处填提示词的名词形式,注意此处需要用复数。strengthsandweaknesses意思是“优点和缺点”。12.Morethan300(coach)ha14.Accordingtothenewsreport,personal

(possess)ofgunsintheUSAcausesalotoftrouble.

15.Thereisagrowing

(tend)forpeopletoworkathomeinsteadofinoffices.

答案及剖析:14.possession考查派生词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处用名词作主语,故此处用名词形式possession,意思是“持有”。15.tendency考查派生词的用法。本句为therebe句型,空格处需要名词作主语,故此处填名词形式tendency,又根据空前的不定冠词a,可知应用单数形式。14.Accordingtothenewsrepor16.Rainfallsinsummer,andtherewas

heavyrainlastnight.

17.Asheapproachedthebridge,thesoundgotlouderandthenhesaw

pitifulsight.(2017江西红色七校一联)

答案及剖析:16.a考查冠词的用法。aheavyrain意思是“一场大雨”。17.a考查冠词的用法。设空处后的名词sight作“景象,情景”讲时,为可数名词,在本句中表泛指,故与不定冠词连用。16.Rainfallsinsummer,andth18.Recentlywhenhetook

lookathiscollectionofbooks,hediscoveredtheoldbookborrowed61yearsago.

19.Hedevotesmostofhistimetofootball.AndIamsurehepromisestobe

excellentfootballer.

答案及剖析:18.a考查冠词的用法。句意:最近,当他查看他的藏书时,他发现了那本61年前借的旧书。“takealook(at...)”为固定短语,意为:看一看。19.an考查冠词的用法。根据句意可知,此处表示“一名杰出的足球运动员”,又excellent为元音音素开头,因此应该填不定冠词an。18.Recentlywhenhetook20.Nowadays

mostpopularmeansofcommunicationistosendshortmessagesbymobilephone.

答案及剖析:20.the考查冠词的用法。此处用在形容词最高级之前,应该填定冠词the。20.NowadaysmostpopularⅡ.语篇语法填空

Iwasridinginataxitothebusstop1.

IwassupposedtotakethebustoNYC.Itwasgoingtobe2.

longjourneyandIpackedsomechocolatetoeatonthewaybeforeIsetoff.Whentheridewasover,Ipaid3.

driverthedueamountalongwithatip.Heofferedtogetmysuitcaseoutofthetrunk.Icollecteditandstartedwalkingaway.Sodidhe.

Ⅱ.语篇语法填空However,somethinginmyheartstirred.4.

occurredtomethatIhadanopportunitytoperformanactof5.

(kind).Iwasso6.

(excite)thatIdecidedtogiveawayallthechocolatetothedriver.Afterall,hehadservedme,even7.

itwasjusthisjob.Igavethemaway,8.

(see)thebrightsmilelightuphisfaceandtheeyesshineasiftheywerethestarSirius,andfeltmyheart9.

(fill)withhappiness.Itwasneitherabigactnoraverygivingone,butitwastrulyjoyful.Ibelievethekindest10.

(thing)wecandoforothersareoftenthesimplest.

语篇解读:本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者乘完车后,突然想送给出租车司机巧克力,这个小小的善举让出租车司机很激动,并且作者自己也获得了快乐。However,somethinginmyhe答案及剖析:1.where考查定语从句。句意:我正乘出租车去汽车站,之后在那里乘公共汽车去NYC。因为先行词是busstop,是地点名词,且关系词在定语从句中作状语,所以应填where。2.a考查冠词。句意:那将是一段长途旅行,出发之前我带了一些巧克力准备在路上吃。此处所缺单词修饰longjourney。3.the考查定冠词。此处所填单词修饰driver,同时是特指,所以用the。4.It考查代词。句意:然而,我的内心萌生起一些东西。我想到我有这么一个机会来做一个善举。It在句中作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句。Itoccurredtosb.that...意为“某人想起……”。答案及剖析:1.where考查定语从句。句意:我正乘出租车5.kindness考查名词。根据空前的anactof和提示词kind可知,空处是想表示行为的特征、性质,of为介词,后面应接名词,故填kindness。6.excited考查形容词。句意:我是如此兴奋以至于我决定把所有的巧克力都送给那个司机。所缺单词作was的表语,表示人的状态,因此用excited。7.though/if考查连词。句意:毕竟,他为我服务过,尽管这只是他的工作。根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系可知,这里是让步关系,空前又有even,故只能用从属连词eventhough/if。8.seeing考查非谓语动词。句意:我把它们送给了他,看到愉快的笑容点亮了他的脸庞,他的眼睛就像天狼星一样明亮,我感觉自己的内心也充满了快乐。see的逻辑主语是I,且是主动关系,所以应填seeing。5.kindness考查名词。根据空前的anactof9.filled考查非谓语动词。动词fill和它的逻辑主语heart之间是被动关系,故应填filled,在此作宾补。10.things考查名词复数。根据句意和后面的动词are可以判断此处应该用复数名词形式。9.filled考查非谓语动词。动词fill和它的逻辑主语一、名词和冠词一、名词和冠词语法精讲一、名词考点一名词的数1.物质名词(如:air,water,milk,paper,money)和抽象名词(如:happiness,health,knowledge,traffic)一般都是不可数名词。特别提示①要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是不可数名词:advice,baggage/luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck,progress,work,homework,news,word(消息)等。语法精讲一、名词特别提示①要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是②有些词,以及一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单数。如:news新闻;politics政治;mathematics数学;physics物理。③有些词,通常只有复数形式。如:compasses圆规;glasses眼镜;parents父母亲;shoes鞋;slippers拖鞋;trousers裤子;twins双胞胎;amusements娱乐活动;ashes灰烬;brains头脑;congratulations祝贺;indozens成打地;doexercises做操;furs皮毛;Goodheavens!天哪!jaws嘴巴;jewels首饰;mountains山脉;movements活动情况;muscles肌肉;nobles贵族;take/makenotes记笔记;plastics塑料制品;inrags衣衫褴褛;makerepairs修理;resources资源;inhighspirits情绪高昂;stairs楼梯;taketurns轮流;tears眼泪;tensofthousandsof好几万;thanks感谢;troops部队。②有些词,以及一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单④有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如:arm手臂/arms武器;cloth布/clothes衣服;content内容/contents目录;custom风俗;习惯/customs海关;force力量/forces武装部队;good好事、好处/goods货物;green绿色/greens蔬菜;interest兴趣/interests利益、爱好;look看/looks外貌;manner态度、方式/manners礼貌;pain痛苦/pains辛苦;paper纸/papers论文、报纸、文件;people人们/peoples民族;sand沙/sands沙滩;time时间/times次数、时代;thing东西、事情/things形势;word单词,消息/words话语;work工作/works工厂、著作;wood木头/woods树林。④有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如:arm手臂2.不可数名词常用(a)little,much,agreatdealof等修饰,可数名词常用(a)few,many,anumberof等修饰。alotof,lotsof,plentyof可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。3.抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。difficulty困难;adifficulty一件难事

failure失败;afailure一个失败者;一件失败的事

success成功;asuccess一位成功者;一件成功的事

surprise惊奇;asurprise一件令人吃惊的事

honour荣誉;

anhonour一位带来荣誉的人,一件带来荣誉的事

Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。

Hisnewbookwasagreatsuccess.他的新书非常成功。2.不可数名词常用(a)little,much,agre4.单数名词变为复数名词一般情况加-s,以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es。以ce,se,ze等结尾加-s。其他名词复数的变化如下:(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es,它们是:hero,echo,potato,tomato4.单数名词变为复数名词(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加-ves,它们是:self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half(3)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数。menteachers男老师womenengineers女工程师(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加考点二名词的构词法1.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ence,-anceexist→existence存在occur→occurrence发生refer→reference查阅/参考prefer→preference更喜欢/偏好differ→difference不同 accept→acceptance接受appear→appearance出现/外表perform→performance履行resist→resistance抵制 guide→guidance指导enter→entrance进入 insure→insurance保险assist→assistance帮助endure→endurance/tolerate—tolerance忍受考点二名词的构词法后缀例词-ence,exist→exis-tion,-sionproduce→production生产introduce→introduction介绍consume→consumption消费 reduce→reduction减少assume→assumption/suppose→supposition认为/假设destroy→destruction毁灭 describe→description描写interrupt→interruption打断adopt→adoption采纳/收养prevent→prevention防止 receive→reception接收/接待处solve→solution解决 evolve→evolution进化suggest→suggestion建议 edit→edition编辑/版本exhibit→exhibition展览 intend→intention打算/意图recognize→recognition认出 define→definition解释/定义-tion,produce→production生产i-tion,-sionprotect→protection保护 direct→direction方向/指导instruct→instruction指令 construct→construction建设inject→injection注射 infect→infection感染reject→rejection驳斥 object→objection/oppose→opposition反对connect→connection连接 collect→collection收集correct→correction纠正 inspect→inspection视察select→selection挑选 elect→election选举restrict→restriction限制 contradict→contradiction抵触/矛盾-tion,protect→protection保护 di-tion,-sionreserve→reservation保留 preserve→preservation保存conserve→conservation保护 observe→observation观察starve→starvation挨饿 organize→organization组织

civilize→civilization文明realize→realization认识examine→examination考试 determine→determination决定form→formation形成 inform→information通知imagine→imagination想象 transport→transportation运输invite→invitation邀请 expect→expectation期待tempt→temptation诱惑 adapt→adaptation改编/适应immigrate→immigration移民 imitate→imitation模仿-tion,reserve→reservation保留 p-tion,-sionprepare→preparation准备 explore→exploration探索consider→consideration考虑declare→declaration宣布decorate→decoration装饰 inspire→inspiration激发/灵感relax→relaxation放松/休闲communicate→communication交流occupy→occupation占用/职业satisfy→satisfaction满足apply→application申请/应用imply→implication暗示recommend→recommendation推荐 interpret→interpretation口译/理解combine→combination结合operate→operation操作/手术-tion,prepare→preparation准备 e-tion,-sionhesitate→hesitation犹豫 educate→education教育locate→location定位 indicate→indication指出participate→participation参加calculate→calculation计算appreciate→appreciation欣赏/感激 associate→association联想/协会separate→separation分离 hibernate→hibernation冬眠compensate→compensation赔偿investigate→investigation调查celebrate→celebration庆祝 congratulate→congratulation祝贺-tion,hesitate→hesitation犹豫 -tion,-siontranslate→translation翻译 accumulate→accumulation积累accelerate→acceleration加速donate→donation捐赠liberate→liberation解放 motivate→motivation动力innovate→innovation革新 concentrate→concentration集中demonstrate→demonstration游行/示威contribute→contribution贡献 distribute→distribution分发promote→promotion促进 devote→devotion/dedicate→dedication致力-tion,translate→translation翻译-tion,-sionfrustrate→frustration/depress→depression沮丧impress→impression印象 express→expression表达possess→possession拥有/财产 discuss→discussion讨论

expand→expansion扩大 extend→extension延伸

admit→admission承认 permit→permission允许

emit→emission排放 explode→explosion爆炸conclude→conclusion结论 decide→decision决定divide→division划分

confuse→confusion迷惑-tion,frustrate→frustration/de-mentadvertise→advertisement广告agree→agreement同意amaze→amazement惊奇 astonish→astonishment吃惊announce→announcement通告 arrange→arrangement安排assess→assessment评估 develop→development发展disappoint→disappointment失望 employ→employment雇用/就业encourage→encouragement鼓舞 entertain→entertainment款待/娱乐equip→equipment装备 govern→government统治/政府improve→improvement改进 invest→investment投资involve→involvement卷入 manage→management管理-mentadvertise→advertisement广告-mentpunish→punishment惩require→requirement要求retire→retirement退休settle→settlement定居/定居处state→statement阐述/陈述 treat→treatment对待/治疗base→basement以……为基础/地下室 pave→pavement铺平/人行道achieve→achievement/accomplish→accomplishment完成/成就-mentpunish→punishment惩requ-er,-orteach→teacher教书/老师announce→announcer播音/员conduct→conductor指挥/员-inghear→hearing听(力)

begin→beginning开始-urefail→failure失败press→pressure压力depart→departure离开-yrecover→recovery恢复discover→discovery发现-er,-orteach→teacher教书/老师ann2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort→short-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;强项warm→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能;伤残responsible→responsibility责任-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点-thstro二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。a/an的基本含义为“一个”,表泛指;the的基本含义是“这个,那个”,表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰,重复出现时用the修饰。考点一不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)“一”(=one)I’llreturninadayortw