考研考博-英语-仰恩大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-仰恩大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

Buildingadegreeoftransportationandinventorycostambiguityintothesystemdesignwillallowonetoestimatehighandlowvaluesforthesecosts,withthecomfortthatcostswillcomeinbetweentheseworstandbestcases.Globalsourcingsystemsarealsodynamiccreatures,subjecttochangeandimprovementovertime.Itisessentialthattheperformanceofthesourcingsystembemonitoredbyallpartiestothepartnershiptomaintainitscommonfocus.Severaladditionalitemsshouldbeconsideredwheneverinternationalsourcingisanalternativeforafirm:possibleuseofchildlabor,changingtariffstructures,foreigntradezones,exportingforassemblyinbond,andcountertrade.

【答案】

在系统设计中建立一定程度的运输和库存成本的模糊性，将可以估算出这些成本的高值和低值，而成本将会在这些最坏和最好的情况之间。全球采购系统也是动态的，随着时间的推移会发生变化和改进。至关重要的是，结为伙伴关系的各方都要对采购系统的性能进行监控，以确保达成共识。当国际采购是公司的一种选择时，应考虑以下额外几点：使用童工的可能性，变化的关税结构，外贸区，保税出口组装和补偿贸易。

2.单选题

Itisgenerallythoughtthatasteachersworkwithstudents,psychologycourseworkis（

）toteacher-training.

问题1选项

A.indispensable

B.inviolate

C.indisposed

D.invariable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。indispensable“不可缺少的；绝对必要的”；inviolate“无污点的；未亵渎的”；indisposed“不舒服的；不愿意的”；invariable“不改变的；常数的”。句意：通常情况下都会认为当老师和学生共事时，心理学课程是教师培训必不可少的内容。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Throughoutthenation’smorethan15,000schooldistricts,widelydifferingapproachestoteachingscienceandmathhaveemerged.Thoughtherecanbestrengthindiversity,anewinternationalanalysissuggeststhatthisvariabilityhasinsteadcontributedtolacklusterachievementscoresbyU.S.childrenrelativetotheirpeersinotherdevelopedcountries.

Indeed,concludesWilliamH.SchmidtofMichiganStateUniversity,wholedthenewanalysis,“nosingleintellectuallycoherentvisiondominatesU.S.educationalpracticeinmathorscience.”Thereason,hesaid,“isbecausethesystemisdeeplyandfundamentallyflawed.”

Thenewanalysis,releasedthisweekbytheNationalScienceFoundationinArlington,Va,isbasedondatacollectedfromabout50nationsaspartoftheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.

NotonlydoapproachestoteachingscienceandmathvaryamongindividualU.S.communities,thereportfinds,butthereappearstobelittlestrategicfocuswithinaschooldistrict’scurricula,itstextbooks,oritsteachers’activities.Thiscontrastssharplywiththecoordinatednationalprogramsofmostothercountries.

Onaverage,U.S.studentsstudymoretopicswithinscienceandmaththantheirinternationalcounterpartsdo.Thiscreatesaneducationalenvironmentthat“isamilewideandaninchdeep,”Schmidtnotes.

Forinstance,eighthgradersintheUnitedStatescoverabout33topicsinmathversusjust19inJapan.Amongsciencecourses,theinternationalgapisevenwider.U.S.curriculaforthisagelevelresemblethoseofasmallgroupofcountriesincludingAustralia,Thailand,Iceland,andBulgaria.SchmidtaskswhethertheUnitedStateswantstobeclassedwiththesenations,whoseeducationalsystems“shareourpatternofsplinteredvisions”butwhicharenoteconomicleaders.

Thenewreport“couldn’tcomeatabettertime,”saysGeraldWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationinArlington.“ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsprovidethatfocusedvision,”includingthecall“todoless,butingreaterdepth.”

Implementingthenewsciencestandardsandtheirmathcounterpartswillbethechallenge,heandSchmidtagree,becausethedecentralizedresponsibilityforeducationintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatanyreformsbetailoredandinstitutedonecommunityatatime.

Infact,Schmidtargues,reformssuchastheseproposednationalstandards“faceanalmostimpossibletask,becauseeventhoughtheyareintellectuallycoherent,eachbecomesonlyonemorevoiceinthebabble.”

1.Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais____.

2.ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat____.

3.BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis“amilewideandaninchdeep”(Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice____.

4.ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill____.

5.Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause____.

问题1选项

A.focusedontappingstudents’potential

B.characterizedbyitsdiversity

C.losingitsvitalitygradually

D.goingdownhillinrecentyears

问题2选项

A.itlacksacoordinatednationalprogram

B.itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudents

C.itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachers

D.itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjects

问题3选项

A.laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantity

B.offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducation

C.encourageslearningbothindepthandinscope

D.scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopics

问题4选项

A.providedepthtoschoolscienceeducation

B.solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteaching

C.beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunity

D.quicklydominateU.S.educationalpractice

问题5选项

A.thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcirclesofthesestandards

B.notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingso

C.schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisions

D.manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptability

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.【选项释义】

Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais____.根据文章，美国的科学和数学教学是____。

A.focusedontappingstudents’potentialA.侧重于挖掘学生的潜力

B.characterizedbyitsdiversityB.具有多样性的特点

C.losingitsvitalitygraduallyC.正逐渐失去其活力

D.goingdownhillinrecentyearsD.正在走下坡路

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“尽管多样性有其优势，但一项新的国际分析表明，这种多样性反而导致了美国孩子相对于其他发达国家同龄人的成绩平平。”说明美国的教学具有多样性的特点。因此选B。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“侧重于挖掘学生的潜力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“正逐渐失去其活力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“正在走下坡路”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。

2.【选项释义】

ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat____.美国学校教育的根本缺陷是____。

A.itlacksacoordinatednationalprogramA.它缺乏一个协调一致的国家计划

B.itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudentsB.它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准

C.itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachersC.它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性

D.itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjectsD.它过于重视学校课程的强化学习

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“因为这个体系存在深刻和根本的缺陷。”由第四段可知“报告发现，不仅美国各个社区教授科学和数学的方法各不相同，而且学区的课程、教科书或教师的活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。这与大多数其他国家协调一致的国家计划形成鲜明对比。”分析全文，因为美国与其他国家不同，没有协调一致的国家计划，导致美国教育存在缺陷。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“它过于重视学校课程的强化学习”，文中提到“学区的课程、教科书或教师的活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。”可知美国的教育没有重点，没有重视强化学习，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰。

3.【选项释义】

BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis“amilewideandaninchdeep”(Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice____.作者说美国的教育环境是“一英里宽，一英寸深”（第5段），意思是美国的教育实践____。

A.laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantityA.强调质量而忽视数量

B.offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducationB.提供全面教育的环境

C.encourageslearningbothindepthandinscopeC.鼓励学习的深度和广度

D.scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopicsD.涉及面很广

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph5与题干信息可定位到第五段该句话的上文“平均而言，美国学生比其他国家的学生学习更多的科学和数学科目。”也就是说美国学生学习很多科目，可以推断美国教育涉及面很广。因此选D。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“强调质量而忽视数量”，通过分析全文可知，美国教育强调数量忽视了质量，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；

B选项“提供全面教育的环境”，文中没有提到全面教育，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“鼓励学习的深度和广度”，该选项是美国呼吁教育改革的改革方向，而不是该句所要表达的意思，该选项属于张冠李戴。

4.【选项释义】

ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill____.新的国家科学教育标准是好消息，因为它们将____。

A.providedepthtoschoolscienceeducationA.为学校科学教育提供深度

B.solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteachingB.解决学校教学中的大多数问题

C.beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunityC.能够满足社会的需求

D.quicklydominateU.S.educationalpracticeD.很快主导美国的教育实践

【答案】A

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“包括‘做得更少，但要更深入’的呼吁”，由此可知教育改革会让教育更深入，也就是提供深度。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“解决学校教学中的大多数问题”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断；

C选项“能够满足社会的需求”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有

D选项“很快主导美国的教育实践”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。

5.【选项释义】

Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause____.将新的科学和数学标准付诸实践将是困难的，因为____。

A.thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcirclesA.在教育界一直有争议

B.notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingsoB.没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性

C.schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisionsC.学区有责任自己做决定

D.manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptabilityofthesestandardsD.许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性

【答案】C

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第二段“他和施密特都认为，实施新的科学标准和相应的数学标准将是一项挑战，因为在美国，教育的责任分散，要求任何改革都需要一次针对一个社区制定和实施。”由此可知，教育改革要针对社区制定且教育责任分散，也就是说社区有责任自己做决定。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“在教育界一直有争议”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

B选项“没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。

4.单选题

Wemusteffectivelypromotethe______ofhungerbecauseeverydayinAfricaandinmanyareasinAsiachildrenaredyingofhunger.

问题1选项

A.awareness

B.pressure

C.consciousness

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。awareness“意识”，指人对某事物的认识；pressure“压力”；consciousness“意识”，指人的清醒程度；relief“减轻，救济”。句意：我们必须要提高对饥饿的认识，因为在非洲和亚洲许多地区每天都有孩子死于饥饿。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeorfourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thus,amostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-day“outlook”whichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms.

Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.

1.OnecharacteristicofweathermapsNOTmentionedbytheauthorinthispassageis（

）.

2.The30-dayforecastisdeterminedbyexamining

（

）.

3.Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecauseit

（

）.

4.Atthepresenttime,experimentsarebeingconductedin（

）.

5.Aweathermapissynopticbecauseit（

）.

问题1选项

A.fronts

B.changesintemperature

C.frost

D.windspeed

问题2选项

A.dailyweathermaps

B.upperairlevels

C.satellitereports

D.changingfronts

问题3选项

A.ismodernandprofitableforthecompaniesinvolved

B.useselectronicinstrumentstomeasuretheweatheronadailybasis

C.enablesmantoeasilyaltertheweathertohisadvantageandprofit

D.givesthescientistsinformationnotobtainedreadilyotherwise

问题4选项

A.manipulatingweather

B.determiningdensityofpressuregroups

C.satellites

D.controllingstorms

问题5选项

A.summarizesagreatdealofinformation

B.appearsdaily

C.showschangingfronts

D.canbeinterpretedaccurately

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题目问的是“以下选项中哪个没在文章中被提到？”文章第一段提到“天气预报员可以确定气团和气锋……”（Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts...）；文章第二段提到“美国国家气象局通常发布有关即将到来的暴风雨、洪水、霜冻、干旱和所有气候情况的信息”（heUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral），由此可知，只有选项B没有被提及，符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。题目问的是“30天的预报是由什么决定的？”文章第二段最后一句话提到“这三十天的天气预报建立在对上层空气分析的基础上，而上层空气经常为气团、气锋和暴风雨的发展创造条件”（These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms），由此可知选项B“上层空气”符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。题目问的是“卫星来观测天气的优势是什么？”文章最后一段提到“通过电子仪器和地球卫星，人们近年来在识别和跟踪仅有少量气象站的地区的暴风雨方面取得了很大的收获”（Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations），选项D“提供给科学家们在其他方面不容易获得的信息”符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。题目问的是“实验正在哪些方面操作？”文章最后一段最后一句话提到“大量实验正在为了气象改造而被进行着”（Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies），因此选项A“操纵天气”符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。题目问的是“为什么说气象图是气象学？”文章第二段提到“气象图包含着大量关于天气情况的信息，这些天气情况在观察时间存在于一个大的地理区域上”（Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea），选项A“包含很多信息”符合题意。

6.单选题

ArewegoingtoseeanendtotheArab-Israelidisagreement?

问题1选项

A.disaster

B.controversy

C.confrontation

D.aggression

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项disaster“灾难；灾祸；不幸”；B选项controversy“辩论”；C选项confrontation“对抗；对峙”；D选项aggression“侵略；侵犯；侵害”。句意：我们会看到阿拉伯和以色列的分歧结束吗。A选项disaster（灾难）不能形容两个国家的分歧。B选项controversy（辩论），可以排除。D选项aggression（侵犯），这里并没有体现两个国家的侵略。C选项confrontation（对峙）最符合题意，由此得知C选项正确。

7.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Anotherfieldinwhichtechnologicaladvanceshavespurredglobalsocialchangeisbiotechnology.Sexselectionoffetuses,geneticallyengineeredorganisms,cloningofsheepandcows—thesehavebeenamongthesignificantyetcontroversialscientificadvancesinthefieldofbiotechnologyinrecentyears.GeorgeRitzer’sconceptofMcDonaldizationappliestotheentireareaofbiotechnology.(46)Justasthefast-foodconcepthaspermeatedsociety,nophaseoflifenowseemsexemptfromtherapeuticormedicalintervention.Infact,sociologistsviewmanyaspectsofbiotechnologyasanextensionoftherecenttrendtowardthemedicalizationofsociety.Throughgeneticmanipulation,themedicalprofessionisexpandingitsturfstillfurther(Clarkeetal.2003).

Today’sbiotechnologyholdsitselfoutastotallybeneficialtohumanbeings,butitisinconstantneedofmonitoring.(47)Aswewillsee,biotechnologicaladvanceshaveraisedmanydifficultethicalandpoliticalquestions,amongthemthedesirabilityoftinkeringwiththegenepool,whichcouldalterourenvironmentinunexpectedandunwantedways(D.WeinsteinandWeinstein1999).

Onestartlingbiotechnologicaladvanceisthepossibilityofalteringhumanbehaviorthroughgeneticengineering.Fishandplantgeneshavealreadybeenmixedtocreatefrost-resistantpotatoandtomatocrops.Morerecently,humangeneshavebeenimplantedinpigstoprovidehumanlikekidneysfororgantransplants.

Oneofthelatestdevelopmentsingeneticengineeringisgenetherapy.(48)Geneticistsworkingwithmousefetuseshavemanagedtodisablegenesthatcarryanundesirabletraitandreplacethemwithgenescarryingadesirabletrait.Suchadvancesraisestaggeringpossibilitiesforalteringanimalandhumanforms.Still,genetherapyremainshighlyexperimental,andmustbeconsideredalong,longshot(Kolata1999).

Thedebateongeneticengineeringescalatedin1997whenscientistsinScotlandannouncedthattheyhadclonedasheep.(49)Aftermanyunsuccessfulattempts,theyhadfinallybeenabletoreplacethegeneticmaterialofasheep’seggwithDNAfromanadultsheep,creatingalambthatwasacloneoftheadult.Theverynextyear,Japaneseresearcherssuccessfullyclonedcows.Thesedevelopmentsraisedthepossibilitythatinthenearfuture,scientistsmaybeabletoclonehumanbeings.WilliamF.Ogburnprobablycouldnothaveanticipatedsuchscientificdevelopmentswhenhewroteofculturelag70yearsearlier.(50)However,thesuccessfulcloningofsheepillustratesagainhowquicklymaterialculturecanchange,andhownon-materialculturemovesmoreslowlyinabsorbingsuchchanges.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.就像快餐的概念已经渗透到社会中一样，生活中似乎没有哪个阶段可以免于治疗或医疗干预。

47.正如我们将看到的，生物技术的进步已经引发了许多棘手的伦理和政治问题，其中包括修补基因库的愿望，这可能会以意想不到的方式改变我们的环境。

48.研究老鼠胎儿的遗传学家已经成功地使带有不良性状的基因失效，并用带有良好性状的基因取而代之。

49.经过多次失败的尝试之后，他们终于能够用一只成年绵羊的DNA替代绵羊卵子的遗传物质，创造出一只成年克隆羊。

50.然而，成功克隆绵羊再次说明了物质文化的变化是多么迅速，而非物质文化在吸收这种变化方面的进展是多么缓慢。

8.单选题

TheDepartmentofResourcesnotifiedthetowncouncilthatthewatersupplywas______.

问题1选项

A.contemplated

B.contaminated

C.contemned

D.consulted

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项contemplate“沉思，注视”，B项contaminate“污染”，C项contemn“蔑视，侮辱”，D项consult“请教，商议”。根据关键词watersupply“水源”可知，最搭配的是B项。句意：资源部门告知市议会，水源受到污染。因此，该题选择B项正确。

9.单选题

Roberthadtakenitforgrantedthathisverboseand________explanationofthefactswouldconvincethejuryofhisinnocence.

问题1选项

A.flabby

B.flimsy

C.greasy

D.glib

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“flabby”，意为“（肌肉）松弛的；肥胖的；软弱的；无力的”；B选项“flimsy”，意为“脆弱的；浅薄的；易损坏的”；C选项“greasy”，意为“油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的”；D选项“glib”，意为“油腔滑调的；不诚恳的；肤浅的”。句意：罗伯特想当然地认为，他对事实的冗长而__圆滑__的解释会使陪审团相信他是清白的。。因此D选项符合题意。

10.单选题

1Formillionsofyears,BritainwaspartoftheEuropeancontinent.Ahighridgeoflimestone—nowfamouslyexposedasthechalkycliffsofDover-extendedallthewaytowhatisnowFrance,allowingmammoths,hippopotamiandeventuallyhumanstopassfreelybackandforth.Butabout450,000yearsago,thisrockyroadwascutoffbyafloodofunimaginableproportions.Now,ateamofresearchershasdetailedevidenceofhowthistorrentofdestructionwasunleashed.“They’vemanagedtoidentify...howtheridgewasbreached,”saysgeologistPhilipGibbardoftheUniversityofCambridgeintheUnitedKingdom,whowasnotinvolvedinthecurrentstudy.“I'mquiteenthusiastic.”

2TheideathatenormousfloodsquicklycarvedpartsoftheEnglishChannelwasfirstproposedin1985.Atthetime,geologistAlecSmithofBedfordCollegeinLondonnoticedlarge,interweavingscourmarksonmapsoftheEnglishChannelseafloor.HerecognizedthatthepatternsoferosionresembledthoseoftheChanneledScablands,ahighlyerodedlandscape-stark,barrenandwithlittlesoil—ineasternWashingtonstateinthenorthwesternUS.Thelandscapewasformedbyfloodsfromglaciallakesthatbursttheiricydamsbetween15,000and18,000yearsago.

3SimilarglaciershaveexistedinEurope.Some450,000yearsago,amassiveicesheetspannedScandinavia,reachingdownintonorthernEuropeandmuchofwhataretodaytheBritishIsles.Hemmedinbytheicewasalargeglaciallake.Nooneknowsexactlyhowbigitwas,butitmayhavebeenseveralhundredkilometerswide,anditlikelyfilledthesouthernpartoftheNorthSea.Becausesomuchwaterwasstoredonlandasicesheets,sealevelsarethoughttohavebeenabout120meterslowerthantoday,exposingthebottomofwhatisnowtheEnglishChannel.

4Withthechalkridgeformingadamtothesouth,andtheRhineandotherriversflowingintotheglaciallake,thewaterwouldhavekeptrising.Smithproposedthatthelakewouldeventuallyhavecascadedoverthechalkcliffs.Asevidence,hepointedtolarge,deeppitsatthebaseoftheformerridge—“plungepools”thatwereformedbytheforceofthewaterfallsandlaterfilledinwithsediment.Thescourmarksonthechannelbottomwouldhavebeencarvedbyavastfloodrichindebris.Stillunknownwaswhatunleashedthedeluge.

5Thedramaticideawasthenforgottenformanyyears.“Idon'tthinkmanypeoplebelievedit,”saysSanjeevGupta,ageologistatImperialCollegeLondon.(Smith,whoretiredafewyearsafterfloatinghisidea,diedin2015.)“Ifsmith'shypothesisnowwinsgeneralacceptance,thenthedecadesofdelaywillbeoddlysimilartothedecadesittookfortheoriginoftheChanneledScablandstobeaccepted.WhenthegeologistsJTPardeeandHarlenBretzfirstarguedthatthe

Scablandsweretheproductofashortcatastrophicfloodofhugeproportions,ittookalmostfortyyearstowinovertheirfellowearthscientists.”

6NowGuptaandhiscolleagueshavebroughttheideaofacataclysmicbreakupbackintoseriousconsideration.WithdatafromBritish,BelgianandFrenchresearchvessels,theteamputtogetheraclearpictureofsevenplungepoolsonthechannelfloor(seemapbelow),eachnearlyakilometerwideandupto140metersdeep—evenlargerthanSmithhadestimated.“It'sclearthatthescaleisreallyfargreaterthanoriginallyimagined,”Gibbardsays,“Theplungepoolswereenormous.”

7Thewaterfallspouringfromthelakemighthavebeen50metershighortaller,Guptasays,althoughitisdifficulttoknow.Therelentlesspoundingofthecascadesmayhavespunlargeblocksofstoneinsidethepoolsatthebottom,drillingintothebedrock.Allthisdiggingmighthavefatallyweakenedtheridge,eventuallycausingittofail,GuptaandcolleaguesproposetodayinNatureCommunications.“Ithinkthey’veworkedoutanintelligentaccountofhowthismayhavehappened,”saysKimCohen,ageologistatUtrechtUniversityintheNetherlands,whowasnotinvolvedinthework.

8Itisnotyetpossibletoknowhowlongittookthewaterfallstoerodethechalkridge,Guptasays.Theonlywaytotellwouldbetocollectsamplesbydrillingintothesedimentsthatlaterfilledinthepools.Butthatisatrickyproposition,giventhebusytrafficoftheshippingchannelanditsstrongcurrents,"it’sadangerousareatodogeologicalresearchin,"saysGibbard,notingthatjustgettingthenewsubmarineimageswasanaccomplishment.

9Theimagesalsoclarifytheextentoferosionfromanotherroundofcatastrophicfloodingduringasubsequenticeage.Again,theevidenceissubmerged,becausesealevelismuchhighertoday.Butperhaps160,000yearsago—thetimingisuncertain—hugefloodsdugoutwhatisknownastheLobourgChannel,whichtheimagesrevealedtobeabout10kilometerswideand20metersdeep.Thiswasprobablythefinalbreachoftheremnantsofchalkridge,Guptasays.

10Thesetwindisastersmeanttroubleforancientcommuters.ThisisbecausetheyputtravelbetweenBritainandEuropeatthemercyofsealevel.Previously,whentheseasroseandcoveredthefloorofthechannel,thechalkridgewouldstillhavebeenpassable.Butwhenthefirstcatastrophicfloodtorethrough,Britainwascutoffforthefirsttime.(Ofcourse,whensealevelfellenough,theEnglishChannelwouldhavebeendryagainDespiteamajorriverflowingtothesouthwest,animalsandpeoplecouldpassbackandfortheasily.

11Britainmostrecentlybecameanislandabout9000yearsago.And—nowthattheUnited

KingdomhasofficiallyannounceditsintentiontosevertieswiththeEuropeanUnion--itwillbecomeevenmoreofone.

1.Accordingtotheauthorofthisarticle,Britainhasbeenmoreorlessthegeographicislandthatweknowitastodaysince（

）.

2.TheauthortellsusthatPhilipGibbardwasnotinvolvedinthestudybeingreportedonhere.Hemostprobablydoesthisinorderto（

）.

3.EarlierresearchontheoriginoftheChannelScablandsofeasternWashingtonwaspresumablyusefultoAlecSmithinthatit（

）.

4.Somethingseemstobemissingfromthetextofthisarticleasitisprintedhere.Themissingitemis（

）.

5.IsPhilipGribbardoptimisticaboutthelikelihoodthatwewillsoonknowhowlongittookwaterfallstoerodethechalkridgementionedinparagraphs7-10?

6.Thearticleindicatesthat,thankstothenewdataandimages,Guptaandhisfellowresearchershave（

）.

问题1选项

A.450,000yearsago.

B.160,000yearsago.

C.approximately13,000BC.

D.roughly7,000BC.

问题2选项

A.showthatGibbard’sopinionsshouldbeviewedwithcaution

B.lendgreaterweighttoGibbard'sopinionsandinput

C.distinguishGibbard’srolefromthatofSanjeevGupta

D.makeitclearthatmostgeologistsagreewithGuptaandhisteam

问题3选项

A.helpedhimtorecognizethescourmarksontheflooroftheEnglishChannel

B.indicatedthelandscapethatheshouldwatchforaroundtheglaciallakethatcoveredancientBritain

C.showedhowoldthescourmarksmightbe

D.suggestedwhatkindofeventmighthaveproducedthescourmarks

问题4选项

A.achart

B.amap

C.agraph.

D.atableofprehistoricsealeveldata

问题5选项

A.No,becausethemanyshipsandpowerfulcurrentsintheChannelmakeithazardoustodrillthere.

B.No,becausetheplungepoolscarvedoutbytheancientwaterfallsarenowburiedunderverythicklayersofsediment.

C.Yes,becausesubmarineimagesclarifywhicheventscausedhowmucherosionandwhere.

D.Yes,becausesubmarinescannowprovideextremelyvaluableassistanceinthedrillingoperationsthatwillbenecessary

问题6选项

A.provedthatgeologistswererighttodismisssmith'shypothesiswhenitwasproposed32yearsago

B.conclusivelydemonstratedthecorrectnessofsmith'shypothesis

C.shedafavorablenewlightonsmith'shypothesis,butwithsomanynovelfeatures(especiallythemuchgreaterscale)thatitisnowasmuchGupta’sideaassmith’s

D.revivedinterestinSmithshypothesisandmoveditclosertogeneralacceptance

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干问的是:不列颠大约什么时候开始变成我们今天所指的地理岛?第11段首指出:Britainmostrecentlybecameanislandabout9000yearsago(不列颠大约9000年前成为了一个岛屿)。据此推断,答案为D:大约公元前7000年。

2.作者意图题。根据题干定位至第一段:Now,ateamofresearchershasdetailed…study.“I’mquiteenthusiastic.”(一组研究人员详细地证明了这股毁灭的洪流是如何爆发的。英国剑桥大学的地质学家菲利普•吉布德（PhilipGibbard）说：“他们已经设法确定了……山脊是如何被破坏的。”他没有参与目前的研究。但他说:“我很热情。”)。这里的ateamofresearchers指的是下文中的Cupta和他的团队。这里说PhilipGibbard没有参与目前的研究,D但表明了他的观点。据此推断这么做是为了将他们区分开来。

3.推理判断题。第二段指出:1985年,首次提出了巨大的洪水快速雕刻出英吉利海峡的部分地区的观点。地质学家AlecSmith研究英吉利海峡海底大片交织的冲刷痕,这和华盛顿东部由冰川湖的洪水形成的ChanneledScablands地貌很相似，据此推测:英吉利海峡冲刷痕可能是同样的原因（洪水）形成的。

4.细节事实题。第六段括号处(seemapbelow）见下图。可知文章缺失一幅图。

5.细节事实题。Gibbard说：“在这里进行地质研究很危险”。他说，一项成就是获得新的潜艇图像。由此可知对于弄清楚瀑布用多长时间侵蚀着白垩山脊，Gibbard并不乐观，因为海峡里的许多船只和强大的水流使得在那里钻洞是危险的”。

6.推理判断题。第六段:NowGuptaandhiscolleagueshavebroughttheideaofacataclysmicbreakupbackintoseriousconsideration(现在，Gupta和他的同事们对（AlecSmith）灾难性的分裂的想法重新严肃考虑)。接下来说根据数据,研究小组对在英吉利海峡海底的7个水池进行了清晰的描述。由此可知，基于新的数据和图片，Gupta和他的同事们“为Smith的假设提供了一个有利的新线索。故选C:为史密斯的假设提供了一个很好的新线索，但由于有如此多的新特点（尤其是更大的规模），以至于Smith的假设现在成了Gupta的观点。

11.单选题

Thephonehasrun