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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京财经大学考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.写作题

Writeanessayonthegiventopic"OnUniversity".Basedonthefollowingoutline,presentyourargumentwithsupportingdetailsofnolessthan250words.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

1.大学的功能

2.大学是否实现了目标

3.如何改进

【答案】OnUniversity

Itisaclearfactthatourcountryattachesgreatimportancetoeducationandtherearemuchmorestudentswhobecomeuniversityfreshmeneachyear.Althoughtheyhaveenteredintotheiridealsanctum,dotheyreallyknowabouttheuniversity?

Inmyopinion,universityisnotonlyaplaceofacquiringknowledgebutaplaceofgettingintegrateddevelopmentaswell.Auniversitystudentisonthebestphaseofforminghisowncharacteranddevelopinghisall-aroundcapacity.However,teachersintheclassstillkeeptotraditionalteachingmethod,whichhardlycreateakindofenvironmentwherestudentshavechancetoexpresstheirownthoughts.Inaddition,auniversitycanbedescribedasabridgebetweenstudentsandsociety.Ifitdoesn’tlinkthebothsides,ornotenough,oncestudentsstepintosociety,theymaybepuzzledbymanythingsandscarcelyknowhowtodealwiththem.Sohowtoimproveuniversityeducation?Weshouldinnovateuponteachingmethodonthebasisoftraditionalonesoastoletstudentshavemorechancestospeakouttheirownthinking.Wecanalsoholdasmalldiscussingmeetingtodealwiththerealproblemsfromsociety,thereforewhenstudentsgooutofthecampus,theywilladaptthemselvestothesocietyquickly.

Tosumup,nowadaysthemainproblemsexistinginuniversityeducationisthatmoststudentslackofabilitytothinkindependentlyandtodealwithcomplexthingsinoursociety.I’msuretheseproblemswillbesolvedaslongascorrectandeffectivemeasurescanbetaken.

2.单选题

Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines:theBug-EyedMonster,embodyingeverytraitand(1)thatmostpeoplefindrepulsive,isabouttograb,andpresumablyravish,asweet,blonde,curvaceous,scantily-cladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansand(2)aworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.In(3)tothisunwarrantedstereotype,sciencefictionrarelyemphasizessex,andwhenit(4),itismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.(5),thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesinthe(6)betweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefuture,andwhileitwouldbefoolishto(7)thatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistime,the(8)ofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfor(9)otherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswer(0)be,unfortunately,thattherehavebeen(1)attemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofits(12).Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningit,(13)thatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowing(14)shouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowsthe(15)ofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedand(16),itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesa(17)ofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedor(18)inmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniscitherashortstoryoranovel.(19)areonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbe(20)sciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Russum’sUniversalRobots)(21)theonlyonethatiswell-known;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthatsamebasic(22)inmuchthesamewayasprosefiction(23),thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcan(24)aboutprosefiction,ingeneral,appliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,(25)shortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asetting,characters,languageandtheme.And(26)anyprose,thethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwith(27)man’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedand(28)inexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticular(29)ofnarrator,story,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywould(30)foranyotherstoryornovel.

问题1选项

A.expression

B.feature

C.character

D.merit

问题2选项

A.deserts

B.advocates

C.degrades

D.reduces

问题3选项

A.regard

B.contrast

C.relation

D.accordance

问题4选项

A.was

B.is

C.did

D.does

问题5选项

A.Instead

B.However

C.Therefore

D.Also

问题6选项

A.bonds

B.communication

C.relation

D.alliance

问题7选项

A.claim

B.swear

C.request

D.confirm

问题8选项

A.dimensions

B.walks

C.aspects

D.roles

问题9选项

A.none

B.some

C.any

D.no

问题10选项

A.should

B.must

C.will

D.can’t

问题11选项

A.few

B.afew

C.little

D.alittle

问题12选项

A.essence

B.characteristics

C.quality

D.value

问题13选项

A.nor

B.so

C.though

D.since

问题14选项

A.procedure

B.argument

C.instruction

D.definition

问题15选项

A.suggestions

B.applications

C.implications

D.descriptions

问题16选项

A.prolonged

B.expanded

C.continued

D.stretched

问题17选项

A.point

B.dot

C.location

D.spot

问题18选项

A.abandoned

B.dismissed

C.initiated

D.ignored

问题19选项

A.Those

B.What

C.There

D.They

问题20选项

A.referred

B.entitled

C.called

D.declared

问题21选项

A.being

B.is

C.are

D.does

问题22选项

A.intentions

B.functions

C.routines

D.occasions

问题23选项

A.inresult

B.incommon

C.ingeneral

D.inmanner

问题24选项

A.besaying

B.besaid

C.tosay

D.say

问题25选项

A.either

B.neither

C.notonly

D.whether

问题26选项

A.as

B.though

C.unlike

D.like

问题27选项

A.interpreting

B.translating

C.exchanging

D.representing

问题28选项

A.recognized

B.presented

C.depicted

D.expressed

问题29选项

A.conflict

B.cooperation

C.collection

D.combination

问题30选项

A.have

B.do

C.be

D.make

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:D

第10题:B

第11题:A

第12题:B

第13题:A

第14题:D

第15题:C

第16题:B

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:C

第20题:C

第21题:A

第22题:B

第23题:C

第24题:B

第25题:D

第26题:D

第27题:A

第28题:B

第29题:C

第30题:D

【解析】1.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项expression“表现,表达;表情”;B选项feature“特色,特征;容貌;特写”;C选项character“性格,品质;特性;角色”;D选项merit“优点,价值;功绩;功过”。由空格前trait“特点”可知B选项正确。

2.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项desert“遗弃;放弃;逃跑”;B选项advocate“提倡,主张,拥护”;C选项degrade“贬低;使……丢脸;使……降级;使……降解”;D选项reduce“减少;降低”。由空格前关键字demean“贬低……的身份”可知C选项正确。

3.【试题解析】考查固定搭配。incontrastto“与……相反”,由空格后关键句sciencefictionrarelyemphasizessex,中文翻译为:科幻小说很少强调性,可知B选项正确。

4.【试题解析】考查语法。由空格前的句子可知此处为一般现在时,并且这里为主谓结构。根据语境和句意可知D选项正确。

5.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合后文“thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesin...betweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.”,中文大意为:科幻小说的根本兴趣在于人与其技术和人与宇宙之间的……。因此判断出空格处表示相反的意思,A选项正确。

6.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项bonds“联结,连接,联系”;B选项communication“通讯;通信;交流”;C选项relation“关系;叙述;亲属关系”;D选项alliance“联盟,联合;联姻”。联系下文“betweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.”,句意:人与其技术和人与宇宙之间的……根据语境和句意可知C选项正确。

7.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项claim“声称;需要”;B选项swear“发誓;咒骂”;C选项request“请求”;D选项confirm“确认;确定”。由下文“thatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenre”,中文翻译为:科幻小说是一个主要的文学形式,可知A选项正确。

8.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项dimension“范围;尺寸,长度;深度”;B选项walk“步行;行业;人行道”;C选项aspect“方面;方向;形势;外貌”;D选项role“角色;任务”。根据上下文可知C选项正确。

9.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项none“没有人;一个也没有;没有任何东西”;B选项some“一些;若干;其中的一部分;(数量不确切时用)有些人”;C选项any“任何;任何一个;若干”;D选项no“没有;不”。根据上文makeitwellworthreadingandstudying,中文翻译为:让它值得被阅读和研究。for在本句话中翻译为“因为”,结合上下文意思,D选项正确。

10.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合上下文可知该空格处应表示有把握的一种推测。因此B选项正确。

11.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合上下文,空格处应表示“几乎不”,此处大意应为:几乎没有人试图对这个问题作过详尽或认真的考虑。结合句意A选项正确。

12.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项essence“本质,实质;精华”;B选项characteristics“特性,特征;特色”;C选项quality“质量,品质;特性”;D选项value“价值;价格”。B选项正确。

13.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。联系下文“variousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified”,中文翻译为“它全体的各个方面不能被澄清”可知此处表示否定,A选项正确。

14.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项procedure“程序,手续;步骤”;B选项argument“论证;论据;争吵”;C选项instruction“指令;教导;用法说明”;D选项definition“定义;清晰度”。根据句意,D选项正确。

15.【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项suggestion“建议;示意”;B选项application“应用;申请;敷用”;C选项implication“含义;暗示;可能的结果,影响”;D选项description“描述,描写”。联系上下文可知C选项正确。

16.【试题解析】考查词义。A选项prolong“延长;拖延”;B选项expand“扩展;使膨胀;详述”;C选项continue“延续”;D选项stretch“伸展,张开;使竭尽所能”。结合句意,B选项正确。

17.【试题解析】考查固定搭配。apointofdeparture“出发点”。A选项正确。

18.【试题解析】考查词义。A选项abandon“放弃”;B选项dismiss“解散;解雇”;C选项initiate“开始;发起”;D选项ignore“忽视;不理睬”。结合上下文及空格之前的内容,可知D选项正确。

19.【试题解析】考查语法。therebe表示某处存在某人或某物。此处大意为:只有一些戏剧作品……因此C选项正确。

20.【试题解析】考查词义,A选项refer“涉及;委托;归诸于;使……求助于”;B选项entitle“给……称号;使……有权利”;C选项call“称呼;召集;称为”;D选项declare“忽视;不理睬”。结合上下文语义,可知C选项正确。

21.【试题解析】考查语法。With引导伴随状语,后面的系动词be要用现在分词形式,因此A选项正确。

22.【试题解析】考查词义。A选项intention“意图;目的;意向;愈合”;B选项function“功能;职责”;C选项routine“程序;日常工作;例行公事”;D选项occasion“时机;场合”。结合上下文可知B选项正确,意为“为同样的功能服务”。

23.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。此处后文“thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.”中文翻译为:也就是说,它与其他小说和短篇故事有很多相同之处。结合上下文,可知C选项正确。

24.【试题解析】考查语法。此处为被动语态,can为情态动词,后面所接动词用原型。故选B。

25.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。由上下文可知此处应该表示“无论”,因此D选项正确。

26.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。由上下文可知此处应该表示“如同”,故D选项正确。

27.【试题解析】考查词义。下文“man’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.”中文翻译为:人类的本性和人类与自己周围世界相关的经历。A选项interpret“解释;说明;阐明”;B选项translate“翻译;转化”;C选项exchange“交换;交易;兑换”;D选项represent“代表;表现”。根据语境及句意,可知A选项正确。

28.【试题解析】考查词义。A选项recognize“认出,识别;承认”;B选项present“提出;介绍;呈现;赠送”;C选项depict“描述;描画”;D选项express“表达;快递”。联系上下文可知此处表达的为“呈现”,故B选项正确。

29.【试题解析】考查词义。A选项conflict“冲突,矛盾;斗争;争执”;B选项cooperation“合作,协作”;C选项collection“采集,聚集;[税收]征收;收藏品;募捐”;D选项combination“结合;组合;联合”。联系下文“ofnarrator,story,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.”中文翻译为:叙述者、故事、情节、人物、场景和语言的……判断出D选项正确。

30.【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。根据上文可知此处应填写系动词,故C选项正确。

3.单选题

Aroundtwominutesafterlaunch,theboostersoneithersideoftheshuttlewillfallaway,followedshortlyafterwardsbythegiantexternalfueltank______tothespaceship.

问题1选项

A.clasped

B.strapped

C.hindered

D.clustered

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.clasped握紧;扣紧B.strapped用带子系(或捆、扎、扣)好

C.hindered阻碍;妨碍D.clustered群聚;聚集

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词thegiantexternalfueltank(巨大外部燃料箱)和spaceship(飞船),结合常识可知,燃料箱是紧紧固定在飞船上的,故空格处表示“固定”符合句意,B项词义符合该意思,故该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】发射大约两分钟后,航天飞机两侧的助推器将脱落,紧随其后的是固定在飞船上的巨大外部燃料箱。

4.翻译题

It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

【答案】人们常说只有富人在进步,而其他人保持原样或落后。确实很多富人不配给那么多钱——如薪水过高的主管人员。不过任何一段较长的时间后,大部分人的收入会提高。从1995年到2004年,除去通胀因素,家庭平均收入提高了14.3%,达到了43200美元。人们感觉“财政困难”,因为增长的收入常常不能满足越来越高的需求——房子更大、医疗更完善、教育更优质、网络连接更快捷。

5.单选题

TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffectsagoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseenispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath,“It’slikesurgery,’’hesays,“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassertingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.

Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompletelymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”

1.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,wecanlearnthat()_.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

3.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis().

4.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey().

问题1选项

A.doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain

B.itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives

C.theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide

D.patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide

问题2选项

A.Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.

B.Modemmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

C.TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.

D.Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

问题3选项

A.prolongedmedicalprocedures

B.inadequatetreatmentofpain

C.systematicdrugabuse

D.insufficienthospitalcare

问题4选项

A.managetheirpatientsincompetently

B.givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded

C.reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients

D.prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第三段,“Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain”,可知近年来,医生们使用大剂量吗啡来缓解晚期病人的疼痛。A选项中usedto表示过去,时间上与原文不符,选项A可排除。根据文章第二段,“theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffect,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects”,可知最高法院实际上支持“双重效果”的医学原则,这是一个有着几百年历史的道德原则,它认为一个行为有两种效果,可判断出“最高法院强烈反对医生协助自杀”是不正确的,选项C可排除。根据文章第二段,文章提及宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利,并未提及病人没有宪法赋予的自杀权利。选项D可排除。根据文章第二段,“Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide”,可知没有宪法赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利,可判断出医生协助垂死的人自杀仍然是非法的,选项B符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第二段,“Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide”,可知没有宪法赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利,并没有提及他们使病人受到了死亡的威胁将被判有罪。选项A可排除。根据文章第六段,“modemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.”,可知现代医学延长了死亡的身体痛苦,可推断出现代医学并不能帮助绝症患者无痛康复。选项B可排除。根据文章第五段,“aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath”,可知只要医生开药方是出于合法的医疗目的,即使是为了加速病人的死亡,医生也没有做任何违法的事情。可推断出医生的用药以他的意图为依据。选项D可排除。根据排除法,选项C符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第七段,“Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.”,可知对疼痛治疗不足和无效强制性医疗程序是临终护理的两个问题。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段,“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompletelymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”,可知许多医生似乎并不关心他们的病人所遭受的不必要的、可预见的痛苦,这些痛苦都是由于管理不善造成的,应该要吊销执照。可判断出GeorgeAnnas认为延长病人不必要的痛苦的医生应受到惩罚。选项D符合题意。

6.单选题

Thesupplyofelectricpowertothecityanditsneighboringdistrictshashadtobe______.

问题1选项

A.weakened

B.minimized

C.restricted

D.slowed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项weaken“减少,使变弱”,B项minimize“使减到最少,小看”,C项restrict“限制,约束”,D项slow“变慢,阻碍”。根据关键词Thesupplyofelectricpower“电力供应”可知,空格部分表示“限制”更符合语境。句意:这个城市及其邻近地区的电力供应不得不受到限制。因此,该题选择C项正确。

7.单选题

Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.

Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.

Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

1.Theword“liability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

问题1选项

A.misfortune

B.instability

C.disadvantage

D.burden

问题2选项

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequired

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomen

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly

问题3选项

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomen

B.affectsmenandwomenalike

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen

问题4选项

A.practical

B.prejudiced

C.old-fashioned

D.radical

问题5选项

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractive

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractive

C.demandequalrightsforwomen

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearance

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Theword“liability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

1.单词“liability”(第1段第5行)最有可能是“______”的意思。

A.misfortuneA.不幸

B.instabilityB.不稳定

C.disadvantageC.缺点

D.burdenD.负担

【考查点】词汇推断题

【解题思路】第一步:句中前后信息衔接,第一段“文章开头讲了许多漂亮在工作,生活中的优点,但最后发生了转折:Butintheexecutive(主管的)circle,beautycanbecomealiability.“在管理圈内,漂亮有可能变为不利”,前面的内容是说美能够带来的好处,比如让咨询师给出更好的建议,让法官轻判,后面单词与前面形成转折,所以可以排除A、B选项。第二步,上下文语义衔接,下文第三段中有提到“他们的成功不是归功于能力,而是运气等因素(nottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.)”,就是因为美丽所以导致人们带有色眼镜看自己,这使自己无形之中形成了缺点,所以答案选C选项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“不幸”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有;

B选项“不稳定”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有;

D选项“负担”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有。

2.【选项释义】

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.2.在传统的女性工作中,吸引力______。

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredA.巩固了带有女性特征的品质

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapableB.让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomenC.对妇女至关重要

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquicklyD.常使妇女迅速成功

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】第一步,精准定位,定位到文章第六段第二句:“有魅力的女性在传统的属于女性的工作中具有优势,但是一个漂亮的女人在传统的男性工作中似乎缺乏所需的‘男性’素质”;第二步,综合理解,这里可知D选项“常使妇女迅速成功”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“巩固了带有女性特征的品质”,文章没有提及,属于无中生有;

B选项“让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力”,定位到第五段第一句“让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力”,所有不漂亮的女性高管都被认为比漂亮的女性高管更正直,更有能力,所以B选项错误,这里属于反向干扰;

C选项“对妇女至关重要”,文章没有提及吸引力对女性很重要,反而暗含着漂亮对女性是个阻碍,C选项属于无中生有。

3.【选项释义】

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

3.鲍曼的实验表明,当涉及到政治时,吸引力______。

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomenA.对男人来说是阻碍

B.affectsmenandwomenalikeB.对男人和女人都有同样的影响

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomenC.对男人和女人的影响一样小

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomenD.对女性来说,更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】第一步,寻找精准定位,定位到最后一段第一句“结果显示,有魅力的男性完全击败(utterlydefeated)了没有魅力的男性,但被评为最有魅力的女性得到的选票总是最少的(thefewestvotes)”,第二步,综合理解,从这句可知魅力对男性有积极影响,对女性有消极影响,所以答案选D选项“对女性来说,更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“对男人来说是阻碍”,见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰;

B选项“对男人和女人都有同样的影响”见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰;

C选项“对男人和女人的影响一样小”见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰。

4.【选项释义】

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

4.从文章中可以推断出,人们对美的看法通常是______。

A.practical

A.实用的

B.prejudicedB.偏见的

C.old-fashionedC.老套的

D.radicalD.激进的

【考查点】观点态度题

【解题思路】第一步,精准定位,定位到第五段第二句话“然而,有趣的是,相比于漂亮的女人,长相平平的女人一夜之间获得成功更多地归功于人际关系,而不是能力”和第六段第一句“为什么人们认为漂亮的女人没有能力(notbeable)?”第二步,概括理解,从这句可知在大众眼里漂亮的女人更可能是个花瓶,她们的成功是靠自己的外貌,但其实事实恰恰相反,所以答案选B选项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“实用的”,见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰;

C选项“老套的”,见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰;

D选项“激进的”,见正确选项解析,这里属于反向干扰。

5.【选项释义】

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

5.作者写这篇文章是为了______。

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractiveA.讨论有吸引力的负面因素

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractiveB.给有吸引力的求职者建议

C.demandequalrightsforwomenC.要求妇女享有平等权利

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearanceD.强调外观的重要性

【考查点】主旨大意题

【解题思路】梳理各段核心句

第一段:最后一句“但在行政圈子里,美貌可能成为一种负担(liability)。”,这句是转折句,引出下文;

第二、三、四段:只有一句话,都是讲在行政圈里,魅力对男性的好处,对女性的坏处;

第五段:第一句“所有不漂亮的女性高管都被认为比漂亮的女性高管更正直,更有能力。”,这段讲有魅力的女性所受到的歧视;

第六段:第一句,“为什么人们认为漂亮的女人没有能力?”,这段解释了为什么人们会认为漂亮的女人没有能力;

第七段:第一句,“即使在政治领域也是如此”,这段讲述了一个关于男女性魅力的实验;

第八段:只有一句话,讲述的是实验结果,实验结果进一步印证了魅力对男性的好处,对女性的坏处。

综上所述,作者写文章的主要目的是A选项“讨论有吸引力的负面因素”。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“给有吸引力的求职者建议”,文章没有给出建议,这里属于无中生有;

C选项“要求妇女享有平等权利”,文章没有提到平等,这里属于无中生有;

D选项“强调外观的重要性”,文章第一段有提到外观的重要,但不是文章的重点,这里属于以偏概全。

8.单选题

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,educationandmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

1.FromtheprinciplesoftheU.S.jurysystem,welearnthat________.

2.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed________.

3.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,________.

4.IndiscussingtheU.S.jurysystem,thetextcenterson________.

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