考研考博-英语-四川三河职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川三河职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople’sParkthatworeoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofwhatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.

Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeople’sliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considertheinformationthattelevisionbringsintoyourhomeeveryday.Consideralsothecontactyouhavewithotherssimplybyusingtelephone.Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.TelevisioncoverageoftheIraqiWaralsodevelopedanimmediacy.CNNreportedeventsastheyhappened.Thiscoveragewasdistributedworldwide.Althoughmostpeoplewerefarawayfromtheseevents,theydevelopedsomeperceptionoftheserealities.

In1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.Thiseventswastriggeredbytheverdict（裁定）intheRodneyKingbeating.32.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthe—jurywasabletoacquit（宣布无罪）thepolicemeninvolved.Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asisseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,“Canweallgetalong?”BySaturday,televisionseemedtoprovidepositivefeedbackastheLosAngelesriotturnedoutintoarallyforpeace.Thetelevisionshowedthousandsofpeoplemarchingwithbannersandcleaningtools.Becauseofthat,manymorepeopleturnedouttojointhepeacefuleventtheysawunfoldingontelevision.Therealhealing,ofcourse,willtakemuchlonger,butelectronicmediawillcontinuetobeapartofthatprocess.

1.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytobefrom?

2.The1989SanFranciscoearthquakewasmentionedtoshow（）.

3.Theterm"electroniccity"，（para.2）refersto（）.

4.The1992LosAngelesriotsbrokeoutbecause（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.TextbookofMedia

B.Thesis

C.NewspaperorMagazine

D.Speech

问题2选项

A.howdamagingtheearthquakewas

B.howpeoplecarriedoutrescuework

C.theelectronicmediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact

D.theviewers’impressionoftotaldisaster

问题3选项

A.LosAngeles

B.SanFrancisco

C.Berkeley

D.Earth

问题4选项

A.thejuryacquittedthepolicemenwhohadbeatenRodneyKing

B.peoplecanmaketheirownjudgments

C.videocoveragefromhelicoptershadmadepeopleangry

D.videocoveragehadprovidedpowerfulfeedback

问题5选项

A.mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccurcanhaveeithergoodorbadresults.

B.mostpeoplewhohadseenthevideooftheRodneyKingbeatingagreewiththeverdictofjury.

C.the1992LosAngelesriotslastedawholeweek.

D.RodneyKingseemedveryangrywhenheappearedontelevisiononFriday.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。本文通俗易懂，列举了大量实例让公众能更好地理解，具有很强的煽动性，说明了媒体报道既有好的一面也可能带来坏的影响，全面公正，符合演讲的风格。A项“媒体的教科书”和B项“理论”涉及到大量的理论支撑，本文并没有太多理论，相反举了大量例子。故AB项排除。C项“报纸或杂志”需要很强的画面感，语言应该言简意赅，与本文语言风格不符。故D项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.这些媒体可以扩展你的意识和你的接触层面。例如，1989年旧金山地震的视频报道聚焦于“现场行动”，比如火灾或救援行动。这给观众一种灾难的印象。可知1989年旧金山地震的视频报道是对thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact的举例论证，故可推知该例子是为了表明这些媒体可以拓展你的意识和接触层面。C项是对“thesemedia…”的同义转述，故C项正确。

3.词义题。由第二段“Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.由or可知electroniccity与“globalvillage”地球村同义，再联系上下文可知，电子媒体将我们联系在一起，electroniccity本义为电子城，在文中指电子媒体将地球上的人们联系起来。故D项正确。

4.推理判断题。由第三段1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.ThiseventswastriggeredbytheverdictintheRodneyKingbeating.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgments,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthe—jurywasabletoacquit（宣布无罪）thepolicemeninvolved.1992年的一个令人悲伤的周三晚上，洛杉矶爆发了骚乱，许多人惊恐地目睹了这一切，似乎直升机上的视频报道助长了骚乱。这一事件是由罗德尼•金殴打案的判决引发的。我们处于一个公众都能获得信息并且能作出判断的时代，大多数人到这个殴打视频后都不能理解陪审团为什么会宣布殴打无辜者的警察无罪。可知1992洛杉矶爆发骚乱的原因在于陪审团宣布殴打King的警察无罪。故A项正确。

5.推理判断题。由第三段"Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asisseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.媒体对事件发生时的报道也提供了影响事件的有力反馈。这可能会产生有害的结果，就像洛杉矶周三晚上发生的那样。可知媒体对事件的报道会产生有害影响。而第二段提到了电子媒体对人们的生活的积极影响。故综合全篇来看，媒体对事件的报道既可以带来积极影响也可能带来有害的影响。故A项正确。B项“大多数看过罗德尼•金殴打视频的人都同意陪审团的裁决。”与原文内容相反。C项“1992洛杉矶暴乱持续了一整个星期”，文中提到该暴乱开始与周三的晚上，于周六演变成和平集会，所以并不是持续了一整周。故C项不正确。D项与原文“ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,“Canweallgetalong?到周五晚上，公众看到罗德尼•金在电视上恳求道:“我们能和睦相处吗？”不符，从原文可看出RodneyKing并不是很生气。故D项错误。

2.单选题

Theoldcoupledecidedto（）aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreeoftheirown.

问题1选项

A.adapt

B.bring

C.receive

D.adopt

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。adapt“适应”；bring“带来”；receive“接受”；adopt“采取，收养”。句意：这对老夫妻决定收养一个男孩和一个女孩，尽管他们自己已经有三个小孩了。D项符合题意。

3.翻译题

A:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.(10*1=10)

中国近年流行一个笑话，说的是一个中国老妇和一个美国老妇在天堂里相遇了，中国老妇说：“我到临死前终于攒够钱买一套房子了。”美国老妇则说：“我临死前才终于把房子贷款还清了。”这则笑话基于美国人喜欢挥霍而中国人习惯节俭的成见，也在一定程度上解释了失衡的世界经济如何失去方向。这次危机在两个方面区别于过去的经济动荡，同时也解释了它持久不愈的原因。第一个是信贷悖论：它在带来活力的同时也破坏稳定，全球金融的扩张及其支配地位为更快的资本积累和物质丰富打开大门，但与此同时也播下危机的种子，在美国，宽松的货币政策和神秘的金融操纵让消费者能够轻易享受到更大的房子、更好的汽车和更长的假期，即便他们根本没有储蓄。

【答案】ThereisapopularjokeinChinainrecentyears.ThereisaChineseoldwomanwhomeetsanAmericanoldwomaninheaven.TheChineseoldwomansays,IfinallysavedenoughmoneytobuyahousebeforeIdied.TheAmericanoldwomansaid,IfinallypaidoffmyhousebeforeIdied.Thisjoke,basedonthestereotypethatAmericansarespendthriftwhileChinesearethrifty,goessomewaytoexplaininghowthelopsidedworldeconomyhaslostitsway.Thiscrisisisintwowaysdifferentfrompasteconomicshocks,andwhyithaspersisted.Thefirstoneiscreditparadox:itinavitalityalsodestabilizing,theexpansionoftheglobalfinancialanditsdominantpositionforafastercapitalaccumulationandrichmaterialopenthedoor,butatthesametimealsosowtheseedsofthecrisis,intheUnitedStates,theloosemonetarypolicyandthemysteriousfinancialmanipulationmakeconsumerscaneasilyenjoythebiggerhousesandbettercarsandlongerholidays,eveniftheydon’thavesavings.

4.单选题

Althoughitwashisfirstexperienceaschairman,he（）overthemeetingwithgreatskill.

问题1选项

A.presided

B.administered

C.mastered

D.executed

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项presided“主持”；B选项administered“管理”；C选项mastered“支配”；D选项executed“实行”。句意：虽然这是他第一次当主席，但他还是娴熟地主持了这次会议。本句表示主持会议，只有presided才能与over搭配。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things”—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwaysoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,ismusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonograph(留声机)wasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,tooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsong.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation(乐谱)hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureaswhole.

Onemoreimportantpartformusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe“informationrevolution,”atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodernnations,theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Researchintothematerialcultureofanationisofgreatimportancebecause（）.

2.Itcanbelearnedfromthispassagethat（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,musicnotationisimportantbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheintroductionofelectronicmediaintotheworldofmusic（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.ithelpsproducenewculturaltoolsandtechnologyt

B.itcanreflectthedevelopmentofthenationt

C.ithelpsunderstandthenation’spastandpresentt

D.itcandemonstratethenation’scivilizationt

问题2选项

A.theexistenceofthesymphonywasattributedtothespreadofNearEasternandChinesemusic.t

B.NearEasternmusichadaninfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestrat

C.thedevelopmentofthesymphonyshowsthemutualinfluenceofEasternandWesternmusict

D.themusicalinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraweredevelopedonthebasisofNearEasternmusict

问题3选项

A.ithasagreateffectonthemusic-cultureasmoreandmorepeopleareabletoreaditt

B.ittendstostandardizefolksongswhenitisusedbyfolkmusicianst

C.itistheprintedversionofstandardizedfolkmusict

D.itencouragespeopletopopularizeprintedversionsofsongst

问题4选项

A.hasbroughtaboutaninformationrevolutiont

B.hasspeededupthearrivalofanewgenerationofcomputest

C.hasgivenrisetonewformsofmusicculturet

D.hasledtothetransformationoftraditionalmusicalinstrumentst

问题5选项

A.Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerorlaterbereplacedbycomputers.t

B.Musiccannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.t

C.Folksongscannotbespreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheets.t

D.Thedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentonitsmaterialaspect.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。题干意思是“研究一个国家的物质文化是非常重要的，因为……”。本文主要讲述的是通过音乐物质文化来探究音乐文化的发展；结合第一段第五句提到werelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.（我们依靠乐器来获取有关远古音乐文化及其发展的重要信息），可推断，通过研究一个国家物质文化可以探究这个国家的发展，即它的过去和现在，故C项“它有助于了解这个国家的过去和现在”正确。A项“它有助于产生新的文化工具和技术”和D项“它可以展示这个民族的文明”与文章无关；B项“它能反映国家的发展”太过于笼统。故该题选择C项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“从这篇文章中可以了解到……”。第一段最后一句话提到wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.（我们可以追溯一千多年前近东音乐传入中国的历史，也可以勾勒出近东音乐的影响波及欧洲并导致交响乐的大部分乐器发展的大致轮廓），由此可知近东音乐对交响乐团乐器的发展产生了影响，故B项“近东音乐对交响乐团乐器的发展产生了影响”正确。A项“交响乐的存在是由于近东和中国音乐的传播”和C项“交响乐的发展是东西方音乐相互影响的结果”表述与原文不符；D项“交响乐团的乐器是在近东音乐的基础上发展起来的”，文章讲述的是交响乐团的乐器是在近东音乐的影响波及欧洲之后发展的，并不代表就是在近东音乐的基础上发展起来，也有可能有欧洲的影响。D项不正确。故该题选择B项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“根据作者，音乐记谱法之所以重要是因为……”。根据第二段最后一句Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation(乐谱)hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureaswhole.（此外，阅读乐谱的能力对音乐家有着深远的影响，当它变得普遍时，也会对整个音乐文化产生深远的影响）可知，音乐记谱法之所以重要是因为当人们能够读懂它的时候，它会对整个音乐文化产生深远的影响，故A项“当越来越多的人能够读懂它，它对音乐文化有很大的影响”正确。B项“当它被民间音乐家使用时，它倾向于使民歌标准化”，第二段第二句提到butresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong（但研究表明，在过去的几个世纪里，在欧洲、英国和美国，口述和书面来源相互影响，印刷版本限制了多样性，因为它们倾向于将任何歌曲标准化）可知，是印刷版倾向于将任何歌曲标准化，B项错误；C项“它是标准化的民间音乐的印刷版本”和D项“它鼓励人们普及歌曲的印刷版本”没有提到。故该题选择A项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以得出结论，电子媒体进入音乐世界……”。最后一段提到Onemoreimportantpartformusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.（音乐物质文化的一个更重要的部分应该被挑出来：电子媒体的影响——收音机、录音机、磁带录音机、电视和录像带，以及未来有希望的会说话和唱歌的电脑和其他发展），结合文章内容可知，电子媒体被引入到音乐文化中，它是音乐的载体，那么可以推断电子媒体的多元化意味着更多的音乐形式，故C项“已经产生了新的音乐文化形式”符合题意。A项“已经带来了一场信息革命”，文章只提到电子媒体是信息革命的一部分，没有提到是电子媒体带来了信息革命，偷换概念；B项“加快了新一代计算机的到来”表述不符合原文；D项“导致了传统乐器的转变”文中没有提到。故该题选择C项正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“下面哪一个最好地总结了文章的主要思想？”。本文主要讲述的是音乐物质文化展现的音乐发展历程，即乐器作为物质对音乐的发展；而且文章第一段也讲到Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwaysoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,ismusicalinstrument.（研究一种文化的工具和技术可以告诉我们这个群体的历史和生活方式；同样，研究音乐的物质文化可以帮助我们理解音乐文化；当然，其中最生动的“物”是乐器），所以文章的主要思想是音乐文化的发展依赖于它的物质方面，D项“音乐文化的发展高度依赖于其物质方面”符合题意。A项“多年来发展起来的乐器迟早会被电脑取代”，文章没有这样的表述；B项“音乐不能传给未来的一代，除非它被记录下来”和C项“民歌不能传播很远，除非它们被打印在乐谱上”都是部分提及，太片面。故该题选择D项正确。

6.单选题

Duringthelecture,thespeakeroccasionally______hispointbyrelatinghisownexperiences.

问题1选项

A.illustrated

B.hinted

C.tied

D.displayed

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.illustrated说明，阐明B.hinted暗示；透露

C.tied（用线、绳等）系，拴D.displayed陈列；展出

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词thespeaker（演讲者）和hispoint（他的观点）可推知，空格处表示“阐明观点”，illustrate指用例子、故事或图表阐明，符合句意，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】在讲座中，演讲者偶尔会通过讲述自己的经历来阐述他的观点。

7.单选题

Duringthe19thcenturyfurtheradvancesweremade,notablyBessemer’sprocessfor（）ironintosteel,whichmadethematerialmorecommerciallyviable.

问题1选项

A.altering

B.varying

C.converting

D.transforming

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项altering“变更”；B选项varying“相异，（根据情况）变化”；C选项converting“使改变，皈依”；D选项transforming“转化，发生巨变，发生巨大变化”。句意：在19世纪取得了进一步的进展，特别是将铁_____为钢的贝西麦工艺，使这种材料更具有商业可行性。这里表达的意思是“将铁转化为钢”，因此D选项符合题意。

8.单选题

48.Whenaliquidorgasisheatedfrombelow,thefluidtends（

）intocylindricalrolls.

问题1选项

A.itsorganization

B.toorganizeitself

C.andisorganized

D.organizing

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配题。固定搭配tendtodosth.表示“倾向于做…”，B选项正确。

9.单选题

Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

问题1选项

A.pursuing

B.chasing

C.reaching

D.winning

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项pursuing“继续；从事；追赶（在一段时间内做某事或试图达到某事）；纠缠”；B选项chasing“追逐（为了抓住某人或者某物而追赶某人或者某物）；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂”；C选项reaching“到达；伸出”；D选项winning“获胜；赢得；（通过努力）获得”。句意：世界各地的几十个科学小组一直在___一种实用而经济的方法来利用阳光来分解水分子。本句表达“科学小组一直从事于一种实用而经济的方法”，因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

A______judgeweighsalltheevidenceandexcludesallpersonalfeelings.

问题1选项

A.scrupulous

B.restless

C.sarcastic

D.resourceful

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项scrupulous“细心的；小心谨慎的；一丝不苟的；严格认真的”；B选项restless“焦躁不安的；不安宁的；得不到满足的”；C选项sarcastic“挖苦的；尖刻的，辛辣的”；D选项resourceful“足智多谋的；机智的”。句意：一位_____法官会权衡所有的证据，排除所有的个人感情。一丝不苟，严格认真符合法官形象，权衡证据以及排除个人感情说明一丝不苟，不能体现机智，所以A选项正确。

11.单选题

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

1.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto（

）.

2.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax（

）.

3.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat（

）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

问题1选项

A.regulatedigitalservicesplatforms

B.protectFrenchcompanies'interests

C.imposealevyontechmultinationals

D.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising

问题2选项

A.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance

B.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad

C.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions

D.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance

问题3选项

A.redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured

B.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading

C.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented

D.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights

问题4选项

A.isbeingresistedbyUScompanies

B.needstobereadjustedimmediately

C.isfacedwithuncertainprospects

D.needstoininvolvemorecountries

问题5选项

A.FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

B.FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

C.FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

D.FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话adigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservices...选项C中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现；“techmultinationals”和“digitalservices”同义复现。因此C为正确答案，其余选项均未体现。

2.推断题。根据题干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话：这已经引起了巨大的反抗，反过来也会导致针对法国的贸易制裁，和选项A相一致，其中选项中的“trigger”和原文的“leadto”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其余选项均未体现。

3.细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句话：他们都认为国际税收体系并未跟上当前经济形势。选项B“目前的国际税收体系需要升级”是该句话的反义复现。其余选项均为体现。

4.细节题。根据题干定位到第五段最后一句话：对于国际税收体系的未来充满疑虑和选项C相一致。其中选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raisequestions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的“future”同义复现。

5.主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B选项里的tax是贯穿全文的主旨词；而文章以法国对数字服务征税为起点，全文描写了包括法国在内的其他国家对全球税收系统的担忧，因此选项B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余选项均未能体现文章关键词和全文主旨。

12.单选题

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParagraphI?

3.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparalleltothatof（

）.

问题1选项

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress.

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

问题2选项

A.Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

问题3选项

A.althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotdisturbed

B.datafromexperimentsindicatethatovercrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathology

C.thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowding

D.Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeople

问题4选项

A.Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.

B.Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.

C.Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.

D.Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.

问题5选项

A.cruel,powerfulpeople

B.peoplewhoabandonedtheirchildren

C.hyperactivepeople

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词stabilizedtheratpopulation定位至第一段:...stabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers(抛弃幼崽，让其失去母亲的照顾，以此来稳定种群数量)，因此B项正确。

2.推断题。第一段：Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.卡尔霍恩能得出结论：过度拥挤导致鼠群中正常的社会关系断裂，这是一种社会疾病。因此B与C都是正确的。B:种群数量过多导致鼠群出现病态行为。C:在过度拥挤的情况下，鼠群就会出现压力。第一段：...experimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologists,JohnCalhoun.：心理学家约翰•卡尔霍恩用老鼠作实验，研究老鼠种群数量过剩对整个群体的影响,因此推断D:卡尔霍恩曾经用老鼠作实验，正确。故选择A:卡尔霍恩的实验仍旧重要，无从推断。

3.主旨题。B项:实验数据表明过度拥挤是导致社会疾病的一个重要原因,符合文章主旨。

4.细节题。第三段：Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.处于统治地位的雄性老鼠几乎不会受到种群数量过多的影响。因为每一只强壮的雄性老鼠都霸占了属于它自己的封闭空间。...thedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace：统治地位的雄性老鼠有足够的生活空间。故A:统治地位的雄性老鼠有合适的生活空间，正确。第三段：...theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.这些个体不曾尝到其他个体所经历的过度拥挤。故B:统治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻体会到其他老鼠所尝到的过度拥挤的滋味，正确第三段：Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonwe