考研考博-英语-大同煤炭职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大同煤炭职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoobtainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.

Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodemworld,orindependentlyofanycourse,simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.

Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometoconsistofmoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tobalancethisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatinghimandher.Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.

Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asmanyotherscientistsdo,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“scientificsubculture”means（

）.

2.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

（

）.

3.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

（

）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Thetextmostprobablyis（

）.

问题1选项

A.culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.

B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited

C.thescientificcommunity

D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience

问题2选项

A.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists

B.scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife

C.scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture

D.itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience

问题3选项

A.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience

B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets

C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts

D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience

问题4选项

A.Englishisasexistlanguage.

B.Onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

C.Womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

D.Malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.

问题5选项

A.abookreview

B.theprefaceofabook

C.thepostscriptofabook

D.theconcludingpartofabook

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.（他们还应该了解科学家生活的亚文化群体以及他们是什么样的人）和第三段中的Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.（我们试图在这本书中给出一个准确的、最新的描述科学界及生活在科学界的人）可推测“scientificsubculture（科学亚文化群体）”指的是由科学家组成的文化群体，因此选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.（因为它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一个方面，受过教育的人至少需要了解它的结构和运作）可知B选项“科学几乎影响我们生活的方方面面”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial（这本书是为聪明的学生或非专业人士而写的，他们的科学知识是肤浅的）可知A选项“聪明的大学生和不懂科学的门外汉”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.（随着越来越多的女性进入传统的男性主导的领域并作出重大贡献，女性在科学亚文化中的作用日益增强，这不是一个独特的事件，而是社会各方面明显的趋势的一部分。然而，在讨论这些变化和贡献时，我们面临着一种有点性别歧视的语言，一种使用男性名词或代词来指代未指明的个人）可知D选项“男性名词或代词不应用于指科学家”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。文章首段提出科学是我们文化的重大主题；第二段指出本书的读者对象；第三段指出科学界存在的语言性别歧视；最后一段指出本书有娱乐性和知识性。因此可以推测这篇文章是一本书的序言，选B。

2.单选题

TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreater（）ofthemeritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.

问题1选项

A.identity

B.apprehension

C.awareness

D.consciousness

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项identity“身份；特性”；B选项apprehension“忧虑；恐惧”；C选项awareness“意识；认识”；D选项consciousness“知觉；感觉”。句意：联合国已经宣布2008年为国际土豆年，并希望更多人……土豆的优点，从而促进千年发展目标的达成。为了促成千年发展目标的达成，一定要让更多人意识到土豆的优点。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Shesaidthatthetreatmentshehadreceivedinthehospitalhascompletely（

）herasherdignity.

问题1选项

A.thrived

B.suspended

C.deprived

D.contrived

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。thrive“繁荣”；suspend“延缓，推迟”；deprive“使丧失，剥夺”；contrive“设计，发明”。句意：她说在医院接受的治疗完全剥夺了她的尊严。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and–sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter–theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof"SmilingVictorians"makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular"pearlywhites"wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter（

）.

2.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

3.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

4.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

问题1选项

A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians

B.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies

C.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage

D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

问题2选项

A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

问题3选项

A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

问题4选项

A.adeep-rootbelief

B.amisguidedattitude

C.acontroversialview

D.athought-provokingidea

问题5选项

A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs.

B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs.

C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod.

D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

5.单选题

Inthe1930s,whenmillionsofcomicbookswere______theyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.

问题1选项

A.inundating

B.imitating

C.immolating

D.insulating

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inundating“泛滥；使充满”；B选项imitating“模仿”；C选项immolating“献祭；牺牲”；D选项insulating“隔离”。句意：在20世纪30年代，数以百万计的漫画书______年轻人的战斗和杀戮，似乎没有人注意到，街道上的汽车暴力比这更歇斯底里。根据语境，这里是漫画书里有很多年轻人的暴力因素，所以inundating“泛滥；使充满”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

___foryourhelp,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthedissertation.

问题1选项

A.Haditbeennot

B.Hadnotitbeen

C.Hadnotbeenit

D.Haditnotbeen

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。当主句：主语+should/would/could/might+havedone，从句：If主语+had+done，表示和过去事实相反的情况，其中if可以省略。虚拟语气if省略时，句中的动词were、had或should和主语倒装，构成部分倒装：只需要将谓语中的助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

Everytimeanoldbuildingistomdowninthiscountry,andanewbuildinggoesup,thegroundfloorbecomesabank.

Thereasonforthisisthatbanksaretheonlyoneswhocanaffordtherentforthegroundfloorofthenewbuildingsgoingup.Besides,whenbankloanssomeonemoneytobuildanewbuilding,itusuallytakesanoptionforthestreet-floorfacilities.

Mostpeopledon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwiththisandtheyacceptitaspartoftheAmericanfree-enterprisesystem.ButthereisasmallgroupofpeopleinthiscountrywhoarefightingforBankBirthControl.

ThisishowHuddlestoneHubbard,theBBC’schairman,explainedit.

“Wheneveryouseeanoldbuildingtomdown，”Hubbardsaid,“youusuallyseeacandystore,adrycleaner,adelicatessen,andpossiblyafloristtomdownwithit.Theseshopsareallreplacedinthenewbuildingswithabeautifulglass,aluminum,wall-towall-carpetedmoneyfactor.”

“Nowfromanaestheticviewpoint,abanklooksbetterthanafrycleaner,acandystore,adelicatessenandaflorist.Butfromapracticalpointofview,it’sasheerdisaster.Ifyouwantanewspaper,acandybarorachocolatemilkshake,youcan’tgetitabank.NorcanyourunouttoabankforapoundofSwisscheeseandasix-packofbeerwhenhaveguestscomingover.

“Abankisgreatifyouwanttobuyacar,butit’suselessifyouwanttohaveyourdresscleaned.”

“Andwhileabankmightbuyflowerstogiveitselfahumanimage,itdoesn’tsellanywhenyouwanttomakeupwithyourwife.”

“Whatyou’resayingthen,Mr.Hubbard,isthateverytimeabankgoesup,somethinginallofusdies.”

“Exactly.Oneofthereasonskidsaregettinginsomuchtroublethesedaysisthattherearecandystorestohangaroundanymore.Whenteardownadelicatessen,thetangysmellofpotatosalad,cornedbeefanddillpicklesarelostforever.Unlessyou’retryingtomakealoan,nooneeversalivatesinabank.”

“Itistrue,”Isaid.

“Thesituationismorecrucialthananyonethinks,”Hubbardsaid,“attheratethey’retearingdownconsumerstoresandreplacingthemwithbanks,weestimatethatintenyearsitwillbeimpossibletobuyaloafofbreadinthecountry.Whatgoodisittoget7percentonyourmoneyifyoustarvetodeath?”

“Thenwhatyou’resayingisthatitisn’taquestionofnottakingitwithyou.It’squestionofstayingalivewhileyouhaveit，”Isaid.

“Somethinglikethat，”Hubbardagreed.“We’retryingtogetthepublictowakeuptoafactthatit’sbettertohaveastorethatsellsscrewdriversthanabankthatgivesawayalarmclocks.”

“What’sthesolution?”

“Agovernmentdecreethatabankhastosupplythesameservicesofthestoresittoredownonthesameproperty.Ifit’sabakery,theyhavetosellcake,ifit’saphotographyshop,theyhavetodevelopfilms,andifit’sadry-goodsstore,theyhavetosellwarmunderwear.Iftheyprovidetheservicesofthestorestheytoredown,thenwe’llletthemdoalittlemoneylendingontheside.”

1.Thecentralthemeoftheessayis（）

2.Thisessayiswritteninatoneof（）.

3.Theauthortalksaboutthe“BankBirthControl”groupbecause（）.

4.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardsmallneighborhoodstoresisthatthey（）.

5.Theauthormakeshispointbyusing（）.

问题1选项

A.Practicallyeverynewcommercialbuildingerectedtodayisownedbyabank.

B.Banksareattemptingtodrivesmallmerchantsoutofservice.

C.Newbanksarenotassetstoaneighborhoodinspiteoftheirattractiveappearance.

D.Byoccupyinggroundfloorspaceinnewbuildings,banksarereplacingneighborhoodshoppingconveniences.

问题2选项

A.humorousexaggeration

B.humorousunderstatement

C.seriousanger

D.seriousfearofthefuture

问题3选项

A.itisthenameofarealgroup

B.hehopestobecomeitspresident

C.heisbeinghumoroustomakehispoint

D.heisinfavorofallkindsofbirthcontrol

问题4选项

A.aredirty

B.areconvenientandcolorful

C.shouldbereplacedbybanks

D.shouldbecomesupermarkets

问题5选项

A.satire

B.drama

C.romance

D.poetry

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:文章第一段是本文的中心段落，当旧的建筑物被拆除，新的建筑物新建后，一楼都变成了银行，很多商店比如糖果店、干洗店、熟食店、花店等都被新建筑取代了。选项D符合题意。

第2题:文章主要提到了HuddlestoneHubbard的观点，多处以幽默的方式陈述自己的观点，但是并没有夸张的成分，所以选项B符合题意。

第3题:文章第三段ButthereisasmallgroupofpeopleinthiscountrywhoarefightingforBankBirthControl提到但仍有一小部分人为了控制银行的产生而奋斗。这里作者用group来形容这一群人，实际上是以一种幽默的方式来表明这一部分人的人数之少。选项C符合题意。

第4题:文章从第8段到第10段主要讲述其他商店能够给人们带来的便利而银行不可以。作者在第11段给了自己的观点:“It’strue”。说明作者认同上一段的观点，即小社区商店方便又丰富多彩。选项B符合题意。

第5题:作者采用幽默讽刺的手法表达自己的观点。比如第12段提到attheratethey’retearingdownconsumerstoresandreplacingthemwithbanks,weestimatethatintenyearsitwillbeimpossibletobuyaloafofbreadinthecountry“以他们现在拆商店然后用银行代替的速度来看，估计十年后在这个国家很难找到一片面包”。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

Theyaccepttheimperativeofnewtechnology,butwanttointroduceitinwaysthatprotectasmuchoftheirexistingbusinessaspossible.

问题1选项

A.necessity

B.inevitablecoming

C.stateofart

D.novelty

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.necessity必然；必要B.inevitablecoming不可避免的未来

C.stateofart工艺水平；工艺现状

D.novelty新奇；新颖

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】分析句子，imperative在句中是作名词，本意是“重要紧急的事；必要的事”，在这里theimperativeofnewtechnology是指新技术的必要性，imperative在该句中表示“必要性”，A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。

【句意】他们接受新技术的必要性，但希望以尽可能保护现有业务的方式引入新技术。

9.单选题

Yourkindnessingiving（

）totheconsiderationoftheaboveproblemwillbehighly

appreciated.

问题1选项

A.priority

B.advantage

C.importance

D.authority

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。priority意为“优先，优先权”；advantage意为“优势”；importance意为“重要性，重大”；authority意为“权威”。句意：如果您会优先考虑上述问题，我们将深表感谢。

10.单选题

ToreturnGermanpropertytoGermanyiscertainlyjustand____.However,toclaimthatthepaintingsofRembrandandVermeerarepartofGermany’sculturalheritageoverstatesthematter.

问题1选项

A.decent

B.exhilarating

C.eruptive

D.combative

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.decent体面的；正派的B.exhilarating令人高兴或兴奋的

C.eruptive爆发的D.combative好战的

【答案】B

【考查点】修饰语与被修饰语的搭配

【解题思路】空格处所填的形容词修饰的是“把德国的财产还给德国”这件事，能修饰这件事的是B选项exhilarating“令人高兴或兴奋的”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项decent指人正直的、正派的，或人的行为举止得体的、体面的，或某物像样的、体面的，与被修饰语搭配不当；

C选项eruptive“爆发的”，与被修饰语搭配不当；

D选项combative“好战的”，与被修饰语搭配不当。

【句意】把德国的财产归还德国当然是公正的、令人高兴的。然而，声称伦勃朗（Rembrand）和维米尔（Vermeer）的画作是德国文化遗产的一部分，就言过其实了。

11.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.

挑战未知是人类诞生之初就具备的本能，而探索外太空则是好奇心和求知欲在现代的延伸。人类和动物最本质的区别在于不断地探求未知，其终极目的就是要回答“我从哪来？我到哪去？”。这样的问题，在现实世界找不到答案，人们便将追问的目光投向浩瀚的外太空。正是这些追问，成为人类探索宇宙的动力。此外，太空探索还激发了全人类的科学精神。

【答案】Challengingtheunknownhasbeenahumaninstinctsincewewereborn,andexploringouterspaceisextensionofcuriosityandaspirationtoknowledgeinmoderntimes.Themostessentialdifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsistheconstantsearchfortheunknown,whoseultimategoalistoanswerthequestion“WheredoIcomefrom?WhereamIgoing?”Itisimpossibletofindtheanswerofsuchquestionsintherealworld,therefore,peoplewilltransfertheirattentiontothevastouterspace.Itisthesequestionsthathavebecomethedrivingforceforhumanexplorationoftheuniverse.Inaddition,spaceexplorationhasinspiredthescientificspiritofallmankind.

12.单选题

PreviousresearchbyscientistsfromKeilUniversityinGermanymonitoredAdeliepenguinsandnotedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.ScientistsfromtheScottPolarResearchInstituteatCambridgesaythataslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.

Theearlierfindingshavebeenusedtopartlyexplainthe20percentdropinpopulationsofcertaintypesofpenguinsneartouristsites.However,touroperatorshavecontinuedtoinsistthattheiractivitiesdonotadverselyaffectwildlifeinAntarctica,sayingtheyencouragenon-disruptivebehaviorintourists,andthatthedeclineinpenguinnumbersiscausedbyotherfactors.

AmandaNimonoftheScottPolarResearchInstitutespentthreesouthernhemispheresummersatCuvervilleIslandinAntarcticastudyingpenguinbehaviortowardshumans."Anestingpenguinwillreactverydifferentlytoapersonrapidlyandcloselyapproachingthenest,"saysNimon."Firsttheyexhibitlargeandprolongedheartratechangesandthentheyoftenfleethenestleavingitopenforpredators（捕食者）toflyinandremoveeggsorchicks."Theartificialegg,speciallydevelopedfortheproject,monitoredboththeparentwhohadbeendisturbedwhentheeggwasplacedinthenestandtheotherparentastheybothtookitinturnstoguardthenest.

However,BorisCulik,whomonitoredtheAdeliepenguins,believesthatNimon'sfindingsdonotinvalidatehisownresearch.Hepointsoutthatspeciesbehavedifferently一andNimon'sworkwaswithGentoopenguins.NimonandhercolleaguesbelievethatCulik'sresearchwasmethodologicallyflawedbecausethemonitoringofpenguins,responsesentailedcapturingandrestrainingthebirdsandfittingthemwithheart-ratetransmitters.Therefore,arguesNimon,itwouldnotbesurprisingiftheybecamestressedonseeingahumansubsequently.

1.PreviousresearchbyGermanscientistshasshownthat（）.

2.AnewfindinginrecentresearchbyBritishscientistsisthat（）.

3.Anartificialeggisusedinthenewresearchinorderto（）.

4.AccordingtoNimon,theconductorofthenewresearch,acomparisonoftheoldandthenewresearchrevealsthat（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichfactoristhemostimportantinfluenceforpenguins'sheartrates?

问题1选项

A.theheartrateofpenguinsinAntarcticaisincreasing

B.penguinsaredisturbedbythepresenceofahuman

C.thenumberofpenguinsinAntarcticaisdeclining

D.penguinsofdifferentspeciesbehavedifferently

问题2选项

A.penguinsneartouristsitesinAntarcticahavebeendisruptedbythetouristactivities

B.penguinparentsbothtaketurntoguardtheirnestandlookaftertheireggsorchicks

C.penguinsarenotthreatenedbyahumanwhoapproachesthenestslowlyanddistantly

D.penguinsabandonthenestleavingeggsorchicksunprotectedwheneverseeingahuman

问题3选项

A.observepenguins'heartrates

B.exchangeforarealpenguinegg

C.monitorthehatchofpenguineggs

D.measurepenguins,bodytemperature

问题4选项

A.thetworesearchesproducedcontradictorybutbothvalidfindingsfortheywerebasedondifferentspeciesofpenguin

B.thetworesearchesproducedcompatibleandcomplementaryfindingsfortheystudieddifferentspeciesofpenguin

C.theoldresearchwasunreliableforithadscaredpenguinsandchangedtheirlaterbehaviorbyfittingamonitoronthem

D.thenewresearchrevealspenguinsneedbetterprotectionfromtourists

问题5选项

A.Climatechange.

B.Touristactivities.

C.Scientificresearch.

D.Notfirmlyknownyet.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词“German”定位到第一段首句“Previousresearch...notedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.”他们发现，远在30米之外的企鹅看到人类时，它们的心率会急剧上升。选项A符合原文。

2.细节事实题。原文中并没有出现British，但可以看到第一段的尾句中的Cambridge可定位答案。“...aslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.”行动缓慢、不太靠近巢穴的人类不会被企鹅视为威胁。选项C符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词“artificialegg”定位到第一段第二句“Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.”由此可知，选项A符合原文。

4.细节推理题。根据最后一段的第三句“Nimonandhercolleaguesbelieve...withheart-ratetransmitters.”Nimon和她的同事认为，Culik的研究在方法论上是有缺陷的，因为对企鹅的监控和反应需要捕捉和控制企鹅，并给它们安装心率发射器。选项C符合原文。

5.细节推理题。文章对企鹅是否会因为游客而受到影响这个问题进行了讨论。通读全文可知文章并没有得出什么具体的影响因素的结论。所以选项D正确。

13.单选题

Ourmultimillionnerve-cellcentralnervoussystemhasitsrootsinthescatterednervecellsoftiny,lowlyorganismsthatlivedinwaterhalfabillionyearsago.Nervecellsevidentlyfirstappearedincoelenterates—“hollow-gutted”organismslikethehydraandtheseaanemone.Acoelenterate’snervenetworklacksanykindofcentralizedcontrol.Thisprobablybeganwithflatworms--thefirstcreaturetopossessahead.

Specializedsensecellshelpflatwormsrespondmoreflexiblythanseaanemonestooutsidestimuli.Butlikemostanimalswithoutabackbone,flatwormsactalmostbyinstinctandreflex.

Intelligentbehaviorremainedimpossibleuntiltheappearanceofrelativelybig,complextypesofbrain—thetypeswefindamongthebackbonedanimasorvertebrates.Thetiniestfishhasalargerbrainthanthelargestinsect.Butthedevelopmentofafish'sthree-partbrainreflectsthatbeast’sunintellectualpriorities.Muchoftheforebraindealsonlywithsmell.Themidbrainhandlesvisionandthehindbrainbalance.

Withearlymammalsthebraingrewlargerandmorecomplex.Sensecoordinationshiftedfromthemidbraintotheforebrain,adevelopingstructurecappedbyfoldedcerebrumtohandlememoryandlearning.Meanwhilethehindbraingainedalargecerebellumtocoordinatecomplicatedmovements.

Advancedmammalssuchasmonkeys,apesandhuman(theprimates)havebrainsderivedfromancestorsthattooktolivinginthetrees,wherevisionmatteredmorethansmell.Accordinglytheoncebig“smell’’partoftheforebraingrewsmaller,whilethepartthathandlesvisiongrewmuchlarger.

1.Withwhattopicisthepassagemainlyconcerned?

2.Thehydraisakindof（）.

3.Inthelastparagraph,thephrase“tookto”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinsectsdonothave（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whathelpstocoordinatethecomplexphysicalactivityofamammal?

问题1选项

A.Thesensoryorgansofinvertebrates.

B.Theanatomyoftinyorganisms

C.Theoriginofthebrainandcentralnervoussystem.

D.Theimportanceofvisionforfishandadvancedanimals.

问题2选项

A.flatworm

B.coelenterate

C.seaanemone

D.nervecell

问题3选项

A.began

B.fledto

C.carriedto

D.becamefriendlytoward

问题4选项

A.brains

B.backbones

C.nervecells

D.reflexes

问题5选项

A.Thecerebellum

B.Theforebrain

C.Thecerebrum

D.Themidbrain

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章主要讲中枢神经系统和大脑的起源，因此C项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词hydra定位至第一段“hollow-gutted”organismslikethehydraandtheseaanemone”(诸如水螅和海葵等腔肠动物)。由此可知，B项“腔肠动物”正确。

第3题:词义题。对于短语“tookto”的理解可参考句子:Advancedmammalssuchasmonkeys,apesandhuman(theprimates)havebrainsderivedfromancestorsthattooktolivinginthetrees(先进的哺乳动物，如猴子、猿和人类（灵长类动物）的大脑是由祖先进化而来的，它们…在树上生活)，taketo本意为“开始从事”。

第4题:判断推理题。第三段指出:Thetiniestfishhasalargerbrainthanthelargestinsect(最微小的鱼相比最大的昆虫有更大的头脑)。由此可知，A项“大脑”正确。

第5题:细节事实题。题干为:由文章可知，什么有助于协调哺乳动物复杂的身体活动?倒数第二段指出:Meanwhilethehindbraingainedalargecerebellumtocoordinatecomplicatedmovements(同时，后脑获得了巨大的小脑来协调复杂的运动)。由此可知A项“小脑”正确。

14.单选题

Thatpublicfigurewasreally（）forsayingthosethingsinpublic,eventhoughpeoplecanunderstandhimandseehispointofviewonthematter.

问题1选项

A.behindthelines

B.outofline

C.offtheline

D.inhisline

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。behindthelines“在后方；绳子的背后”，outofline“不协调，违规”，offtheline“打完电话”，没有搭配inhisline。句意：那位公众人物在公共场合说那些话真是不合规矩，尽管人们能理解他，也能看到他对这件事情的看法。选项B符合题意。

15.不定项选择题

“Theideaofdeath,thefearofit,hauntsthehumananimallikenothingelse,”wroteErnestBeckerinhisbook.Butwedon’tneedtoworrysomuch,accordingtonewresearchcomparingourperc