考研考博-英语-天津商务职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津商务职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

（

）isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.

问题1选项

A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

【答案】D

【解析】考查形式主语的用法。本句缺少主语。that引导了一个完整的句子，由此可知句首只需要一个形式主语。四个选项中只有D选项it可充当形式主语。句意：英语正在被接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。

2.单选题

Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean’swatermassasconsistingoflarge,slow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950’sandthe1960’s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment,includingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentsandemitidentificationsignals,andocean-currentmetersthatrecorddataformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthedeepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographerscallmesoscalefields;fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesthemeanvelocityofthemajorcurrents.

Mesoscalephenomena—theoceanicanalogueofweathersystems-oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1,000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedformesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixing,air-seainteractions,andoccasionalbutfar-reachingclimaticeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.

Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentwouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1979thattomographybeadoptedtomeasurethephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody’sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoformthree-dimensionalimagesofthebody’sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemultipathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographer’sattractiontotomography;itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewinstruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbationsinemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermany,differentpathsandthatthepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior—itstemperature,salinity,density,andspeedofcurrents—couldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals.Theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?

问题1选项

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematically

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectable

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-rays

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictable

问题2选项

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.

问题3选项

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.

问题4选项

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.

问题5选项

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】26.【选项释义】

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.26.根据这篇文章，科学家能够使用海洋声学层析成像来推断海洋内部的特性，部分原因是______。

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematicallyA.低频声波在数学上描述得很好

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectableB.中尺度现象很大，很容易探测到

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-raysC.声波的信息比X射线的信息更容易重组

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictableD.海洋的密度变化在数学上是可以预测的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位到文章倒数第二句“研究人员推断，因为它们（low-frequencysoundwaves）在数学上得到了很好的描述（sowelldescribedmathematically），而且即使是发出的声波中的微小扰动也能被探测到，所以低频声波可以通过许多不同的路径在海洋中传播，海洋内部的特性（thepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior），如温度、盐度、密度和流速等，可以根据海洋如何改变信号来推断”可知，科学家能够使用海洋声学层析成像来推断海洋内部的特性的原因是低频声波在数学上得到了很好的描述，且能探测到发出的声波中的微小扰动，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项定位第三段第一句“不幸的是，使用传统技术测量中尺度场是不可行的”可知，easilydetectable并不符合原文，而且与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；

C选项没有提到声波信息和X射线信息的比较，属于无中生有；

D选项在文中提到的是“海洋内部的特性，如温度、盐度、密度和流速等，可以根据海洋如何改变信号来推断”，所以海洋的密度是根据海洋改变的信号来预测的，该项曲解原文。

27.【选项释义】

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?27.下面哪项与文章中描述的医学断层扫描最相似？

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.A.利用洋流计来确定海洋中尺度场的方向和速度。

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.B.利用在几个不同地点收集的地震冲击波数据，并结合起来创建一个地球内部的三维图像。

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.C.使用网格点感知系统来绘制全球天气模式。

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.D.利用地下漂浮物绘制大规模海洋环流图。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位到第三段第四句“在医学断层扫描中，X射线可以绘制出人体密度的变化（以及内部器官），来自X射线的信息，通过身体的许多不同路径传输，被重新组合（recombined），形成身体内部的三维图像（three-dimensionalimages）”，从中可知，医学断层扫描中，其使用的原理就是通过X射线的扫描，收集身体内部不同器官传输的信息，然后重组形成身体的三维图像，从而来进行医学判断；四个选项中与此原理相似的是B项，因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、C、D选项都不属于层析技术，属于出处错位。

28.【选项释义】

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?28.作者提到厄尔尼诺主要是为了强调以下哪一点？

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.A.气候模式的短暂持续时间。

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.B.测量海洋大尺度洋流的难度。

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.C.低频声波在海洋测绘中的有效性。

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.D.中尺度场对气候状况可能产生的影响。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位第二段最后一句“事实上，中尺度现象可能在海洋混合、海气相互作用和偶尔但影响深远的气候事件中，如在影响全球气候模式的赤道太平洋大气-海洋扰动的厄尔尼诺气候事件中，发挥着重要作用”，从中可知，中尺度现象对厄尔尼诺这样的气候事件可以发挥重要的作用，所以推断，作者在这里提到厄尔尼诺是为了强调中尺度现象对气候的影响，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、C选项与题干无关，属于出处错位；

B选项在文中没有提及测量海洋大尺度洋流，该项属于无中生有。

29.【选项释义】

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?29.下面哪个选项最好地描述了文章第三段的结构？

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.A.相反的观点被提出，阐述，然后调和。

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.B.首先描述了一个问题，然后讨论了解决方案，并肯定了其有效性。

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.C.先提出一个论点，然后反驳，然后提出另一种选择。

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.D.假设被提出，被确认，然后被重新确认。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】定位文章第三段，第一句先指出测量中尺度场所存在的问题，即“使用传统技术测量中尺度场是不可行的”，然后在第三句提出了用层析成像技术来测量的方法，然后通过对医学断层扫描举例来做类比，最后得出结论：“他们最初的试验非常成功，海洋声学断层摄影术诞生了”；综上所述，我们可以推断，文章第三段的结构是：提出问题—讨论问题和提出解决办法—证明解决办法的有效性，所以B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项都不符合第三段的结构，属于曲解原文。

30.【选项释义】

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?30.这篇文章表明，如果海洋环流主要是由大的、移动缓慢的洋流组成，下面哪个选项是正确的？

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.A.传统的测量技术将是研究海洋物理特性的可行方法。

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.B.中尺度场对全球气候模式的影响将保持不变。

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.C.海洋的大部分动能将来自中尺度场。

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.D.像厄尔尼诺这样的大气-海洋扰动将更频繁地发生。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】文章第一段开头就指出“1965年以前，许多科学家把海洋水团的循环描绘成由大型、缓慢移动的洋流组成的，例如墨西哥湾流”，但是新技术的采用（newlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment），发现深海中的变化并不是开头所说的那样，如第四句说的“这些仪器（Theseinstruments）揭示了深海中出乎意料的变化水平”；然后随即对中尺度场的测量展开的论述，在第三段第一句提到“使用传统技术测量中尺度场是不可行的”，然后就提出了层析技术。综合推断，我们可以知道，如果海洋环流主要是由大的、移动缓慢的洋流组成，那么使用传统的技术测量海洋物理特性是可行的，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B、C选项，如果海洋环流是由洋流组成，那么中尺度场就不会被研究，该两项属于曲解原文；

D选项在文中没有表明，中尺度场能阻止厄尔尼诺这样的现象发生，所以属于无中生有。

3.翻译题

世界上最幸福的十种工作很多职场新人都曾梦想找到一份理想工作，做喜欢的事，享受那份喜悦。而现实往往不尽人意，人们总是抱怨着自己的工作。本文为你盘点了十种最幸福的工作。

神职人员：最不谙世事的工作据说是最幸福的工作。

消防员：消防员的工作能给人们提供帮助，而80%的消防员都表示对自己的工作“非常满意”。

理疗师:社会互动和帮助他人明显使得这份工作是最幸福的工作之一。

作家：对于大多数作家来说，他们的报酬少得可怜，或者根本没有，但是写下自己心中所想显然会带来快乐。

特殊教育老师：如果你不在乎金钱，特殊教育老师这个工作或许是个幸福的职业。

教师：尽管当前存在着教育经费和教室条件的问题，一般来说教师们还是感到自己的工作很幸福的。

这一职业继续吸引着年轻的理想主义者，尽管有50%的新教师都在5年以内选择转行了。

艺术家：雕刻家和画家据称是工作满意度最高的职业，尽管在这一职业上谋生有着相当大的困难。

心理学家：心理学家不一定能解决其他人的问题，但是似乎他们已经解决了自己的问题。

金融理财销售代理:据报道65%的金融理财销售代理认为自己的工作很幸福。这大概是因为他们中的一些人在舒服的办公环境中工作，每周工作40个小时，平均每年挣9万多美元。

施工工程师：摆弄那些大型玩具可能是很有趣的，比如推土机、前载车、反铲挖土机、刮土机、平地机、装载机、起重机、大型水泵以及空气压缩机。同时施工工程师的工作供不应求，这使他们感觉很幸福。

【答案】Formostauthors,thepayisridiculouslylowornon-existent,buttheautonomyofwritingdownthecontentsofyourownmindapparentlyleadstohappiness.

Despitethecurrentissueswitheducationfundingandclassroomconditions,teachersingeneralreportbeinghappywiththeirjobs.

Thecareercontinuestoattractyoungidealists,although50percentofnewteacherswillswitchtoanotherjobwithinfiveyears.

Sculptorsandpaintersaresaidtobethemostsatisfiedjob,despitethegreatdifficultyinmakingalivingfromit.

Thatcouldhavethereasonthatsomeofthemareclearingmorethan$90,000dollarsayearonaveragefora40-hourworkweekinacomfortableofficeenvironment.

4.单选题

Traditionally,thewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthisway,shehadtowash,stitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewoman,whichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.

Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseeofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdaily,year-longcohabitation.Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterests(andfriendship)aswellasmutuallysharedones,iftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities.

Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.

Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,andtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogivethemcontinuingcommoninterests.Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.

Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomen,homerepresentschoreobligations,becausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmen,homerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints—fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomakeherownlife.

Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothloveandlikingdisappearing.Fortoomanycoupleswithchildren,thechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattention,allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.

41.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?

42.Thepassagesuggeststhatmarriedcouplesbecome（）.

43.Thepassageseemstoindicateattheendthatchildren（）.

问题1选项

A.Friendshipinmarriagemeansdaily,year-longcohabitation.

B.Friendshipcanbekeptfreshbybothseparateandsharedinterests.

C.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingsimilarinterests.

D.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingseparateinterests.

问题2选项

A.unfriendlywithguests

B.uninterestedinguests

C.hostilewhenguestshaveleft

D.quietwhenguesthaveleft

问题3选项

A.helpcouplesreinforcetheirfriendship

B.makenoimpactonthequalityoffriendship

C.mayposeobstaclesinmaritalfriendship

D.commandlesstimeandcarethanexpected

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

【解析】41.判断推理题。根据选项定位到第四段Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,erestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.（就像所有的友谊一样，丈夫和妻子必须努力使对方感兴趣，并花足够的时间分享有趣的活动，以使他们保持共同的兴趣。但同时，他们必须花足够的时间和不同的人在不同的兴趣上，以保持和发展他们不同的个性，保持他们的关系新鲜。）而B选项“无论是单独的还是共同的兴趣爱好都能使友谊保持新鲜感”与文段最相符，因此B选项正确。A选项“婚姻中的友谊意味着每天、一年的同居生活”，与原文并不符；C选项“婚姻中的友谊是建立在发展相似的兴趣上的”；D选项“婚姻中的友谊是建立在发展各自的兴趣上的”，文章认为应该是要两者结合才是最好。

42.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.（已婚夫妇很可能会为客人竭尽全力——逗乐，激情而有意义地讨论——然后当客人走后陷入沉闷而疲惫的沉默。）也就是说客人在的时候他们会尽力去交谈，而客人走后却无话可说，因此D选项“客人走后他们会保持安静”正确。A选项“对待客人并不友好”，与原文不符；B选项“对客人不感兴趣”，原文完全没有提到；C选项“在客人离开后，双方变得敌对”，无关项。

43.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothlove...allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.（在这样的氛围中，伴侣之间的距离越来越远，爱和喜欢都消失了。对于太多有孩子的夫妇来说，孩子被允许支配所有的时间和注意力，让夫妇没有时间去发展喜欢、友谊和爱，给他们分配了唯一的父母角色。）通过这句话可以得出，孩子占用了夫妇大部分的时间，成了婚姻关系中的障碍，因此C信息“可能对婚姻友谊造成障碍”正确；A选项“帮助夫妇巩固他们的友谊”；B选项“不影响夫妻关系”；D选项“比预期要求更少的时间和照顾”都与文章不符。

5.单选题

Igotupsolatethismorning1hadtocookupsomeexcuseaboutmycarbreakingdown.

问题1选项

A.initiate

B.challenge

C.invent

D.appreciate

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.initiate开始；发起B.challenge挑战

C.invent发明；编造D.appreciate欣赏；赏识

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词someexcuse（一些借口）可知，cookup表示“编造”的意思，C项词义与之相近，故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合划线单词词义。

【句意】我今天早上起得这么晚，我不得不编造一些借口，说我的车坏了。

6.单选题

Thepressisconstantlyremindingusthatthedramaticincreaseintheageofourpopulationoverthenext30orsoyearswillcausenationalhealthcaresystemstocollapse,economiestocrumpleunderthestrainofpensiondemandsanddisintegratingfamiliestobuckleunderincreasingcarecommitments.YetresearchatOxfordisbeginningtoexposesomeofthewidespreadmythsthatunderliethisrhetoric.Demographicagingisundoubtedlyareality.Lifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieshasrisencontinuouslyoverthepastcentury,increasingthepercentageofthoseovertheageof60relativetothoseundertheageof15.By2030halfthepopulationofWesternEuropewillbeovertheageof50,withapredictedaveragelifeexpectancyofafurther40years.Bythen,aquarterofthepopulationwillbeover65andby2050theUK’scurrentnumbersof10,000centenariansarepredictedtohavereachedaquarterofamillion.SomedemographershaveevensuggestedthathalfofallbabygirlsbomintheWesttodaywilllivetoseethenextcentury.

（1）

Indeed,ifthiscouldbeachievedthroughouttheworld,itwouldsurelycountasthesuccessofcivilization,forthenwewouldalsohaveconqueredthekillersofpoverty,disease,famineandwar.

Decreasingmortalityratesincreasinglongevityanddecliningfertilitymeansmallerpercentagesofyoungpeoplewithinpopulations.Overthepast20yearslifeexpectancyatbirthintheUKhasrisenbyfouryearsformen(to75)andthreeyearsforwomen(to80).MeanwhilefertilityratesacrossEuropehavedeclinedmoreorlesscontinuouslyoverthepast40yearsandremainwellbelowthelevelsrequiredforEuropeanpopulationstobeabletoreplacethemselveswithoutsubstantiveimmigration.Butagain,ratherthanseeingthisasadoomandgloomscenario,weneedtoexplorethepositiveaspectsofthesedemographics.Thenext50yearsshouldprovideuswithallopportunitytoenjoythemanyadvantagesofasocietywithamaturepopulationstructure.

（2）

ThefirstoftheseisthecurrentpoliticalrhetoricwhichclaimsthathealthservicesacrosstheWesternWorldarecollapsingunderthestrainofdemographicageing.

（3）

Thesecondmythistheviewthattheratioofworkerstonon-workerswillbecomesoacutethatWesterneconomieswillcollapse,compoundedbyamassivegrowthinpensiondebt,Whilethereareundoubtedconcernsovercurrentpensionshortfalls,itisalsoclearthatworkingliveswillthemselveschangeoverthenextfewdecades,withapredictedincreaseinflexibleandpart.Timeworkandtheprobableextensionofworkinglifeuntiltheageof70.Indeed,wehavetorecognizethatwecannotexpecttoretireattheageof50andthenbeabletosupportourselvesforanother40orsoyear.Neitherasolidpensionschemenorsavingscancarrypeoplethatlong.

（4）

Afurthermythisthatwewillallliveinloose,multigenerationalfamilies,experiencingincreasedemotionaldistancingfromourkin.Evidencefromavarietyofstudiesacrossthedevelopedworldsuggeststhat,ifanything,themodernfamilyisactuallybecomingmoreclose-knit.WorkcarriedoutbytheOxfordInstituteinScandinaviaandinaPan-EuropeanFamilyCareStudy,forexample,showsthatdespitetheinfluenceofthewelfarestate,overthepast10years,peoplehavecometovaluefamilyrelationshipsmorethanpreviously.

（5）

Inthedevelopedworldtherefore,wecanseeactualbenefitsfrompopulationaging:abetterbalancebetweenagegroups,matureandlessvolatilesocieties,withanemphasisonageintegration.Theissueswillbeverydifferentinotherpartsoftheworld.

Hereinlaysanothermyth:thatthelessdevelopedworldwillescapeformdemographicaging.Instead,themassiveincreaseintheageofpopulationsfacingthesecountries-predictedtobeuptoonebillionolderpeoplewithin30years-ispotentiallydevastating.TheproblemisnotonlythatdemographicagingisoccurringatafargreaterpacethanwehaveseeninWesternnations,butalsothatfewifanydevelopingcountrieshavetheeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidewidespreadpublicpensionsandhealthcaretothesegrowingelderlypopulations.

Asaresult,olderpeopleareamongthepoorestineverydevelopingcountry.Theyhavethelowestlevelsofincome,educationandliteracy,theylacksavingsandassets,haveonlylimitedaccesstowork,andevenintimesofcrisisareusuallythelasttobecaredforunderemergencyaidprograms.Perhapsofmostconcernishealthcare,forasweconqueracutediseases,wearegoingtoseearapidincreaseinlevelsofchronicillnessanddisability,butnolong-termcareprogrammesorfacilitiestotacklethis.

问题1选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

问题2选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

问题3选项

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoun