考研考博-英语-吉首大学考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉首大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Heusescolor,lightandformquitedifferentlyfromtheconventionalstyleofhis（

）

.

问题1选项

A.descendants

B.predecessors

C.successors

D.ancestors

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项descendant“子孙，后裔”；B选项predecessor“前任，前辈”；C选项successor“后继者，继承人”；D选项ancestor“祖宗，祖先”，分析空格前后的句子成分，是一个所有格短语，充当介词from的宾语，意思可以理解为“前辈的传统表达方式”，句意为：他在色彩、光线和形式方面，做法完全不同于他前辈的传统方式。故正确答案选B。

2.单选题

Davos2013isshapinguptobetheyearwhentheforum'sbankparticipantstrytofadeintothebackgroundandfinallyputthefinancialcrisisbehindthem.Publicpanelsincludeonlytwoorthreedevotedtofinancialservices.Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.Improvingeurozonesentimentandaslowlybrighteningmoodamongbanks'corporateclientsishearteningforbankers.Allthesamenoonecanletgoofthetopicthathasmostvexedthemforyears:ever-increasingregulation.

Onthecoreeurozonediscussion,thetoneisofcautiousoptimism.“Thesystemisslowlycomingbacktolife,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss,pointingtosteadysignsofeurozonerecovery,mostrecentlyevidentinthisweek’sSpanishsovereigndebtauction.“There’sdefinitelyachangeoftone,”addedtheboardmemberofaUSbank.“Ourclientsaredefinitelymoreupbeat.”Aroundthataveragesentimentviewsrangedwidely,stretchingfromthecomplacenttothedoomladen.“It’shardtoseewhatcouldgowrong,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss.ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn."We’reJivingabetterlifenowattheexpenseoffuturegenerations,”Mr.Webersaid.

AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:“Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening."Hewarnedthat,withoutaharmonizedrulebook,thedangersintheglobalbankingsystemwouldincrease.Hecontrastedthe“Alpine”capitalrequirementsinSwitzerlandwiththediversestructuralreformsunderwayintheUS,theUKandpotentiallytheEU.

Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated,criticssaid.OnechiefexecutiveofalargeUSfinancialgroupsaidtheregulatorysituationwas"reallyhorrific"."Ifyoutakeanicebusinessliketheinsurancebusiness,"thechiefexecutivesaid."Here'sanindustrythatwentthroughthecrisisandhadalmostnoproblems.They'veputinawholenewregulatoryregimetomakesuretheycan'tmakemoney.It'sastonishing."Anotherbankbosssaidprivatelyhewas"extremelyworried"abouttheinabilityofEuropeaninsurancecompaniestofinancebanks,undertheprospectiveSolvencyIIrules.TidjaneThiam,chiefexecutiveofUKinsurerPrudential,said:"Thereisalackofjoined-upthinking.TheinsuranceindustryistraditionallythebiggestinvestorinthebankingindustrybutSolvencyIIsayswecan'tinvestinbanks."

Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.PaulSinger,headofElliottCapitalManagement,slammedbanksfor"completelyopaque’’disclosuresthatmadeitimpossibletoknowwhethertheywere“riskyorsound”.Mostperniciousofallamongtheregulatoryinitiativeswasthecontinuing-andarguablyworsening-senseofuncertaintyoverwhatregulatorsandpoliticianshaveinmindnext,particularlyinEurope.

1.HowwouldyoucharacterizetheatmosphereatDavosforums2013?

2.AxelWeberwouldmostprobablyarguethat（

）.

3.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Theregulatorysituationisinabadshapeinthat（

）.

5."Completelyopaquedisclosures”inthelastparagraphreferstothefactthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Transitional.

B.Proactive.

C.Frictional.

D.Sanguine.

问题2选项

A.futuregenerationswillhavetopayforthelifewelivetoday

B.wearelivingabetterlifethanfuturegenerations

C.centralbankswillcomebackwithsolutionstothefinancialproblems

D.measurestakensofarhavenotbeeneffectiveenough

问题3选项

A.thereisalackofconsensusamongbankerswithregardtowhoshouldbeheldresponsibleforthefinancialcrisis

B.bankparticipantsatrecentDavosforumsbelievethattheyneedmoreprivatediscussionsofthefinancialissuesthanpublicones

C.problemswouldcomebacktohaunttheworldfinancialsectorwithoutaunifiedregulatoryregime

D.expertsarguethatabookshouldbewrittenandpublishedthatdiscussesthevariousstructuralreformsbeingundertaken

问题4选项

A.comprehensivestudyofthefinancialsectorisabsent

B.aregulatoryframeworkisabsent

C.financialsectorregulationlacksfocus

D.banksandinsurancecompanieshaveconflictinginterests

问题5选项

A.banksfailtodiscovertherealcausesofthecrisis

B.banksfailtounveiltheirfinancialconditions

C.banksdonothavesufficientinformationonthemarket

D.banksdonotfullyoperatewiththecompanies

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.”，可知银行家们表示，在会议间隙更富有成效的私人交谈上，讨论的气氛比5年前危机爆发以来的任何时候都要乐观。可推断出2013年达沃斯论坛的气氛是乐观的。选项D符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn.”，可知AxelWeber对于金融业的问题提出了警告，并且表示各国央行的零零碎碎的修补措施只是在掩盖将会重现的问题。所以他认为目前采取的措施还不够有效。选项D符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段开头，“AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:‘Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening.’”，可知监管议程成为了关注的焦点，银行家们纷纷哀叹监管框架的崩溃，Weber表示全球是需要一个统一标准的，担这个标准还没出现。可推断出如果没有一个统一的监管体制，问题将再次困扰全球金融业。选项C符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated.”，可知更糟糕的是，政策制定者未能放眼整个金融服务业，并就如何监管银行和保险公司的联合监管开展思考。根据文段“…theregulatorysituationwas‘reallyhorrific’”，可知最终的结果为监管形势真的很糟糕。所以监管形式糟糕的原因在于对整个金融业的监管缺乏重心和重点。选项C符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.”，可知投资者和企业之间的摩擦很明显，尤其是一些金融集团。下文用ElliottCapitalManagement作为例子进行进一步的说明，可知埃利奥特资本管理公司对银行不透明的信息披露表示不满，导致投资者难以判断处境是危险的还是安全的，可见银行并没有给投资者带来有效的信息以及相应的合作和帮助。所以这里的“Completelyopaquedisclosures”就是指银行并没有完全和企业合作。

3.单选题

Becauseofitsexcellenceinquality,forthelasttwoyears,Audicarhas（

）Germany’sTouringCarChampionship.

问题1选项

A.conquered

B.contested

C.dominated

D.determined

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。conquer“战胜；征服”；contest“争辩；争论”；dominate“控制；支配”；determine“确定；判决”。句意：由于质量卓越，因此在过去的两年里，奥迪车已经统治了房车锦标赛。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Recorded______oftoday’sbigfootballgamewillbeshownafternews.

问题1选项

A.summits

B.peaks

C.heights

D.highlights

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项summits“最高点；首脑会议”；B选项peaks“高峰的（时期）；（过程、活动的）顶峰”；C选项heights“顶点；高潮”；D选项highlights“最精彩的部分”。句意：今天录制的足球______将在新闻之后播放。根据语境，这里指足球比赛的精华集锦，D选项highlights“最精彩的部分”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

5.单选题

Afuturedoctorshouldhaveagenuinedesiretohelppeople.Heorshemustdevelopgoodstudyhabitstocompletetheyearsofarduousschoolingahead.

问题1选项

A.strict

B.unusual

C.enduring

D.laborious

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。arduous表示“努力的，费力的，险峻的”；A项strict“严格的，绝对的，精确的”，B项unusual“不寻常的，与众不同的”，C项enduring“持久的，能忍受的”，D项laborious“艰苦的，费劲的，勤劳的”。句意：一个未来的医生应该有帮助别人的真诚愿望；他或她必须养成良好的学习习惯，以完成今后几年的艰苦学习。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。

6.单选题

Livinginpoverty,shesoldfor1000dollarsthe（

）ofherfather’sfirstwork,whichmadehimfamous.

问题1选项

A.manuscript

B.document

C.file

D.duplicate

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项manuscript“手稿，原稿”；B选项document“文件”；C选项file“文件，档案”；D选项duplicate“副本，复制品”。句意：由于生活贫困，她以1000美元的价格卖掉了她父亲第一部作品并且使之成名的手稿。选项A更符合语境。

7.单选题

Howwelookandhowweappeartoothersprobablyworriesusmorewhenareinourteensorearlytwentiesthanatanyothertimeinourlife.Fewofusarecontenttoacceptourselvesasweare,andfewarebraveenoughtoignorethetrendsoffashion.

MostfashionmagazinesorTVadvertisementstrytopersuadeusthatweshoulddressinacertainwayorbehaveinacertainmanner.Ifwedo,theytellus,wewillbeabletomeetnewpeoplewithconfidenceanddealwitheverysituationconfidentlyandwithoutembarrassment.Changingfashion,ofcourse,doesnotapplyjusttodress.Abarbertodaydoesnotcutaboy’shairinthesamewayasheusedto,andgirlsdonotmakeupinthesamewayastheirmothersandgrandmothersdid.Theadvertisersshowusthelatestfashionablestylesandweareconstantlyunderpressuretofollowthefashionincaseourfriendsthinkweareoddordull.

Whatcausesfashionstochange?Sometimesconvenienceorpracticalnecessityorjustthefancyofaninfluentialpersoncanestablishafashion.Takehatsforexample.Incoldclimates,earlybuildingswerecoldinside,sopeopleworehatsindoorsaswellasoutside.Inrecenttimes,thelatePresidentKennedycausedadepressionintheAmericanhatindustrybynotwearinghats:moreAmericanmenfollowedhisexample.

Thereisalsoacyclicalpatterninfashion.Inthe1920sinEuropeandAmerica,shortskirtsbecamefashionable.AfterWorldWarII,theydroppedtoanklelength.Thentheygotshorterandshortertheminiskirtwasinfashion.Afterafewmoreyears,skirtsbecamelongeragain.

Today,societyismuchfreerandeasierthanitusedtobe.Itisnolongernecessarytodresslikeeveryoneelse.Withinreason,youcandressasyoulikeordoyourhairthewayyoulikeinsteadofthewayyoushouldbecauseitisthefashion.Thepopularityofjeansandthe“untidy”lookseemstobeareactionagainsttheincreasinglyexpensivefashionofthetopfashionhouses.

Atthesametime,appearanceisstillimportantincertaincircumstancesandthenwemustchooseourclothescarefully.Itwouldbefoolishtogotoaninterviewforajobinalawfirmwearingjeansandasweater;anditwouldbediscourteoustovisitsomedistinguishedscholarlookingasifweweregoingtothebeachoranightclub.However,youneedneverfeeldepressedifyoudon'tlooklikethelatestfashionphoto.Lookaroundyouandyou'llseethatnooneelsedoeseither!

1.Theauthorthinksthatpeopleare______.

2.FashionmagazinesandTVadvertisementsseemtolinkfashionto______.

3.Causesoffashionsare_______.

4.Present-daysocietyismuchfreerandeasierbecauseitemphasizes______.

5.Whichisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.satisfiedwiththeirappearance

B.concernedaboutappearanceinoldage

C.farfromneglectingwhatisinfashion

D.reluctanttofollowthetrendsinfashion

问题2选项

A.confidenceinlife

B.concernedaboutappearanceinoldage

C.individualhairstyle

D.reluctanttofollowthetrendsinfashion

问题3选项

A.uniform

B.varied

C.unknown

D.inexplicable

问题4选项

A.uniformity

B.formality

C.informality

D.individuality

问题5选项

A.Careaboutappearanceinformalsituations.

B.Fashioninformalandinformalsituations.

C.Ignoringappearanceininformalsituations.

D.Ignoringappearanceinallsituations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Fewofusarecontenttoacceptourselvesasweare,andfewarebraveenoughtoignorethetrendsoffashion.（我们中很少有人满足于接受自己的现状，也很少有人敢忽视时尚潮流）可知C选项“很难忽视时尚”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的wewillbeabletomeetnewpeoplewithconfidenceanddealwitheverysituationconfidentlyandwithoutembarrassment（我们将能够充满信心地认识新的人，并且能够自信地、毫不尴尬地处理每一件事）可知时尚杂志和电视广告将时尚与人的自信联系在一起，因此选A。

3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Sometimesconvenienceorpracticalnecessityorjustthefancyofaninfluentialpersoncanestablishafashion.（有时是方便或实际需要，或仅仅是一个有影响力的人的幻想就能建立起一种时尚）可知导致时尚变化的原因是多变的，因此选B。

4.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的Itisnolongernecessarytodresslikeeveryoneelse.Withinreason,youcandressasyoulikeordoyourhairthewayyoulikeinsteadofthewayyoushouldbecauseitisthefashion.（不再需要像其他人那样穿衣服了。在合理的范围内，你可以穿自己喜欢的衣服，也可以用你喜欢的方式做头发，而不是你应该做的样子，因为这是时尚）可知当今社会更尊重个人选择，强调个性化，因此选D。

5.主旨大意题。由文章最后一段中的第一句Atthesametime,appearanceisstillimportantincertaincircumstancesandthenwemustchooseourclothescarefully.（同时，外表在某些情况下仍然很重要，所以我们必须谨慎地选择我们的衣服）可知A选项“在正式场合下需要注意外貌形象”符合题意。

8.单选题

Howmuchapersoncanearnisnotalwaysagood（

）ofrealsuccessinlife.

问题1选项

A.essence

B.decree

C.qualification

D.criterion

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。essence意为“本质，实质”；decree意为“法令，命令”；qualification意为“资格，授权”；criterion意为“（批评、判断等的）标准，准则”。

句意：一个人能挣多少钱并不总是判断生活中真正成功的好标准。

9.单选题

Manypeoplethinkofdesertsas（

）regions,butnumerousspeciesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtolifethere.

问题1选项

A.barren

B.virgin

C.void

D.wretched

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。barren意为“贫瘠的，不毛的”；virgin意为“未开发的，原始状态的”；void意为“无效的，空的”；wretched意为“不幸的，悲惨的”。but前后的内容含义转折关系，再根据人们通常对desert（沙漠）的印象是广阔无垠的荒地，因此选A。

句意：许多人认为沙漠是不毛之地，但是许多种类的植物和动物已经适应了那里的生活。

10.单选题

Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.

问题1选项

A.miserable

B.economical

C.luxurious

D.sensible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。thrifty“节俭的；节约的”；A选项miserable“悲惨的；痛苦的”；B选项economical“经济的；节俭的”；C选项luxurious“奢侈的；丰富的；放纵的”；D选项sensible“明智的；合乎情理的；意识到的”。句意：中国农民大多像今天这样过着简单节俭的生活。根据句中“simple简单的”可知thrifty在这里的意思为“节俭的”，因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

Veryfewpeopleunderstoodhislecture,thesubjectofwhichwasvery（）.

问题1选项

A.intelligible

B.obscure

C.dim

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：很少有人能理解他的演说，内容太

。

intelligible可理解的，明白易懂的；obscure晦涩的，昏暗的；dim暗淡的，模糊的；conspicuous显著的，出众的。句子前半句说“很少有人能理解他的演说”，由此推断，B项符合句意。

12.单选题

Circustigers,althoughtheyhavebeentamed,can（）attacktheirtrainer.

问题1选项

A.unexpectedly

B.deliberately

C.reluctantly

D.subsequently

【答案】A

【解析】词义辨折题。Unexpectedly意外地,

出乎意料地；deliberately故意地，谨慎地；reluctantly不情愿地,嫌恶地；subsequently随后,

后来。句意：尽管马戏团里的老虎已经被驯服，却能出人意料地攻击它们的驯兽师。选项A符合句意。

13.翻译题

很多情况下人们谈话时，总是争着表现自己，这类交谈对双方鲜有裨益。当人们谈话时，不要花时间思考你接着要说什么，而要设法搞懂他们说的是什么，什么样的经历才使他们说了那些话，你从那些话中能学到什么，你对说那些话的人又能了解到什么等等。长辈们成长的世界和你成长的世界迥然不同，那个世界也许你不大了解。他们和来自我国其他地区及其他国家的人们都有重要的观察事物的方法，它们可以丰富你的生活。

【答案】Inmanycases,peopleinaconversationoftenstrivetorevealoneself,suchconversationwillhavefewbenefitstoeachother.Duringaconversation,don’tspendthetimethinkingaboutwhatyou’regoingtosaynext,insteadtrytounderstandwhatthey’resaying,whatexperienceisbehindtheirremarks,whatyoucanlearnfromthem,etc.Olderpeoplegrowupinaworldwhichisverydifferentfromyours,youmaynotknowverywellaboutthatworld.Boththemandpeoplefromotherpartsofourcountryaswellasfromothernations,haveimportantwaysoflookingatthingswhichcanenrichyourlife.

14.单选题

Whatare[A]thequalitiesthatapersonneedsinordertomakeagreatspeech?ThereisanoldChinesesaying[B]thatgoes,“amanisgoodbecauseofhismouth,andahorseisgoodbecauseofitslegs.”Humans[C]haveabilitytocommunicatethroughspeech,andinspeechwehaveaspecialopportunity[D]tomakeimpact.

问题1选项

A.thequalities

B.thatgoes

C.haveability

D.tomakeimpact

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定用法。D选项处应表示“产生影响”，impact是可数名词，因此正确用法应为“tomakeanimpact”。

15.单选题

Everypresidentmust（）thepresidentialoathbeforehedeliverstheinauguraladdress.

问题1选项

A.recite

B.swear

C.declare

D.claim

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。swearanoath“宣誓”是固定搭配，因此选项B符合题意。

16.单选题

Whenpeoplearcstruckbylightening,theyfalltothegroundasthoughtheywerestruckbyasevereblowtotheheaD.Aftertheshocktheymayremainunconscious,becomesemiconsciousorbeconsciousbutconfusedanddazed,atleastforatime.Flashesoflightmaycontinuepassingbeforetheireyes,andblindnessanddeafnessmayfollow.Thenervoussystemmaybebadlyaffected,causingparalysis,paininthelimbsandevenhemorrhage.Therewillbebumswherethelighteningpassedthroughthebody,andlikeallelectricalbums,theyareoftendeepandsevere.

Allpersons,especiallycampersandhunters,shouldknowhowtogivefirstaidtosomeonewhohasbeenstruckbylightening.Donotbeafraidtotouchthevictim.Youwon'tgetashock.ThelighteninghasalreadybeengroundeD.Rememberthatspeedisofthegreatestimportanceinseverecases.

Thefirstthingtodoistoloosentightclothingaboutthethroatandwaist.Thencleartheairpassagesofmucus(黏液)ifpresent,andapplyartificialrespirationifnecessary.Givemouth-mouthresuscitationifneeded,orgiveoxygenifavailable.ManyvictimsthoughtIobedeadhavebeenrevivedaftertreatment.

Sendsomeoneforadoctorassoonaspossible,butdon'tleavethevictimalone.Ifadoctorisnotavailable,takethepersontoahospitalassoonasthepersoncanbesafelymoved.

Signsofshockare:pale,cold,stickyskin;weak,rapidpulse;shallow,irregularbreathingor,inextremecases,nobreathingatall.Totreatshock,youmustkeepthepatientlyingdownwiththeheadlowerthanthefeetandcoverhimorherwithablanketbutwatchoutforoverheating.Givingastimulatinghotteaorcoffeewillhelp,butonlyifthepatientisthoroughlyconscious.

Afterbreathinghasbeenrestoredandshockistreated,treatthebums.Applysomesalveandcoverthemwithacleanclothorasteriledressing.Ifconscious,thepatientwillbebadlyfrightened,sodoallyoucantoreassure.Alittleknowledgeandahelpinghandmaysavesomeone'slife.

1.Thepassagemainlytalksabout（）.

2.Accordinglothepassage,allthefollowingaresignsofshockexcept（）.

3.Itcanbeguessedfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Theword"salve"inline2ofthelastparagraphmostlikelymeans（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingmustnotbedonewhiletreatingshock?

问题1选项

A.whichmetalsconductelectricitybest

B.wheretogoinathunderstorm

C.howtotreatsomeonestruckbylightening

D.howtomakemouth-to-mouthresuscitation

问题2选项

A.abnormalfever

B.coldskin

C.irregularbreathing

D.rapidpulse

问题3选项

A.manycampersandhuntersarestruckbylightening

B.carsareconvenientforoutdooractivities

C.electricshockdoeslittleharmtothehumanbody

D.onlyprofessionalnursesanddoctorsareallowedtogivefirstaid

问题4选项

A.sponge

B.bandage

C.ointment

D.liquid

问题5选项

A.Givingthepatientacupofhottea.

B.Makingthepatientliewiththefeetlowerthanthehead.

C.Coveringthebumswithasteriledressing.

D.Applyingartificialrespiration

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲述如何治疗被闪电击中的人。

2.根据第五段的第一句“Signsofshockare:pale,cold,stickyskin;weak,rapidpulse;shallow,irregularbreathingor,inextremecases,nobreathingatall.”可知，只有选项A不属于休克的症状，所以本题选A。

3.根据第二段的第一句“Allpersons,especiallycampersandhunters,shouldknowhowtogivefirstaidtosomeonewhohasbeenstruckbylightening.”所有人，尤其是露营者和猎人，都应该知道如何对被闪电击中的人进行急救。由此可推断，露营者和猎人最容易遇到被闪电击中的情况，所以选项A正确。

4.根据常识，被雷电击中后会被烧伤，烧伤之后当然要涂抹一些药膏，所以这里的“salve”指药膏，只有选项C与之意思相近。

5.根据原文可知，选项B对应文中的“youmustkeepthepatientlyingdownwiththeheadlowerthanthefeet”，但与原文表述相反，因此选择B选项。

17.翻译题

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Ineveryphilosophicalproblem,ourinvestigationstartsfromwhatmaybecalled“data”,（1）

bywhichImeanmattersofcommonknowledge,vague,complex,inexact,ascommonknowledgealwaysis,butyetsomehowcommandingourassentasonthewholeandinsomeinterpretationprettycertainlytrue.Intheeaseofourpresentproblem,thecommonknowledgeinvolvedisofvariouskinds.Thereisfirstouracquaintancewithparticularobjectsofdailylife—furniture,houses,towns,otherpeople,andsoon.Thenthereistheextensionofsuchparticularknowledgetoparticularthingsoutsideourpersonalexperiencethroughhistoryandgeography,newspapers,etc.Andlastly,thereisthesystematizationofallthisknowledgeofparticularsbymeansofphysicalscience,whichderivesimmensepersuasiveforcefromitsastonishingpowerofforetellingthefuture.Wearequitewillingtoadmitthattheremaybeerrorsofdetailinthisknowledge,（2）

butwebelievethemtobediscoverableandcorrigiblebythemethodswhichhavegivenrisetoourbeliefs,andwedonot,aspracticalmen,entertainforamomentthehypothesisthatthewholeedificemaybebuiltoninsecurefoundations.Inthemain,therefore,andwithoutabsolutedogmatismastothisorthatspecialportion,wemayacceptthismassofcommonknowledgeasaffordingdataforourphilosophicalanalysis.

Thefirstthingthatappearswhenwebegintoanalyseourcommonknowledgeisthatsomeofitisderivative,whilesomeisprimitive;（3）

thatistosay,thereissomethatweonlybelievebecauseofsomethingelsefromwhichithasbeeninferredinsomesense,thoughnotnecessarilyinastrictlogicalsense,whileotherpartsarebelievedontheirownaccount,withoutthesupportofanyoutsideevidence.Itisobviousthatthesensesgiveknowledgeofthelatterkind:theimmediatefactsperceivedbysightortouchorhearingdonotneedtobeprovedbyargument,butarecompletelyself-evident.（4）

Psychologists,however,havemadeusawarethatwhatisactuallygiveninsenseismuchlessthanmostpeoplewouldnaturallysuppose,andthatmuchofwhatatfirstsightseemstobegivenisreallyinferred.Thisappliesespeciallyinregardtoourspace-perceptions.Forinstance,weinstinctivelyinferthe“real”sizeandshapeofavisibleobjectfromitsapparentsizeandshape,accordingtoitsdistanceandourpointofview.Whenwehearapersonspeaking,ouractualsensationsusuallymissagreatdealofwhathesaysandwesupplyitsplacebyunconsciousinference;inaforeignlanguage,wherethisprocessismoredifficult,wefindourselvesapparentlygrowndear;requiring,forexample,tobemuchnearerthestageatatheaterthanwouldbenecessaryinourowncountry.Thusthefirststepintheanalysisofdata,namely,thediscoveryofwhatisreallygiveninsense,isfullofdifficulty.Wewill,however,notlingeronthispoint;solongasexistenceisrealized,theexactoutcomedoesnotmakeanyverygreatdifferenceinourmainproblem.

Thenextstepinouranalysismustbetheconsiderationofhowthederivativepartsofourcommonknowledgearise.Herewebecomeinvolvedinasomewhatpuzzlingentanglementoflogicandpsychology.（5）Psychologically,abeliefmaybecalledderivativewheneveritiscausedbyoneormoreotherbeliefs,orbysomefactofsensewhichisnotsimplywhatthebeliefasserts.Derivativebeliefsinthissenseconstantlyarisewithoutanyprocessoflogicalinference,merelybyassociationofideasorsomeequallyextra-logicalprocess.Fromtheexpressionofaman’sfacewejudgeastowhatheisfeeling:wesayweseethatheisangry,wheninfactweonlyseeafrown.Wedonotjudgeastohisstateofmindbyanylogicalprocess:thejudgmentgrowsup,oftenwithoutourbeingabletosaywhatphysicalmarkofemotionweactuallysaw.Insuchacase,theknowledgeisderivativepsychologically;butlogicallyitisinasenseprimitive,sinceitisnottheresultofanylogicaldeduction.Theremayormaynotbeapossibledeductionleadingtothesameresult,butwhetherthereisornot,wecertainlydonotemployit.Ifwecallabelief“logicallyprimitive”whenitisnotactuallyarrivedatbyalogicalinference,theninnumerablebeliefsarelogicallyprimitivewhichpsychologicallyarederivative.

【答案】1.我说的资料是指常识性的东西，它们像常识一样模糊、复杂、不精确，然而就其整体和在某种意义上而言却又值得我们认可为确定无疑的真理。

2.但是，我们相信可以通过曾经使我们产生信念的那些方法来发现并改正它们。而且，作为注重实际的人，我们绝对不能假设整个知识大厦可以建筑在不牢靠的基础上，即使是片刻也不可以。

3.也就是说，我们只相信某些知识，是因为它们在某种意义上是从某种别的知识推论出来的，虽然未必是精确的逻辑推论；而另外那部分知识之所以被相信是由于其自身的原因，无须任何外部证据的支持。

4.不过，心理学家使我们认识到，感觉实际给予的东西比大多数人会自然设想的要少得多；而且，初看似乎是给予了很多东西，实际上多数是推论出来的。这尤其适用于我们的空间知觉。

5.在心理学上，一种信念无论是由另一种或更多的其他信念引起的，还是由某种感觉的事实（这不仅仅是信念所坚称的东西）引导的，都可以被称为派生的。

18.单选题

Hedoesn’tneedto________himselfashismanagerialtrackrecordspeaksforitself.

问题1选项

A.identify

B.justify

C.judge

D.swear

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.identify确认，鉴定B.justify解释，辩护

C.judge判断，断定D.swear发誓，起誓

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处和下文的“himself（他自己）”构成动宾逻辑，说明他不需要对自己做某事。as引导了一个原因状语从句，表示“他的管理业绩可以证明一切（speaksforitself）”，所导致的结果应该是不需要再解释、说明自己。justify指为某事物做出解释或辩护，因此B选项justify“解释，辩护”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项identify“确认，鉴定”指认出某人或某物是什么；

C选项judge“判断，断定”指根据已有的信息对某人或某物形成看法；

D选项swear“发誓，起誓”指郑重承诺做某事；

均不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】他不需要为自己辩护，因为他的管理业绩可以证明一切。

19.单选题

Wedon't（

）anydifficultiesincompletingtheprojectsolongaswekeepwithinourbudget.

问题1选项

A.foresee

B.fabricate

C.infer

D.inhibit

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项foresee“预见；预知”；B选项fabricate“制造；伪造；装配”；C选项infer“推断；推论”；D选项inhibit“抑制；禁止”。句意：只要我们不超出预算，我们就无法……完成这个项目就没有什么困难。完成项目的困难在于预算不够，不超预算则不应有困难，也就是现在“看不到有什么困难”，因此A选项正确。

20.问答题

Therehasbeeninverserelationshipbetweenhouseholdnetworthandthepersonalsavingrate,

A

consistentwiththepermanentincomehypothesis,underwhichhouseholdexpendituresrespond

B

principallytochangesinlong-termwealthratherthanshort-termfluctuationsinincome.

C

D

【答案】试题答案：D;of

【解析】考查介词搭配。此处表示的是收入的短期波动，属于从属关系，用介词of。

21.单选题

Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.

Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.

Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion（拥挤）.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.

Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable（可伸缩的）armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecome