考研考博-英语-山东力明科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东力明科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Childrenalwaysare（）aboutthingstheydonotknow.

问题1选项

A.curious

B.queer

C.strange

D.quaint

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Curious“好奇的”；queer“奇怪的”；strange“奇怪的”；quaint“离奇有趣的”。句意：孩子们往往对他们所不知道的事情感到好奇。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Abilitiesofhumanbabies.

B.Adults’influenceonchildren.

C.Cognitivefeaturesofdifferentnewlybornmammals.

D.Similaritiesbetweenhumanbabiesandbabyanimals.

问题2选项

A.Theylovehappymelodiesmorethansadones.

B.Theyfallasleepeasilywhilelisteningtomusic.

C.Theyarealreadysensitivetobeatsandrhythms.

D.Theycandistinguishahappytunefromasadone.

问题3选项

A.Babies’emotions.

B.Infants’behaviors.

C.Babies’interactionwithadults.

D.Infants’facialexpressions.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

【解析】RecordingTwo

Inlastweek’slecture,wediscussedthecharacteristicsofthenewlybornoffspringofseveralmammals.Youprobablyrememberthathumaninfantsarelessdevelopedphysicallythanothermammalsofthesameage.[19]Butintoday’slecture,we’lllookatthreeveryinterestingstudiesthathintatthesurprisingabilitiesofhumanbabies.

Inthefirststudy,3-year-oldswatchtwovideosshownsidebyside,eachfeaturingadifferentresearcher,oneofwhomthey’dmetonce,twoyearsearlier.Thechildrenspentlongerwatchingthevideoshowingtheresearchertheyhadn’tmet.Thisisconsistentwithyoungchildren’susualtendencytolooklongeratthingsthataren’tfamiliar.Andreallythisisamazing!Itsuggeststhechildrenrememberedtheresearcherthey’dmetjustonetimewhentheywereonlyone-year-olds.Ofcourse,asmostofusforgetmemoriesfromourfirstfewyearsaswegrowolder,theseearlylong-termmemorieswilllikelybelostinsubsequentyears.

Oursecondstudyisaboutmusic.Forthisstudyresearchersplayedmusictobabiesthroughspeakerslocatedoneithersideofahumanface.Theywaiteduntilthebabiesgotboredandinvertedtheirgazefromtheface.Andthentheychangedthemoodofthemusic—eitherfromsadtohappy,ortheotherwayaround.Thismoodswitchmadenodifferencetothe3-month-olds,butforthe9-month-oldsitwasenoughtorenewtheirinterestandtheystartedlookingagaininthedirectionoftheface.[20]Thissuggeststhatbabiesofthatagecantellthedifferencebetweenahappymelodyandasadtune.

Ourfinalstudyisfrom1980,butit’sstillrelevanttoday.[21]Infact,it’soneofthemostfamouspiecesofresearchaboutinfantemotioneverpublished.Thestudyinvolvedordinaryadultswatchingvideoclipsofbabies9-monthoryounger.Inthevideoclips,thebabiesmadevariousfacialexpressionsinresponsetoreallifeevents,includingplayfulinteractionsandpainfulones.Theadultobserverswereabletoreliablydiscernanassortmentofemotionsonthebabies,faces.Theseemotionsincludedinterest,joy,surprise,sadness,anger,disgust,contempt,andfear.

Nextweek,we’llbelookingatthislaststudymoreclosely.Infact,wewillbeviewingsomeofthevideoclipsfromthatstudy.Andtogether,seehowwellwedoindiscerningthebabies’emotions.

19.Whatarethethreeinterestingstudiesabout?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问这三项有趣的研究是关于什么的？录音开头提到“在今天的讲座中，我们将看到三个非常有趣的研究，它们暗示了人类婴儿惊人的能力（abilitiesofhumanbabies）”，因此A选项“人类婴儿的能力”正确。B选项“成年人对儿童的影响”，三个研究虽有成年人参与，但这些研究并不是研究成年人对儿童的影响，因此B选项不正确；C选项“不同新生哺乳动物在认知方面的特征”是上周的讲座所讨论的内容，而不是本周；D选项“人类婴儿和动物婴儿之间的相似之处”，录音中未提及相关信息。

20.Whatdoesthesecondstudyfindabout9-month-oldbabies?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问关于9个月大的婴儿，第二项研究有什么发现？在第二项研究中，提到音乐氛围的变化对3个月大的婴儿没有影响，但对于9个月大的婴儿来说，这足以重新引起他们的兴趣，这表明该年龄段的婴儿能够区分快乐的旋律和悲伤的旋律。因此D选项“他们能分辨出快乐的曲调和悲伤的曲调”符合原文。A选项“他们喜欢快乐的旋律胜过悲伤的旋律”和B选项“他们听音乐时很容易睡着”在录音中没有信息提及；C选项“他们对节拍和节奏已经很敏感了”。beatsandrhythms在录音中并未出现，因此C选项可排除。

21.Whatisthe1980studyabout?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问1980年那项研究是关于什么的？录音中提到，该项研究是迄今为止发表的关于婴儿情绪（infantemotion）的最著名的研究之一，因此A选项“婴儿的情绪”正确。B选项“婴儿的行为”并没有提及；C选项“婴儿和成人的互动”，利用录音的playfulinteractions设干扰，但录音是说婴儿看到playfulinteractions时脸部的表情，不是婴儿自己的interactions，因此C选项不正确；D选项“婴儿的面部表情”是最具有干扰性的一项。事实上，facialexpressions在这项研究中很重要，但这是为研究婴儿情绪服务的，因此D选项不选。

3.翻译题

紧跟世界新军事革命加速发展的潮流，积极稳妥进行国防和军队改革，推动中国特色军事变革深入发展。坚持以创新发展军事理论为先导，着力提高国防科技工业自主创新能力，深入推进军队组织形态现代化，构建中国特色现代军事力量体系。高度关注海洋、太空、网络空间安全，积极运筹和平时期军事力量运用，不断拓展和深化军事斗争准备，提高以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务能力。

【答案】答：

Weshouldcloselyfollowthenewglobalmilitaryrevolutionthatisgatheringpace,advancereformofournationaldefenseandarmedforcesinabothactiveandprudentway,anddeepenmilitarytransformationwithChinesecharacteristics.Withinnovativemilitarytheoriestakingthelead,weshouldenhanceourcapacityforinnovationindefense-orientedresearchandindustries,modernizethemilitaryorganizationalstructure,andbuildasystemofmodernmilitaryforceswithChinesecharacteristics.Weshouldattachgreatimportancetomaritime,spaceandcyberspacesecurity.Weshouldmakeactiveplanningfortheuseofmilitaryforcesinpeacetime,expandandintensifymilitarypreparedness,andenhancethecapabilitytoaccomplishawiderangeofmilitarytasks,themostimportantofwhichistowinlocalwarinaninformationage.

4.单选题

（）hewasintheUnitedStatesasstudentstudyingcomputerscience,butinrealityhewasspyingonSiliconValleyfirmsforGunDapSystems,hisemployer.

问题1选项

A.Disingenuously

B.Discretely

C.Officiously

D.Ostensibly

【答案】D

【解析】副词词义辨析。disingenuously“不诚实地”；discretely“离散地”；officiously“过分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly“表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美国学习计算机科学，但实际上，他是在为他的雇主GunDapSystems监视硅谷的公司。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Thedestructionofthesetreasureswasalossformankindthatnoamountofmoneycould（）.

问题1选项

A.standupfor

B.makeupfor

C.comeupwith

D.putupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组。A:standupfor“支持；坚持”；B:makeupfor“补偿，弥补”；C:comeupwith“追赶上；提出”；D:putupwith“忍受，容忍”。句意：对人类而言，这些宝物的破坏是一种无法用金钱弥补的损失。结合此处语境，后文写道没有金钱可以弥补，故B为正确答案。

6.单选题

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.

NotallchildrenfromdisruptedfamilieslivewithwhattheEnglishcallalonemother,butotherlivingarrangementsarelesslikelytoleavechildreninpoverty.Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown,althoughitisnotclearhowmuchofthetypicalboyfriend’sincomeisavailabletosupportthemother’schildren.Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelatives,theytoofacefewereconomicproblemsthanwhentheylivealone.Ifwearemainlyconcernedwithreducingchildpoverty,allthesealternativesreduceitsincidence.

DavidT.EllwoodandChristopherJencks:TheSpreadof

Single-ParentFamiliesintheUnitedStatessince1960

75.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothe1stparagraph?

76.Fromthe2ndparagraph,weknowthattheeconomicproblemofsingle-parentfamilyis___.

77.Whichofthefollowingsituationisnotmentionedincomparingwithalonemother?

78.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe2ndparagraphdoesNOTmeanthat___.

问题1选项

A.Out-of-wedlockbirthisnottheonlycauseforsingle-parentfamilies.

B.Nearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbornebabiesarenowlivingwiththeirparents.

C.Lessthanhalfofallmotherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separationordeath.

D.Out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamiliesaretwoseparateissues.

问题2选项

A.poverty

B.thelow-incomemother

C.lackofgovernmentassistance

D.lackofsupportfromthechild’sfather

问题3选项

A.Motherswhodivorceandremarry.

B.Motherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.

C.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriend.

D.Unmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparents.

问题4选项

A.morekidsofpoorfamiliesarelivinginsingle-parentfamiliesnow

B.morethanhalfofthepoorfamilieswithchildrenaresingle-parentfamilies

C.therateofpoorsingle-parentfamilieshasdoubledsincethelate1970s

D.thedivorceratehasdoubledsince1964

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】75.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.（然而，半数以上的无父家庭是由离婚、分居、死亡或监禁造成的，近一半的非婚生孩子现在是由同居的父亲和母亲产生的）可知C选项“在所有无母亲家庭中，只有不到一半是由离婚、分居或死亡造成的”和原文不符以及B选项“近一半的非婚生婴儿现在和父母住在一起”和原文相符；第一段Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.（当立法者、政策分析人士和意见领袖讨论家庭变化时，他们通常关注两个问题：非婚生育和无父家庭。在许多情况下，他们讨论这两个问题，仿佛它们是相同的）可知A选项“非婚生育并不是单亲家庭的唯一原因”；结合上文所提到的内容可知D选项“非婚生育和无父家庭是两个独立的问题”符合原文。因此C选项符合题意。

76.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.（她们还发现长时间工作异常困难，因为她们还要照顾孩子。许多人从缺席的父亲那里得到的子女抚养费非常少，即使是慷慨的子女抚养费也比收入相同的常住父亲通常提供的钱要少。虽然单身母亲有资格获得各种形式的公共援助，但立法者和选民都不想让这种援助慷慨，以免慷慨会鼓励更多的女性独自抚养孩子）有涉及到B选项“低收入母亲”，C选项“缺乏政府的帮助”以及D选项“缺乏来自孩子父亲的支持”，但是结合下文Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.（因此，单亲母亲家庭的蔓延对美国贫困的持续存在起到了重要作用）可以推断出贫困才是导致这些问题的回答，A选项“贫困”包括了B，C，D选项在内。因此A选项正确。

77.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.（离婚后再婚的母亲在经济上与孩子生父保持婚姻关系的母亲差不多）可知A选项“离婚后再婚的母亲”有提及；第三段Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown…（与男友同居的未婚母亲的家庭收入也明显高于独自生活的母亲……）可知C选项“与男朋友同居的未婚母亲”有提及；第三段Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelative…（而且，当未婚母亲与父母或其他亲戚住在一起时……）可知D选项“和父母住在一起的未婚妈妈”有提及；B选项“与孩子的生父保持婚姻关系的母亲”原文未涉及。因此B选项符合题意。

78.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段划线句子处In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.（1964年，当林登•约翰逊宣布向贫困宣战时，只有30%的有孩子的贫困家庭由单身母亲抚养。自20世纪70年代末以来，这个数字一直在60%左右）可知选C选项“20世纪70年代末以来，贫困单亲家庭的比例翻了一番”；A选项“现在越来越多的贫困家庭的孩子生活在单亲家庭”，B选项“有孩子的贫困家庭一半以上是单亲家庭”以及D选项“离婚率自1964年以来翻了一番”原文都未提及，排除。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Whenthedoctordoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople（）andasksthemalotofquestions.

问题1选项

A.atrandom

B.atlength

C.inessence

D.inbulk

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项atrandom“胡乱地；随便地；随意地”；B选项atlength“最后，终于；详细地”；C选项inessence“本质上；其实；大体上”；D选项inbulk“散装；大量”。句意：当医生对人类的大脑做一个综合性实验时，他随意挑选人且问他们很多问题。结合句意，A选项正确。

8.单选题

Thewestistraditionallythelandofthepioneersandthecowboys,where____couldbeeasilymadeincattleorland.

问题1选项

A.fortunes

B.property

C.opportunities

D.treasure

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析与固定搭配。A选项fortunes“一大笔钱”；B选项property“（某人的）财产；不动产”，强调归属；C选项opportunities“机会”；D选项treasure“金银财宝，指金银珠宝一类”。句意：传统上西部是拓荒者和牛仔的领地，在那里可以很容易的用牛或者土地创造___。根据句意，此处是指用牛和土地就可以创造财富，排除C选项；不强调财富的归属，排除B选项；不是特指金银珠宝一类，排除D选项。另外，原文____couldbeeasilymade，考查固定搭配makeafortune/makefortunes“发大财；赚大钱；创造财富”，A选项最符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

9.翻译题

Stanfordopeneditsdoorsin1891,andmorethanacenturylater,itremainsdedicatedtofindingsolutionstothegreatchallengesofthedayandtopreparingourstudentsforleadershipintoday’scomplexworld.

Stanfordstudentsstandoutfortheiracademicexcellence.TheycomefromthroughouttheUnitedStatesandtheworld,representingdemographic,economicandculturaldiversity.Studentsareadmittedonaneed-blindbasis,andtheuniversityensuresthatnoadmittedstudentisunabletoattend.Oncehere,studentsdiscoverthatexploration,challengeandcuriosityarelimitedonlybytheirdesires.

Stanfordisunusualamonggreatuniversitiesinhavingsevenschoolsononecampus:HumanitiesandSciences,Law,Medicine,Business,EarthSciences,EngineeringandEducation.Thisbreadthprovidesstudentswithunparalleledfreedomtocrossdepartmentalboundariesanddiscoverintellectualandpersonalpassions.Creativethinking,problem-solving,andresearcharecentraltotheacademicprogramsatStanfordandlearningtakesplaceinanenvironmentofintimatecollaboration.

FromNobelPrizewinnerstoundergraduates,allmembersofStanfordareengagedincreatingnewknowledge,whetherinsciences,business,artsorwherevertheirinterestslie.Stanfordisparticularlynotedforitsopennesstomultidisciplinaryresearchnotonlywithinitsschoolsanddepartments,butalsoinitslaboratories,institutes,librariesandresearchcenters.

LivingandlearningareintimatelyintertwinedatStanford.Extra-curricularprograms,organizations,performances,forumsandathleticsbeckonstudents,facultyandstaff,aswellasneighborsfromthecommunitiesaroundus.

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChineseandwritetheansweronyourANSWERSHEET.

【答案】【参考译文】斯坦福大学成立于1891年，在之后的一个多世纪，一直致力于寻求应对如今巨大挑战的方法并且为学生在当今复杂世界中成为领导阶层而做准备。

斯坦福大学的学生因其优异的学业而引人注目。他们来自于美国及世界各地，体现着人口、经济和文化的多样性。该校招生不考虑学生支付能力，并确保所有被录取学生都能上学。只要进入这里，学生们发现探索、挑战和好奇的唯一制约因素就是自身的渴望。

和其他著名大学的不同在于，斯坦福大学一个校区有七所学院：人文科学院、法律学院、医学院、商学院、地球科学院、工程学院和教育学研究院。这使得学生可以自由跨越不同的学院界限，发掘个人的求知欲。在斯坦福大学的课程体系中，创造性思维、问题解决和研究能力是非常重要的，而学习也是在一种密切协作的环境中进行的。

斯坦福大学的所有成员，从诺贝尔奖得主到在校本科生，都致力于创造新知识，不论是在科学、经济还是艺术领域，还是在任何其兴趣所在的领域。斯坦福大学因其公开性的多领域研究而著名。研究既可以在院校范围之内进行，也可以在实验室、研究所、图书馆或者研究中心进行。

在斯坦福大学，生活和学习是互为一体的。课外活动、组织机构、表演、论坛以及体育运动不仅吸引着学生和教职员工，也吸引着附近社区的邻居。

10.单选题

Thecomputercanbeprogrammedto（

）awholevarietyoftasks.

问题1选项

A.assign

B.tackle

C.realize

D.solve

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:计算机可以通过编程来各种各样的任务。

assign指派,分配;tackle处理;realize意识到;solve解决。故B项符合句意。

11.单选题

WhileitmaybedebatablewhetherSuezmarkedtheendofBritain’simperialera,itundoubtedlyblewawaythe（）ofcoequalityintheAnglo-Americanpartnership.

问题1选项

A.mirage

B.disillusion

C.conjuration

D.deception

【答案】A

【解析】名词词义辨析。mirage“幻想，妄想”；disillusion“幻灭，醒悟”；conjuration“祈祷，咒语”；deception“欺骗，欺诈”。句意：尽管苏伊士运河是否标志着英国帝国主义的结束存在争议，但是毫无疑问它吹走了英美伙伴关系中平等的幻想。选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer.Whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth?Weareequallyinterestedineffects:whatistheeffectofleadintheatmosphere,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination.

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon’twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect(lightsout)tothecause(poweroff)andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect(refrigeratornotworking).Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.Itisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingcausalchain:lightsout—poweroff—refrigeratornotworking—temperaturewillrise—milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficient,orcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustion(燃烧)isnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.

1.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,todothe“effecttoeffect”reasoningistoreason________.

3.Anecessarycauseis________.

4.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa________.

5.Thispassagemainlydiscusses________.

问题1选项

A.someothercommontypesofreasoning

B.somespecialtypeofreasoning

C.relationshipsbetweencausesandresults

D.classificationofreasoning

问题2选项

A.fromeffecttoeffectandontocause

B.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

C.fromcausetoeffect

D.fromeffecttocause

问题3选项

A.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

B.oneofthecausethatcanproducetheeffect

C.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

D.noneofthem

问题4选项

A.contributorycause

B.sufficientcause

C.necessarycause

D.noneofthem

问题5选项

A.classificationofcauses

B.thecausalprocess

C.causalreasoning

D.varioustypesofreasoning

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），可知前面的内容和这一部分的内容属于同一个层面和分类，都是常见的推理方式，A选项“一些其他的常见推理类型”正确。B选项“某种特殊类型的推理”，C选项“原因和结果的关系”和D选项“推理的分类”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三句Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.（有时我们从一个结果推理到一个原因，然后再推理到另一个结果。）和第五句Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.（这种推理，简而言之，叫做效果对效果。），可知效果对效果指的是B选项“从结果到原因，再到另一个结果”。A选项“从结果到结果，再到原因”，C选项“从原因到结果”和D选项“从结果到原因”错误。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知C选项“没有它就不可能产生解结果”正确。A选项“足以产生结果”，B选项“能导致结果的原因之一”和D选项“都不是”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二句Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.（充分原因是一个可以在没有帮助的情况下产生效果的原因，就像一个空的油箱足以阻止汽车发动一样，尽管可能有不止一个充分的原因。），可知充分原因会导致结果的发生，但不是唯一的原因，电源被切断会导致冰箱停止运转，但其他原因也会让冰箱停止运转，B选项“充分原因”正确。A选项“附带原因，原因之一”：根据文章最后一句Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.（附带原因有助于导致结果，但单独出现不能导致结果，就像闯红灯可能会导致事故，尽管其他因素也必须存在。），可知附带原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能导致结果的发生，电源被切断这一个因素会导致冰箱停止运转的结果，故错误。C选项“必要原因”：根据第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，电源没有被切断冰箱依然有可能停止运转，故错误。D选项“都不是”：B选项符合题意，故非正确答案。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），随后文章围绕这一句话展开讨论，所以本文主要在讲因果的推理，C选项“因果推理”正确。A选项“原因的分类”，B选项“因果过程”和D选项“各种类型的推理”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

SectionA

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

SectionB

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“limitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

SectionC

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionD

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionE

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

1.therealizationthattheresourcesofthenationalhealthsystemswerelimited

2.asharpriseinthecostofhealth-care

3.abeliefthatallthehealth-careresourcesthecommunityneededwouldbeproducedbyeconomicgrowth

4.anacceptanceoftheroleofthestateinguaranteeingtheprovisionofhealth-care

问题1选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题2选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题3选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题4选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.根据SectionB中第二句，“Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfo