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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东外国语职业技术大学考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.填空题
ThesereadingsareindebtedtothedeconstructivemethodsofreadingthatflourishinginRomanticstudiesinthe1970sand
1980s.Thestatusofdeconstructionasmodeofliterarycriticism
haveebbedinrecentyears;deconstructivecriticismhas,onone
side,beendenouncedforitssupposeddeviationfromaproperlyDerrideanorthodoxy,and,fromanother,marginalizedbythesimplisticstoryofaninstitutionhistory,inwhichdeconstructionreignedforabriefperiodinliterarystudiesbuthasnowbeensupersededbytheNewHistoricism.InthefieldofRomanticism,thelatternarrativehasbeengivenanunfortunateimpetusbyJeromeMcCann’scritiquedeconstructionastheculminationofa“text-only”criticismthatshouldbesupersededbyaproperlyhistoricalcriticism.McGann’santi-deconstructivepolemicshaveobscuredthedegreewhichdeconstructionhelpedtoinaugurate
thepresentageofinterdisciplinarityinliteraturedepartmentsinNorthAmerica.OnceDerridabegantoarguethattheprestigeofphilosophyasamasterdisciplinedependinguponasleightof
hand,throughwhichphilosophicaltextsconcealedtheiressentiallytropicnatures,literarycriticsquicklyrealizedthatthesamemodeofdeconstructivereadingcouldbebeingappliedto
anydiscipline—suchashistoryorautobiography—thatclaimedtoofferatransparentreferentiality.Literarycriticismisitselfoneofthedisciplinesinwhichlegitimacyrestingheavilyonitsclaimstoareferentialrelationbetweenitsownwordsandtheprimarytextsuponwhichitcomments;thusthewayswhichvariouscriticalparadigmshaveinscribedthe
culturalsignificanceofthesehighlycanonizedpoemstellagooddealaboutourrecentcriticalhistory.IhavetakenthedominantcriticalparadigmsofthepresenttobetheNewCriticism,whosecontinuedviabilityintheAmericanacademyhasnostrongerproofthanHelenVendler’sbookonKeats’sodes.Thepointofthediscussionofthecriticalhistoriesofthesepoemsandthetheoreticalcontextsofthosehistoriesisnottoscorepointsagainstindividualcritics,buttoillustrate,asclearlyandasfundamentallyaspossible,whythesepoemshaveplayedsuchasignificantroleinourmodernculturalhistory,andhowtheycontinuetobemorethanwethoughtwehadbargainedfor.
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
10.______
【答案】1.【答案】flourishing为flourished
2.【答案】∧modeof加上a
3.【答案】have改为has
4.【答案】institution改为institute
5.【答案】unfortunate改为fortunate
6.【答案】∧which加上of
7.【答案】depending改为depended
8.【答案】bebeingapplied去掉being
9.【答案】resting改为rests
10.【答案】∧which加上in
【解析】51.【考查点】时态。
【解题思路】根据inthe1970sand1980s(在二十世纪七十年代和八十年代)可知事情发生在过去,所以应该将flourishing改为flourished。
52.【考查点】限定词用法。
【解题思路】deconstruction(解构主义)只是literarycriticism(文学批判)的其中一种,因此在mode前面要加上限定词a。
53.【考查点】主谓一致。
【解题思路】分析句子可知,haveebbedinrecentyears(已经逐渐下降)是对于Thestatusofdeconstructionasamodeofliterarycriticism(解构主义作为一种文学批评模式的地位)这一现象的表述,status为单数,所以应该用第三人称单数,故将助动词have改为has。
54.【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】institution侧重在制度、社会上的团体、机构,而institute侧重在学术研究之类的学院、团队,而根据后面非限制性定语从句的表述“在这个故事中,解构主义在文学研究中占据了短暂的统治地位,但现在已经被新历史主义所取代”可知,此处应该是关于研究所的历史,所以应该将Institution改为institute。
55.【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】Impetus是指“推动力”,具有积极意义,因此前面的形容词应该同样具有肯定意义。而unfortunate表示“不幸的”,所以要改为它的反义词fortunate。
56.【考查点】定语从句。
【解题思路】句子中which引导的定语从句对degree(程度)进行修饰,关于“……的程度”,which需要与of连用,所以在which前面加上介词of。
57.【考查点】时态。
【解题思路】由主句中的began可知,该句要用一般过去时,argue后面的宾语从句中,depending是现在分词的形式,所以要把depending改为一般过去时depended。
58.【考查点】时态。
【解题思路】couldbebeingappliedto“可以应用于”为现在进行时态,而根据上文的时态可知,该句用的是一般过去时,所以要将being去掉。
59.【考查点】定语从句。
【解题思路】根据句子结构可知,inwhich引导的是定语从句,修饰前面的disciplines,而从句中缺少谓语动词,resting是非谓语动词形式,所以要将resting改为rests。
60.【考查点】定语从句。
【解题思路】which引导的是定语从句修饰前面的way,在从句中表示“用……不同的方式”,一般要与介词in连用,因此which前面要加上介词in。
2.单选题
Irecommendthattheplanning()untilallthematerialshavebeensupplied.
问题1选项
A.isnotstarted
B.willnotbestarted
C.notbestarted
D.isnottobestarted
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我建议应该在所有的材料己被提供后才启动这个计划。
语法题。考查虚拟语气。句子谓语为recommend,表示要求建议,这类动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气:(should)+原形动词,且should—般会省略,故选C。
3.单选题
Idon’tthinkthebuildingwaswell(
)andconstructed.
问题1选项
A.deceived
B.perceived
C.conceived
D.achieved
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。deceive意为“欺诈”;perceive意为“意识到,察觉到”;conceive意为“想出,构想,设想”;achieve意为“取得”。
句意:我觉得这栋建筑构思不太巧妙,也修建得不太好。
4.单选题
Thespaceprojectrequiresmoremoneythan______becauseitneedsthemostmodernandadvancedequipmentwhichisextremelyexpensive.
问题1选项
A.tobeputin
B.tohavebeenputin
C.puttingin
D.havingputit
【答案】B
【解析】【选项释义】
A.tobeputin被投入B.tohavebeenputin被投入
C.puttingin投入D.havingputit把它
【考查点】比较级的用法。
【解题思路】空格处为被比较部分,前面提到“太空计划需要的资金比……更多”,结合选项,可知是“比投入的更多”,需要用到完成时;而money和putin之间为被动语态,所以要用现在完成时的被动语态,B项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项表示将来,不符合句子意思;
C、D选项表示主动,排除。
【句意】太空计划需要的资金比投入的要多,因为它需要最现代和最先进的设备,这是极其昂贵的。
5.单选题
Peoplehadbeenconsciousoftheproblembefore,butthebookmadethemawareofits().
问题1选项
A.manuscript
B.multitude
C.masterpiece
D.magnitude
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项manuscript“手稿;原稿”;B选项multitude“大量;群众”;C选项masterpiece“杰作”;D选项magnitude“大小;重要”。句意:人们以前只是注意到了这个问题,但是这本书让她们意识到了问题的……。空格内是对问题的一个概括。问题一般可分为大问题和小问题,因此D选项符合题意。
6.单选题
Doctorsareinterestedinusinglasersasasurgicaltoolinoperationsonpeoplewhoare()toheartattack.
问题1选项
A.prone
B.disposed
C.infectious
D.accessible
【答案】A
【解析】考查固定搭配。beproneto“易于…,有…的倾向”;bedisposedto“愿意…,使易感染”;beaccessibleto“容易接近的,容易进入的”。句意:医生对于运用激光给心脏病人做手术很感兴趣。A项符合题意。
7.单选题
ThanksinnosmallparttoA1Goreandhisfilmproducers,theAmericanpubliciswakinguptotheseriousnessofglobalwarming.WhatisnotsowidelyappreciatedisthatunlesstheUSgovernmentactsurgentlyanddecisively,thisproblemcouldveryquicklygetverymuchworse.
ForreasonsbotheconomicandpoliticalcoalispoisedtobethefuelofchoiceinthecomingdecadesastheUSweansitselfoffforeignoil.CoalcombustiongenerateshalftheUS'selectricityandreleasesabout1.5billiontonsofcarbondioxideayear.Ifpresenttrendscontinue,thesefigureswillmorethandoubleby2050,muchtothedetrimentoftheworld'sclimate.Withoutanalternativefuel,theonlysolutionistocaptureandstorecarbondioxidefromburningcoal.
Overcomingtheengineeringobstaclesinthewayoflarge-scalesequestrationofcarbondioxidewillbehardenough,butthebiggerchallengeisoneofpoliticalwill.UScompaniesasyethavenoincentivetocapturecarbonemissions.Whilemovesatstateandcongressionallevelsarepushingintherightdirection,theambiguityintheadministration'spolicyiscounterproductive.
ItistimefortheUSgovernmenttoputapriceoncarbonemissionssoutilitiesthatinvestintechnologiestoreducecarbonemissionswillseetheireffortsrewarded.Suchamovewouldnotonlyreducetherisksassociatedwithglobalwarming,butalsogoalongwaytorestoringAmerica'sgreencredentials.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,whataddstotheseriousnessofglobalwarming?
2.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttheobstaclesforeffectivelycapturingcarbonemissions?
3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestasasolutiontotheproblem?
问题1选项
A.TheAmericanpublicwasignorantoftheproblem.
B.TheAmericangovernmentisdoingnothingtodealwiththeproblem.
C.TheUSwillchoosecoalasthemajorfuelwhichwillhavelargecarbonemissions.
D.Thereisnoalternativefuelotherthanforeignoilwhichhaslargecarbonemissions.
问题2选项
A.Theexistingtechnologyisonlyabletodealwithlarge-scalecarbonemissions.
B.Thecompaniesarenothighlymotivatedinadoptingnewtechnologies.
C.Thegovernmentpolicyforusingcoalandoiliscounterproductive.
D.Thecompaniesfeelreluctanttobeinvolvedinpoliticalissues.
问题3选项
A.Thegovernmentshouldchargecarbonemissionssoastoencouragecompaniestoadoptnewtechnology.
B.Thegovernmentshouldrewardutilitiesthatinvestintechnologiestoreducecarbonemission.
C.Thegovernmentshouldmakelong-timeeffortstoencouragepeopletoplantmoretrees.
D.Thegovernmentshouldpayforlarge-scalecarbonemissions.
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:C
第3题:B
【解析】1.细节推理题。题干:作者认为,是什么加剧了全球变暖的严重性?文章手段提到了关键词“全球变暖”,并指向美国政府的不作为会导致情况迅速恶化。因此答案出现在第二段“ForreasonsbotheconomicandpoliticalcoalispoisedtobethefuelofchoiceinthecomingdecadesastheUSweansitselfoffforeignoil”,出于经济和政治原因,美国政府选择煤炭作为燃料。因此C选项符合题意。
2.判断推理题。题干:关于有效控制碳排放的障碍,下列哪一项是正确的?由关键词定位到文章第三段“theambiguityintheadministration'spolicyiscounterproductive”,说明是政府政策上的模糊性使控制达不到预期效果。因此C选项符合题意。
3.细节推理题。题干:作者建议如何解决这个问题?最后一段中,作者提到“ItistimefortheUSgovernmenttoputapriceoncarbonemissionssoutilitiesthatinvestintechnologiestoreducecarbonemissionswillseetheireffortsrewarded”,说明作者建议美国政府为碳排放进行定价,投资开发减少二氧化碳排放的科技。因此B选项符合题意。
8.单选题
Inthefinalanalysis,itisour______ofdeathwhichdecidesouranswerstoallthequestionsthatlifeputstous.
问题1选项
A.conception
B.deception
C.reception
D.presentation
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项conception“理解;怀孕”;B选项deception“欺骗”;C选项reception“接待”;D选项presentation“战士”。句意:说到底,是我们对死亡的______决定了我们对生命所提出的所有问题的答案。根据语境,这里指如何看待死亡决定我们如何看待生命中的问题,所以conception“理解”符合题意。因此A选项正确。
9.单选题
Ifsomethingverysubstantialisnotdonenextmonth,hecannot()hisoffice.
问题1选项
A.obtain
B.secure
C.have
D.retain
【答案】D
【解析】动词词义辨析。obtain“获得”;secure“保护”;have“拥有”;retain“保留”。句意:如果下个月没有做一些实质性的工作,他将保不住他的职位。选项D符合题意。
10.单选题
Theslowpaceofjobcreationwaswithoutprecedentfortheperiodonrecoveryfromarecession,buttheconditionsthatconspiredtocausetherecessionwerealso_______.
问题1选项
A.heartening
B.fascinating
C.ambiguous
D.atypical
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项heartening“鼓舞人心的”;B选项fascinating“吸引人的”;C选项ambiguous“不明确的;模棱两可的”;D选项atypical“不合规则的”。句意:在从衰退中复苏的时期,创造就业机会的缓慢步伐史无前例,但导致衰退的条件也______。根据also得出在把创造就业机会的步伐和导致经济衰退的条件相提并论,所以答案和withoutprecedent“史无前例”相对应,atypical“不合规则的”符合题意。因此D选项正确。
11.单选题
Itwasthetrainingthathehadasayoungman______madehimsuchagoodengineer.
问题1选项
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.who
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句和强调句型。该句的第一个that引导的是宾语从句,做hehad的宾语,因此空格处应填that从而构成强调句型。陈述句的强调句型为Itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。该句强调部分是物,因此用that。句意:正是他年轻时所受的训练使他成为如此优秀的工程师。因此C选项正确。
12.单选题
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitsparts,thegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesure,thereismanagement,andtherearemarketforcesatwork,buttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.
Inmodernindustrialsocieties’governmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulation,mostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperate,oftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofits,inturn,reducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandards,forinstance,havehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxation,budgetdeficits,andregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.
Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleum,chromium,orcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagriculture,ahot,drysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly,andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.
People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividuals,forexample,maystopsmoking,curtailtheirintakeofalcohol,andeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuy,anditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.
Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasily,thereasonsforpanics,recessions,anddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930s,forexample,thatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.
Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertain,theremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomies,keepthemprosperous,andreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomists,whomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.
1.Thechiefpurposeofthepassageis________.
2.The“machine”inthefirstsentenceofParagraph1iscomparablehereto________.
3.Theexampleofautoemissionstandardsishereusedtomakeitclearthat________.
4.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintheonsetofeconomicdecline?
5.Theauthorbelievesthat,tofindefficientwaysofkeepingeconomygoing,economists________.
问题1选项
A.toreviewthefactorsthataffecteconomicoperation
B.toexplorethecausesofperiodiceconomicdecline
C.todiscusstherolegovernmentsplayinmodernindustrializedsocieties
D.toproposeremediesforcorrectingeconomicrecessions
问题2选项
A.thepoliticalsystemofanation
B.theeconomyofanation
C.themarketforce
D.thegovernmentofanation
问题3选项
A.itisharmfulforagovernmenttointerferewitheconomicmatters
B.statepoliciestendtolowerprofitsanddiscourageinvestment
C.regulationmayaffectbusinessoperationbyincreasingthecost
D.mostregulationsarenotmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic
问题4选项
A.Becausenoeconomistknowseverything.
B.Becauseitalwaysfollowsaperiodofprosperity.
C.Becausetherearetoomanyreasonsbehindit.
D.Becauseitishardtopredictwhenitwillbecoming.
问题5选项
A.findtheexactcausesforeconomicdecline
B.findwaystofightunemployment
C.workoutallthefactorsthatleadtoeconomicprosperity
D.cooperatewithbusinessmenandpoliticians
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:D
【解析】1.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一段指出有许多因素影响经济功能的实现,第二段讲政府对经济的作用,第三段讲国际情况对经济的影响,第四段讲人们的态度影响经济,第五段讲还有其他影响经济的因素,而这些非常复杂,第六段讲述对于经济发展态势相对应的措施。综上所述,本文讲述的是影响经济运行的因素,A选项“讨论影响经济运行的因素”正确。B选项“探究周期性经济衰退的原因”,C选项“讨论政府在现代工业化社会中扮演的角色”和D选项“为挽救经济衰退提出补救措施”:是文章的部分内容,属于以偏概全。因此A选项正确。
2.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】语义推测题。根据第一段第一句Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitsparts,thegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.(机器越大,部件越多,发生故障的可能性就越大,维修成本也就越高。),结合该段第三句Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.(现代工业国家的经济规模庞大,非常复杂。),可知这里的机器指的是国家经济,B选项“国家经济”正确。A选项“国家的政治制度”,C选项“市场力量”和D选项“国家政府”:不是此处表达的意思,属于偷换概念。因此B选项正确。
3.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第三句Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperate,oftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits…Autoemissionstandards,forinstance…(所有的法规都会影响企业的经营方式,往往会增加成本,降低利润……例如,汽车尾气排放标准……),可知这个例子是为了证明上面的论点,也就是国家法规可能会提高成本,影响企业的经营方式,C选项“法规可能会增加成本,从而影响企业的经营”正确。B选项“国家政策倾向于降低利润,抑制投资”:国家制定政策的目的不是限制企业的发展,而是为了维护公众的权益,属于偷换概念。A选项“政府干预经济是有害的”:作者没有表明这件事情有害,属于无中生有。D选项“大多数法规并不是为了保护公众”:根据第二段第二句Thereisagreatamountofregulation,mostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.(在大量的规章制度中,大部分是为了保护公众。),可知大多数法规是为了保护公众,属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。
4.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段第三句thereasonsforpanics,recessions,anddepressionsareofacomplexnature(恐慌,经济衰退和萧条的原因很复杂),可知这是因为经济衰退的原因太复杂,有众多因素,C选项“因为这背后有太多的原因”正确。A选项“因为没有经济学家无所不知”:根据第五段最后一句SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930s,forexample,thatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.(例如,造成上世纪30年代大萧条的因素如此之多,以至于没有经济学家能够解释所有这些因素。),这里表达的是原因太多,经济学家不能解释,而不是强调经济学家知道的不多,属于偷换概念。B选项“因为它总是伴随着一段时期的繁荣”:根据第五段第二句Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.(几个世纪以来,经济经历了一段又一段的繁荣和衰退。),这里指的是经济有起有落的这个现象,而不是经济衰退伴随着繁荣,属于偷换概念。D选项“因为很难预测它什么时候会到来”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。
5.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据文章最后一句Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomists,whomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.(经济如何运行,以及找到什么补救措施来保持其高效运行,这是经济学家的任务,他们必须与商人和政治家合作。),可知为了保持经济持续发展,经济学家需要与商人和政治家合作,D选项“与商人和政治家合作”正确。A选项“找出经济衰退的确切原因”:根据最后一段第一句thecausesofdeclineareuncertain(衰退的原因不确定),可知无法找出经济衰退的确切原因,属于反向干扰。B选项“找到解决失业问题的方法”:根据最后一段第二句allindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomies,keepthemprosperous,andreduceunemployment(所有工业化社会都通过政府努力稳定经济,保持繁荣,降低失业率),可知这是政府做的事,而非经济学家做的事,属于张冠李戴。C选项“找出导致经济繁荣的所有因素”:在这里没有提到,属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。
13.翻译题
Menliveinsocietynotbecausetheyaremen,butbecausetheyareanimals.Thesocialwayoflifeisastageintheevolutionoflifepriortotheappearanceofthehumanrace.
Whatisdistinctiveaboutmanisthathehaddevelopedsocialorganizationfarmorequicklythananyotheranimalspecies,sothatitisagiantstepincomplexitybetweenthemostelaboratenon-humansocietyandthemostelementarysocietyofmen.Humansocietysharescharacteristicswithanimalsocieties;itisformedbyagivenpopulationofindividuals,allbelongingtothesamespecies.Itshowsaninternalspecializationoftasks.Individualsinteractasmembersofthesamespeciesandpossessonecommonlanguagewhichsetsthemapartfromotherspecies.Thelevelofpopulationisperpetuatedbymeansofbiologicalreproductionandofconstantstruggleagainsttheenvironment.Similaritieslikethesebecameconspicuouswhenhumansocialorganizationiscomparedwiththatofotherprimates(灵长目).
【答案】【参考译文】人类生活在社会中不是因为他们是人,而是因为他们是动物。社会性的生活方式是生命进化中一个先于人类出现的阶段。
人类的独特之处在于他发展社会组织的速度要远远快于任何其他动物物种,所以在区分最复杂的非人类社会和最初级的人类社会之间的复杂性方面,这是一大的进步。人类社会和动物社会具有相同的特点,它是由属于同一物种的特定数量的个体组成;它显示了任务的内部具体化过程。个体作为同一物种的一部分相互接触,拥有着共同的语言,而正是这种语言将他们与其他物种区分开来;通过生物繁衍和与环境的持续斗争,人口数量基本保持不变。当人类社会组织和其他灵长类动物的社会组织作比较时,类似这样的相同之处就变得明显了。
14.单选题
Iffullcreditsweregiventothispartitcould()ahighgradeforthestudentinhisphysicalcourse.
问题1选项
A.belongto
B.bedueto
C.besubjectto
D.contributeto
【答案】D
【解析】动词词组辨析题。belongto"属于";bedueto"由于";besubjectto"受支配,从属于";contributeto"有助于;贡献"。根据句意:如果学生在这部分得到满分的话,这将有助于学生在物理课上取得高分。选项D符合句意。
15.单选题
Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasaglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographic(人口统计学)growthto“along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes”.
Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory.Wefindthatpopulationhavebeenreallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.
Thispatternisimportanttoknow.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighrateofdeath.
Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Andaperiodofrapidgrowthsince1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600years,thepopulationincreasedformsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2020therewillbe8billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.
1.Accordingtothepassage,“populationasaglobalissue”().
2.Itcanbeinferredfromtheexampleofapowerfusethat().
3.Whatleadstoastablegrowthofpopulationformostofhumanhistory?
4.Thereasonforarapidgrowthofpopulationliesinthefactthat().
5.Howmanypeopleareborneverysixhoursatpresent,accordingtotheauthor?
问题1选项
A.isquiteunlikethepopulationproblemandthusdoesn’tneedourconcern
B.focusesontrackingdownthereasonofrapidpopulationgrowth
C.dealswiththesameproblemarousedbythepopulationproblem
D.willmanagethepopulationgrowthproblemfromglobalperspectives
问题2选项
A.toomuchpopulationwillonedayleadtothedoomofhumanbeings
B.thetrendofpopulationgrowthwillkeepunsteadyuntilthedestructionofEarth
C.demographicgrowthwillfollowacertainpatternofupsanddowns
D.itislikelyinthenearfuturethatpopulationwillreducegradually
问题3选项
A.Speciescompetition
B.Lowfertility
C.Tribalfights
D.Highrateofdeath
问题4选项
A.peoplearepermittedtohavemorechildren
B.peoplecanlivebetterthanbefore
C.newbornbabiesdielessthanbefore
D.wehavefoundthesecretoflongevity
问题5选项
A.Eightymillion.
B.Eightthousand
C.Fiftythousand
D.Fivemillion
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:C
【解析】1.判断推理题。原文首段第一句提及“Wecanbeginourdiscussionof‘populationasaglobalissue’withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss‘thepopulationproblem’…当大多数人在讨论‘人口问题’的时候,我们也可以开始‘人口作为一个全球问题’的讨论。”由此可知,这两个问题是一样的,都是由人口问题引发的,所以选项C正确。
2.判断推理题。根据关键词“powerfuse”定位到第一段最后一句“Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographicgrowthto‘along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes’.它很正确地使用了一个类似的问题,即把人口增长与‘一根又长又细的电源保险丝,它不时地稳定燃烧,直到最终达到极限并爆炸’联系起来。”由此可知,作者是想通过电源保险丝的例子告诉我们,人口过多总有一天会导致人类的灭亡,所以选项A正确。
3.细节事实题。根据第二段的倒数第三句“Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.在人类历史的大部分时间里,很少会有十分之一的人活过四十岁,而在这个时期,婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的。”也就是说,导致人口稳定增长的原因是高死亡率,选项D符合原文。
4.细节事实题。根据第三段的内容:它不仅从历史的角度看待目前的人口增长问题,它表明了近年来人口快速增长的原因不是人们突然想要生更多的孩子,而是因为改善了传统上造成高死亡率的状况。由此可知,人口快速增长的真正原因在于死亡率的改善,所以选项B符合题意。
5.细节事实题。题干问的是“目前每六小时有多少人出生?”根据最后一段的最后三句“Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.公元前8000年—1650年间,世界人口平均每年只增加5万人。目前,这个数字每六小时增加一次。每年大约增加8000万人。”由此可知,现在每六个小时有5万人出生,所以选项C正确。
16.单选题
ThelargevillageinsouthernHunanwhereshewasbomandgrowupisinahillyareanotfarfromtheborderwithGuangdong.
问题1选项
A.insouthernHunan
B.growup
C.inahillyarea
D.borderwithGuangdong
E.没有问题
【答案】B
【解析】时态错误。grow改为grew。and表示并列,and前用的一般过去时was,后面也应该用一般过去时。
17.单选题
Thewind()thelightoftheoillamp.
问题1选项
A.swayed
B.vibrated
C.shook
D.flickered
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sway“影响;统治”;B选项vibrate“振动;颤动”;C选项shake“动摇;摇动”;D选项flicker“闪烁,摇曳”。句意:风使油灯的灯光闪烁。因此D项符合句意。
18.单选题
Sincehisinjurywasserious,thedoctorsuggestedthathe()inthegame.
问题1选项
A.didnotplay
B.mustnotplay
C.notplay
D.nottoplay
【答案】C
【解析】suggest表建议时用虚拟语气,用should+动词原形,should可省略,所以选项C正确。
19.单选题
Patientsusuallydescribethefeelingas_______andinsomecasesitcantriggerdepression.
问题1选项
A.distracting
B.distorting
C.distressing
D.disabling
【答案】C
【解析】【选项释义】
A.distracting使人分心的B.distorting(v.)使变形,扭曲,使失真
C.distressing使人痛苦的,令人苦恼的D.disabling(v.)使丧失能力,使伤残
【答案】C
【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】横线处形容thefeeling,结合itcantriggerdepression,可知这种感觉让人感到极其不适,distressing符合语境,因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。
【句意】患者通常描述这种感觉很痛苦,在某些情况下,这种感觉会引发抑郁。
20.单选题
Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStateassettlementspreadeverfartherwestward.Theearlytrainswereimpracticalcuriosities,andforalongtimetherailroadcompaniesmetwithtroublesomemechanicalproblems.Themostseriousonesweretheconstructionofrailsabletobeartheload,andthedevelopmentofasafe,affectivestoppingsystem.Oncetheseweresolved,therailroadwasestablishedasthebestmeansoflandtransportation.By1860therewerethousandsofmilesofrailroadscrossingtheeasternmountainrangesandreachingwestwardtotheMississippi.Therewerealsoregionalsouthernandwesternlines.
Thehighpointinrailroadbuildingcamewiththeconstructionofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem.In1862CongressauthorizedtwowesternrailroadcompaniestobuildlinesfromNebraskawestwardandfromCaliforniaeastwardtoameetingpoint,soastocompleteatranscontinentalcrossinglinkingtheAtlanticseaboardwiththePacific.TheGovernmenthelpedtherailroadsgenerouslywithmoneyandland.Actualworkonthisprojectbeganfouryearslater.TheCentralPacificCompany,startingfromCalifornia,usedChineselabor,whiletheUnionPacificemployedcrewsofIrishlaborers.Thetwogroupsworkedatremarkablespeed,eachtryingtocoveragreaterdistancethantheother.In1869theymetata
placecalledPromontoryinwhatisnowthestateofUtah.Manyvisitorscamethereforthegreatoccasion.Therewerejoyouscelebrationsalloverthecountry,withparadesandtheringingofchurchbellstohonorthegreatachievement.
Therailroadwasveryimportantinencouragingwestward
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