法医人类学性别鉴定课件

法医人类学

ForensicAnthropology性别鉴定

[SexDetermination]法医人类学

ForensicAnthropology性1

IntroductionSexualdimorphismTheImmatureSkeletonTheAdultSkeleton:Morphology

C

Theskull

C

Thepelvis

C

OtherpostcranialindicatorsTheAdultSkeleton:MetricAnalysisParturitionScarsSummaryandConclusionsSexDeterminationC

IntroductionSexDetermina2Introduction

1.Assessmentofsexisoneofthemostvitaldeterminationstomakewhenitisnecessarytoestablishidentityfromskeletalremains.2.Unfortunately,thisisoftennotasimpleprocesssincemaleandfemaleattributesspanacontinuumofmorphologicconfigurationsandmetricmeasuresintheskeleton.Althoughsomebonesarebetterindicatorsthanothers,thereisnoskeletalfeaturethatrivalsthedefinitivenessofdifferencesbetweenfleshedindividuals.3.Cross-dressersarealsoaproblemandidentificationmaybedelayedorevenimpossiblewithoutathoroughskeletalexamination.4.Onemustbeparticularlycarefulinmassdisasterswherebothbonesandpersonalitemsmaybecomingled.Introduction

1.Assessmentof3SexualDimorphism

Innormal,livinghumans,sexisadiscretetraitdeterminedbytheactionsoftheXXorXYgenotypeanddiagnosedbyobservingoneofonlytwopossiblemorphologicalfeatures.Thesedifferences(e.g.externalgenitalia)areapparentatbirthandclearlyrecognizableevenduringtheprenatalperiod.Intheskeleton,however,themosteffectivesexindicatorsdonotbegintodevelopuntil

adolescence,andsomearenotfullyexpresseduntiladulthood.Althoughalmosteveryhumanbonehasbeenanalyzed,bothmetricallyandmorphologically,evenacomplete,maturepelviscannotconsistentlyguaranteemorethan95%separationofthesexes.SexualDimorphism

Innormal,l4Therearetwomethodologicalapproachestosexingskeletalremains:morphologicalandosteometric.

Morphologictechniquesfocusonshape–thebonyconfigurationsthataremacroscopicallyvisibleanddifferbetweenmalesandfemales.Metricanalysis,basedonbonedimensions,isthemethodofchoiceforskeletalpartslikelongbonesthatdonotexhibitclearlydefinableshapevariants.SexualDimorphism

C

C

Therearetwomethodologicala5BasicPrinciples

of

SexualDimorphism

Size:malesusuallylargerRobusticityandmuscularity–usuallymoreevidentinmalesBasicPrinciples

of

Sexual6TheImmatureSkeleton

Figure1.Sexdifferencesintheimmaturemandible.Femalemorphology(above)hasaroundedcorpusshapewithagradualtransitionfromthelateralbodytothesymphysis.Males(below)showasteepabrupttransitionwithanangularcorpus(notdentalarcade)shapeTheImmatureSkeleton

Figure17TheAdultSkeleton:Morphology

Whenthemorphologicexpressionsofsexualdimorphismintheadultskeletonareeasilydistinguishabletheyprovidethemostconsistentlyreliablemeansofdiagnosingsex.Thebestplacestolookfortheseformationsaretheskullandpelvis.TheAdultSkeleton:Morphology8法医人类学性别鉴定课件9法医人类学性别鉴定课件10法医人类学性别鉴定课件11Sexdifferencesintheskullaremainlyduetosexualdimorphism.Themaleislarger,morerugged,andmusclemarked;whereasthefemaleissmaller,moregracileandsmooth.Skull

Sexdifferencesintheskulla12Supraorbitalridgemoremarkedinmales1.SexEstimation–Skull–SupraorbitalRidgeSupraorbitalridgemoremarked13Maleskullislarger,hasamoreslopingforehead.Femaleskullissmaller;retainsfrontalandparietalbossing2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultMaleskullislarger,hasamo142.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultPosteriorendofzygomaticarchextendsassupramastoidcrestfartherinmales2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultP152.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultMastoidprocessislargerandmorebluntinmales,smallerinfemales.2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultM162.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultInionmaybemoreprominentinmales,sometimestopointofappearinghook-shaped2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultI172.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultZygomaticarchwiderinmales,narrowerinfemales2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultZ18Theskull

Figure3

Sexdifferencesintheskull(A)Malefeatures;(B)femalefeatures;(C)morphologicgradations.Theskull

Figure3

Sexdiffe19部位男性女性(1).整体大而重，骨壁厚，颅腔较大，颅容量约1450毫升。小而轻，骨壁薄，颅腔小，颅容量约1300毫升。(2).结构凹突不平，肌脊明显。较光滑，肌脊不发达。(3).乳突发达，平放时乳突尖可成为支点。不发达，平放时乳突尖不成为支点。(4).枕部肌脊与枕外隆凸明显。肌脊与枕外隆凸不明显。(5).额部额鳞斜度较大，表面不圆。额鳞斜度小，较圆而丰满。(6).额结节与顶结节较小较大(7).眉间突度大，突出于鼻根。小，较平直。(8).鼻根点凹陷较深。较浅。(9).眉弓中等至特明显。微显至中等。(10).眼眶类方形，较低，相对较小，眶上缘钝。类圆形，较高，较大，眶上缘锐。(11).齿槽弓较大，近U形。较小而尖，抛物线形。(12).枕骨髁大小(13).枕骨大孔大小(14).梨状孔形状高而窄低而圆(15).面部长短(16).颧骨高而粗壮，颧弓较粗。低而薄弱，颧弓较细。部位男性女203.SexEstimation–Skull–MandibleChinmoresquareinmales,roundedinfemales;teethlargerinmales3.SexEstimation–Skull–Ma21Figure2

Sexdifferenceintheadultmandible.Theposteriorramusofadultmales(left)isflexedattheleveloftheocclusalsurfaceofthemolars.Thefemaleramusmaintainsthestraightjuvenileshape(topright)ormayflexabovetheocclusallevelneartheneckofthecondyle(lowerright).3.SexEstimation–Skull–MandibleFigure2

Sexdifferenceint22部位男性女性(1).整体较粗大、厚、重。较薄、弱、轻。(2).下颌体较高、平均29mm。较低、平均26mm。(3).颏部。发达，近方形，骨较厚。较弱，圆而尖，骨较薄。(4).下颌角较粗糙，外翻，角度较小，<120度。较光滑，外翻不明显，角度较大，>125度。(5).下颌支较宽较窄(6).下颌髁突肥大，壮实。较弱小。下颌骨的性别鉴定

部位男性女23Pelvis

ThebestareatodeterminesexfromthehumanskeletonisthepelvisPelvis

24法医人类学性别鉴定课件25ThepelvisFigure4

SexdifferencesinthepelvisMaleabove,femalebelowSeealsoP30ofthetextbookThepelvisFigure4

Sexdiffe26whichpelvisisman’s?WHY?whichpelvisisman’s?WHY?27部位男性女性(1).整体高而狭窄，骨质重，骨面粗糙，髂翼厚。低而宽阔，骨质轻，骨面光滑，髂翼薄而透光。(2).骨盆上口心形，纵径>横径。椭圆形，横径>纵径。(3).骨盆腔高而窄,漏斗形。短而宽，圆柱形。(4).骨盆下口狭小。宽阔。(5).骶骨窄长三角形，弯曲度大。短宽三角形，弯曲度小。(6).骶骨岬显著。不显著。(7).耳状面大而直，涉及3个骶椎。小而倾斜，涉及2个骶椎。(8).髂翼较直而高。低而外张。(9).髋臼大，向外。小，向前外。(10).耻骨联合高。低。(11).耻骨弓角约70~75度，V形。约90~110度，U形。(12).坐骨结节不外翻，坐骨结节间距<9cm。外翻，坐骨结节间距>9cm。(13).闭孔大，卵圆形。小，三角形。骨盆的性别鉴定

部位男性女28ParturitionScars

Inthelast30years,therehasbeenconsiderabledebateastowhetheronecandetermineifpregnancyandparturitionleavetracesintheskeleton.Theinitialhypothesiswasthattheseprocessescanteartheligamentsofthepubicbonesandsacroiliacjointandareresponsibleforcausingscarsorpitsatthesesites.ThesemanifestationsarefoundonthedorsalsurfaceofthepubisItwasalsoclaimedthatthenumberofbirthscanbeestimatedbythesizeandnumberofso-called‘parturitionpits’.However,morerecentstudiesusingbonesfromfemalesofknownparitydisagreedwiththishypothesis.Thescarswerefoundinmanyfemaleswhohadneverhadchildren,andscarsizeandshapeshowedvariation;these,too,werenotrelatedtothenumberofchildrenbornebythewoman.Obviously,otherfactorsmustcausesimilarscarring.Thesemayincludehorsebackriding,habitualsquatting,andexerciseinvolvinghoppingandjumping.ParturitionScars

Inthelast29ThisisendofSexDeterminationofforensicanthropology……ThisisendofSexDeterminati30法医人类学

ForensicAnthropology性别鉴定

[SexDetermination]法医人类学

ForensicAnthropology性31

IntroductionSexualdimorphismTheImmatureSkeletonTheAdultSkeleton:Morphology

C

Theskull

C

Thepelvis

C

OtherpostcranialindicatorsTheAdultSkeleton:MetricAnalysisParturitionScarsSummaryandConclusionsSexDeterminationC

IntroductionSexDetermina32Introduction

1.Assessmentofsexisoneofthemostvitaldeterminationstomakewhenitisnecessarytoestablishidentityfromskeletalremains.2.Unfortunately,thisisoftennotasimpleprocesssincemaleandfemaleattributesspanacontinuumofmorphologicconfigurationsandmetricmeasuresintheskeleton.Althoughsomebonesarebetterindicatorsthanothers,thereisnoskeletalfeaturethatrivalsthedefinitivenessofdifferencesbetweenfleshedindividuals.3.Cross-dressersarealsoaproblemandidentificationmaybedelayedorevenimpossiblewithoutathoroughskeletalexamination.4.Onemustbeparticularlycarefulinmassdisasterswherebothbonesandpersonalitemsmaybecomingled.Introduction

1.Assessmentof33SexualDimorphism

Innormal,livinghumans,sexisadiscretetraitdeterminedbytheactionsoftheXXorXYgenotypeanddiagnosedbyobservingoneofonlytwopossiblemorphologicalfeatures.Thesedifferences(e.g.externalgenitalia)areapparentatbirthandclearlyrecognizableevenduringtheprenatalperiod.Intheskeleton,however,themosteffectivesexindicatorsdonotbegintodevelopuntil

adolescence,andsomearenotfullyexpresseduntiladulthood.Althoughalmosteveryhumanbonehasbeenanalyzed,bothmetricallyandmorphologically,evenacomplete,maturepelviscannotconsistentlyguaranteemorethan95%separationofthesexes.SexualDimorphism

Innormal,l34Therearetwomethodologicalapproachestosexingskeletalremains:morphologicalandosteometric.

Morphologictechniquesfocusonshape–thebonyconfigurationsthataremacroscopicallyvisibleanddifferbetweenmalesandfemales.Metricanalysis,basedonbonedimensions,isthemethodofchoiceforskeletalpartslikelongbonesthatdonotexhibitclearlydefinableshapevariants.SexualDimorphism

C

C

Therearetwomethodologicala35BasicPrinciples

of

SexualDimorphism

Size:malesusuallylargerRobusticityandmuscularity–usuallymoreevidentinmalesBasicPrinciples

of

Sexual36TheImmatureSkeleton

Figure1.Sexdifferencesintheimmaturemandible.Femalemorphology(above)hasaroundedcorpusshapewithagradualtransitionfromthelateralbodytothesymphysis.Males(below)showasteepabrupttransitionwithanangularcorpus(notdentalarcade)shapeTheImmatureSkeleton

Figure137TheAdultSkeleton:Morphology

Whenthemorphologicexpressionsofsexualdimorphismintheadultskeletonareeasilydistinguishabletheyprovidethemostconsistentlyreliablemeansofdiagnosingsex.Thebestplacestolookfortheseformationsaretheskullandpelvis.TheAdultSkeleton:Morphology38法医人类学性别鉴定课件39法医人类学性别鉴定课件40法医人类学性别鉴定课件41Sexdifferencesintheskullaremainlyduetosexualdimorphism.Themaleislarger,morerugged,andmusclemarked;whereasthefemaleissmaller,moregracileandsmooth.Skull

Sexdifferencesintheskulla42Supraorbitalridgemoremarkedinmales1.SexEstimation–Skull–SupraorbitalRidgeSupraorbitalridgemoremarked43Maleskullislarger,hasamoreslopingforehead.Femaleskullissmaller;retainsfrontalandparietalbossing2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultMaleskullislarger,hasamo442.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultPosteriorendofzygomaticarchextendsassupramastoidcrestfartherinmales2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultP452.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultMastoidprocessislargerandmorebluntinmales,smallerinfemales.2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultM462.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultInionmaybemoreprominentinmales,sometimestopointofappearinghook-shaped2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultI472.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultZygomaticarchwiderinmales,narrowerinfemales2.SexEstimation–Skull–VaultZ48Theskull

Figure3

Sexdifferencesintheskull(A)Malefeatures;(B)femalefeatures;(C)morphologicgradations.Theskull

Figure3

Sexdiffe49部位男性女性(1).整体大而重，骨壁厚，颅腔较大，颅容量约1450毫升。小而轻，骨壁薄，颅腔小，颅容量约1300毫升。(2).结构凹突不平，肌脊明显。较光滑，肌脊不发达。(3).乳突发达，平放时乳突尖可成为支点。不发达，平放时乳突尖不成为支点。(4).枕部肌脊与枕外隆凸明显。肌脊与枕外隆凸不明显。(5).额部额鳞斜度较大，表面不圆。额鳞斜度小，较圆而丰满。(6).额结节与顶结节较小较大(7).眉间突度大，突出于鼻根。小，较平直。(8).鼻根点凹陷较深。较浅。(9).眉弓中等至特明显。微显至中等。(10).眼眶类方形，较低，相对较小，眶上缘钝。类圆形，较高，较大，眶上缘锐。(11).齿槽弓较大，近U形。较小而尖，抛物线形。(12).枕骨髁大小(13).枕骨大孔大小(14).梨状孔形状高而窄低而圆(15).面部长短(16).颧骨高而粗壮，颧弓较粗。低而薄弱，颧弓较细。部位男性女503.SexEstimation–Skull–MandibleChinmoresquareinmales,roundedinfemales;teethlargerinmales3.SexEstimation–Skull–Ma51Figure2

Sexdifferenceintheadultmandible.Theposteriorramusofadultmales(left)isflexedattheleveloftheocclusalsurfaceofthemolars.Thefemaleramusmaintainsthestraightjuvenileshape(topright)ormayflexabovetheocclusallevelneartheneckofthecondyle(lowerright).3.SexEstimation–Skull–MandibleFigure2

Sexdifferenceint52部位男性女性(1).整体较粗大、厚、重。较薄、弱、轻。(2).下颌体较高、平均29mm。较低、平均26mm。(3).颏部。发达，近方形，骨较厚。较弱，圆而尖，骨较薄。(4).下颌角较粗糙，外翻，角度较小，<120度。较光滑，外翻不明显，角度较大，>125度。(5).下颌支较宽较窄(6).下颌髁突肥大，壮实。较弱小。下颌骨的性别鉴定

部位男性女53Pelvis

ThebestareatodeterminesexfromthehumanskeletonisthepelvisPelvis

54法医人类学性别鉴定课件55ThepelvisFigure4

SexdifferencesinthepelvisMaleabove,femalebelowSeealsoP30ofthetextbookThepelvisFigure4

Sexdiffe56whichpelvisisman’s?WHY?whichpelvisisman’s?WHY?57部位男