办公建筑火灾与人员疏散模拟分析

计算机实践报告课程名称：火灾科学题目：某办公建筑火灾与人员疏散模拟分析一、设计的基本情况1.1建筑的基本情况建筑为两层，两层平面类似，尺寸见下图：一层平面图二层平面图层高3.6m；火灾时每个房间门均敞开，窗户均关闭；一楼大门尺寸为2m×2m，火灾中为敞开状态；1.2.火灾发生时的条件1．本设计中火灾功率为2MW、火源位置在房间6墙角，起火房间初始没有人员，其余房间初始人数12；2.火源为t平方快速增长火，单位面积热释放速率1000kW/m2；3.房间14设有机械排烟口，排烟流量如表所列，排烟口面积为0.5m×0.5m，排烟口下沿离地高度3.0m，火灾开始后30s开始启动。二、FDS模拟火灾过程2.1FDS模型的建立利用pyrosim进行模型构建，按照条件来设置建筑、着火点、火源功率、排烟口等情况，即可得到本建筑着火时的FDS模型，模型图如下：2.2.火源热释放速率增长曲线2.3温度随时间变化图（从第5分钟开始，每5分钟截一次图）一楼起火房间（楼梯左侧）温度随时间变化图二楼排烟房间（左下角房间）温度随时间变化图走廊温度随时间变化图2.4能见度的变化（从第5分钟开始，每5分钟截一次图）一楼起火房间（楼梯左侧）能见度随时间变化图二楼排烟房间（左下角房间）能见度随时间变化图走廊能见度随时间变化图2.5CO浓度的变化（从第5分钟开始，每5分钟截一次图）一楼起火房间（楼梯左侧）CO随时间变化图二楼排烟房间（左下角房间）CO随时间变化图走廊CO随时间变化图2.6可用安全疏散时间（ASET）房间1的烟气高度420s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为420s房间2的烟气高度400s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为400s房间3的烟气高度350s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为350s房间4的烟气高度350s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为350s房间5的烟气高度420s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为420s房间6因为是火灾发生地，所以不做讨论房间7的烟气高度350s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为350s房间8的烟气高度350s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为350s房间9的烟气高度400s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为400s房间10的烟气高度480s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为480s房间11因为是封闭的，所以不做讨论房间12的烟气高度480s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为480s房间13的烟气高度400s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为400s房间14的烟气高度360s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为360s房间15的烟气高度480s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为480s房间16的烟气高度480s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为480s房间17的烟气高度400s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为400s走廊1的烟气高度180s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为180s走廊2的烟气高度190s时小于2m，可用安全疏散时间为190s三、必要安全疏散时间（RSET）分析3.1Evacnet4场景建立3.1.1节点划分WP：workplace，房间；HA：hall，走道；SW：stairwell，楼梯间；LA：Landing，楼梯平台；DS：destination，目标（即最终疏散到的安全地方）LO:lobby（大厅）将平面图节点化：疏散路径LO1.1-DS1.1LA1.1-LO1.1HA1.1-LA1.1HA2.1-LA1.1SW1.2-LA1.1WP1.1-HA1.1WP2.1-HA1.1WP3.1-HA2.1WP4.1-HA2.1WP5.1-HA1.1WP6.1-HA1.1WP7.1-HA2.1WP8.1-HA2.1LA1.2-SW1.2HA1.2-LA1.2HA2.2-LA1.2WP1.2-HA1.2WP2.2-HA1.2WP3.2-HA2.2WP4.2-HA2.2WP5.2-HA1.2WP6.2-HA1.2WP7.2-HA2.2WP8.2-HA2.2节点相关数据表NODEFloorUALOSAPAONCICHA1.11158D5310HA2.11140D5280HA1.22158D5310HA2.22140D5280LO1.1178D5150LA1.1165D5130LA1.2265D5130SW1.2278D5150WP1.11135C111212WP2.11108C91212WP3.11108C91212WP4.11108C91212WP5.11135C111212WP6.11108C9120WP7.11108C91212WP8.11108C91212WP1.22135C111212WP2.22108C91212WP3.22108C91212WP4.22108C91212WP5.22135C111212WP6.22108C91212WP7.22108C91212WP8.22108C91212路径参数ARCLOSWRAFVDCDISTASTTLO1.1-DS1.1D67186102151LA1.1-LO1.1D901811162151HA1.1-LA1.1D67186302152HA2.1-LA1.1D67186262152SW1.2-LA1.1D47227161102WP1.1-HA1.1D35133162151WP2.1-HA1.1D35123162151WP3.1-HA2.1D35123162151WP4.1-HA2.1D35123162151WP5.1-HA1.1D35133162151WP6.1-HA1.1D35123162151WP7.1-HA2.1D35123162151WP8.1-HA2.1D35125162151LA1.2-SW1.2D47227161102HA1.2-LA1.2D67186301102HA2.2-LA1.2D67186261102WP1.2-HA1.2D35133162151WP2.2-HA1.2D35123162151WP3.2-HA2.2D35123162151WP4.2-HA2.2D35123162151WP5.2-HA1.2D35133162151WP6.2-HA1.2D35123162151WP7.2-HA2.2D35123162151WP8.2-HA2.2D35123162151疏散计算结果通过程序Evacnet4运行附录中Evacnet运行文件得到以下结果：整个建筑除了11号封闭房间共12*15=180人安全疏散需要75s。各节点的必要安全疏散时间如下图所示：总结：当发生火灾时，必要安全时间（RSET）大于可用安全时间(ASET)时，则可认为人员能够疏散散至安全区域。受多方面因素影响如，火灾探测器报警时间，人的感应时间和反应快慢，以及能见度等多方面因素的影响，必要安全疏散时间会比烟气层高度达到最小安全值时的时间要短得多。通过火灾模拟得出的必要安全疏散时间为房间6的必要疏散时间，因为其他房间及走廊在模拟的时间内烟气层高度都处于安全值。附：FDS代码：&HEADCHID='4'/&TIMET_END=1.2021000E003/&DUMPRENDER_FILE='4.ge1',DT_RESTART=60.00/&MESHID='jianzhu',IJK=50,20,18,XB=0.00,20.00,-8.00,0.00,0.00,7.20/&REACID='REAC',C=3.00,H=8.00,O=0.00,N=0.00,CO_YIELD=0.0100,SOOT_YIELD=0.0300/&DEVCID='1',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=3.00,3.00,-1.40,-1.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='10',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=7.00,7.00,-1.40,-1.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='11',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=10.00,10.00,-1.50,-1.50,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='12',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=14.00,14.00,-1.40,-1.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='13',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=18.00,18.00,-1.40,-1.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='14',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=3.00,3.00,-6.40,-6.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='15',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=7.00,7.00,-6.40,-6.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='16',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=14.00,14.00,-6.40,-6.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='17',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=18.00,18.00,-6.40,-6.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='2',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=7.00,7.00,-1.40,-1.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='3',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=14.00,14.00,-1.40,-1.40,0.00,3.00/&DEVCID='4',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=18.00,18.00,-1.40,-1.40,0.00,3.00/&DEVCID='5',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=3.00,3.00,-6.40,-6.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='6',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=7.00,7.00,-6.40,-6.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='7',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=14.00,14.00,-6.40,-6.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='8',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=18.00,18.00,-6.40,-6.40,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='9',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=3.00,3.00,-1.40,-1.40,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='z1',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=10.00,10.00,-4.00,-4.00,0.00,3.60/&DEVCID='z2',QUANTITY='LAYERHEIGHT',XB=10.00,10.00,-4.00,-4.00,3.60,7.20/&DEVCID='TIMER',QUANTITY='TIME',XYZ=0.00,-8.00,0.00,SETPOINT=30.00/&SURFID='paiyan',COLOR='GRAY80',VOLUME_FLUX=4.17/&SURFID='fire',COLOR='RED',HRRPUA=1.0000000E003,TAU_Q=-146.00/&OBSTXB=0.00,0.00,-8.00,0.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID='INERT'/wall&OBSTXB=20.00,20.00,-8.00,0.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID='INERT'/wall&OBSTXB=0.00,20.00,-8.00,-8.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID='INERT'/wall&OBSTXB=0.00,20.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID='INERT'/wall&OBSTXB=0.00,20.00,-3.20,-3.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID='INERT'/wall&OBSTXB=15.80,16.00,-8.00,-5.00,0.00,3.60,SURF_ID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论大学生写作能力写作能力是对自己所积累的信息进行选择、提取、加工、改造并将之形成为书面文字的能力。积累是写作的基础，积累越厚实，写作就越有基础，文章就能根深叶茂开奇葩。没有积累，胸无点墨，怎么也不会写出作文来的。写作能力是每个大学生必须具备的能力。从目前高校整体情况上看，大学生的写作能力较为欠缺。一、大学生应用文写作能力的定义那么，大学生的写作能力究竟是指什么呢？叶圣陶先生曾经说过，“大学毕业生不一定能写小说诗歌，但是一定要写工作和生活中实用的文章，而且非写得既通顺又扎实不可。”对于大学生的写作能力应包含什么，可能有多种理解，但从叶圣陶先生的谈话中，我认为：大学生写作能力应包括应用写作能力和文学写作能力，而前者是必须的，后者是“不一定”要具备，能具备则更好。众所周知，对于大学生来说，是要写毕业论文的，我认为写作论文的能力可以包含在应用写作能力之中。大学生写作能力的体现，也往往是在撰写毕业论文中集中体现出来的。本科毕业论文无论是对于学生个人还是对于院系和学校来说，都是十分重要的。如何提高本科毕业论文的质量和水平，就成为教育行政部门和高校都很重视的一个重要课题。如何提高大学生的写作能力的问题必须得到社会的广泛关注，并且提出对策去实施解决。二、造成大学生应用文写作困境的原因：（一）大学写作课开设结构不合理。就目前中国多数高校的学科设置来看，除了中文专业会系统开设写作的系列课程外，其他专业的学生都只开设了普及性的《大学语文》课。学生写作能力的提高是一项艰巨复杂的任务，而我们的课程设置仅把这一任务交给了大学语文教师，可大学语文教师既要在有限课时时间内普及相关经典名著知识，又要适度提高学生的鉴赏能力，且要教会学生写作规律并提高写作能力，任务之重实难完成。（二）对实用写作的普遍性不重视。“大学语文”教育已经被严重地“边缘化”。目前对中国语文的态度淡漠，而是呈现出全民学英语的大好势头。中小学如此，大学更是如此。对我们的母语中国语文，在大学反而被漠视，没有相关的课程的设置，没有系统的学习实践训练。这其实是国人的一种偏见。应用写作有它自身的规律和方法。一个人学问很大，会写小说、诗歌、戏剧等，但如果不晓得应用文写作的特点和方法，他就写不好应用文。（三）部分大学生学习态度不端正。很多非中文专业的大学生对写作的学习和训练都只是集中在《大学语文》这一门