专业英语八级历年考试真题与答案解析（VIII）

专业英语八级-历年考试真题与答案解析(VIII)PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE.SomeofthegapsmayrequireamaximumofTHREEwords.Makesuretheword(s)ycufillinis(are)bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.Youmayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetask.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.Now,listentothemini-lecture.ClassificationsofCulturesAccordingtoEdwardHall,differentculturesresultindifferentideasabouttheworld.Hallisananthropologist.Heisinterestedinrelationsbetweencultures.High-contextculturefeature-context:moreimportantthanthemessage-meaning:(1) i.e.moreattentionpaidto(2) thantothemessageitselfexamples-personalspace-preferencefor(3) -lessrespectforprivacy/personalspace-attentionto(4) -conceptoftime-beliefin(5) interpretationoftime-noconcernforpunctuality-nocontrolovertimeLow-contextculturefeature-message:separatefromcontext-meaning:(6) examplespersonalspacedesire/respectforindividuality/privacylessattentiontobodylanguagemoreconcernfor(7) attitudetowardtimeconceptoftime:(8) dislikeof(9) timeseenascommodityConclusionAwarenessofdifferentculturalassumptions-relevanceinworkandlifee.g.business,negotiation,etc.-(10) insuccessfulcommunication参考答案：contextofmessagewhat'shappening/thecontextclosenesstopeoplebodylanguagepoly-chronicmessageitselfthemessagemono-chroniclatenessgreatinfluence/significanceTIPS:根据原文中一句"Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.M可知答案。根据原文uWhatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.”可知答案。根据原文GGenerallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople."可得岀答案。根据原文“Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.M可得出答案。根据原文“Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime."可得出答案。根据原文“Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext."可得出答案。根据原文“Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything?可得出答案。原文提到在low-contextculture中，人们对时间的态度可称为mono-chronic。根据原文“Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.,!可得出答案。(10)根据文章末尾部分“Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.5,可知，在商务活动、谈判、人际交往中，与来自不同文化的人打交道时，这些想法对成功的交际起着非常重要的作用。script:ClassificationsofCulturesGoodmorning,everyone!Today,we'lllookatcultureorratherclassificationsofcultures.Usually,whenwedealwithdifferentpeople,wedealwiththemasifwewereallmembersofthesameculture.However,it'spossiblethatpeoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentassumptionsabouttheworld.Wegotinsuchimportantandbasicideasastime,personalspace.AndthisistheviewofEdwardHall.AndEdwardHallisananthropologistwhospentalargepartofhislifestudyingAmericanIndians,theirculture,theirlanguage.Buthewasdifferentfromalotofotheranthropologistswhojuststudyoneculture.Hewasinterestedintherelationsbetweencultures,howculturesinteract.WhatHallbelievesisthatculturescanbeclassifiedbyplacingthemonacontinuum,rangingfromwhathecalledhigh-contexttolow-context.OK,whatisahigh-contextculture?Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.Whatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.Now,letmegiveyouexamples.First,intermsofpersonalspace.Generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.Andtheyhavelessrespectforprivacy,forpersonalspace.Ifyougointothatculture,peoplemightstandcloserwhenthey'retalkingtoyou.Theymighttouchmore.Andifthey'rejostledinacrowd,theywon'tfeelviolated.Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.BecauserememberwhatIsaid,thedefinitionofahigh-contextcultureisthatmoreattentionispaidtothecontextofthemessagethantothemessageitself.Andpartofthecontextisbodylanguage.Second,intermsoftime.Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime.Here,"poly"meansmultipleand"chronic"meanstime.Whatthismeansisthattheybelievepeople,things,eventshavetheirowntime.Andtherecan'tbeastandardsystemoftimeforeverything.Whatthisleadsthemtobelieveisthatyoucan'temphasizepunctuality.Thingshappenwhentheyaresupposedtohappen.So,there'sadifferentattitudetowardtime;there'snosetstandardoftime;youcan'tcontroltime;everythinghasitsownsenseoftime.Soit'saculturethatpayslittleattentiontotime,toclocktime.Now,let'smoveontolow-contextculture.Alow-contextcultureisjusttheopposite.Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.Thatthemessage,theeventtheactionhasmeaninginitself.Sowhatthismeansinalow-contextculture,isthatpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheeventitselfratherthantothecontextwhichsurroundstheeventorthemessage.Forexample,intermsofpersonalspaceagain,there'smoreemphasisonindividuality.Sotheconceptofprivacyisvery,veryimportant.Whereasbefore,asIsaid,inahigh-contextculture,theymightnotevenbeconcernedwithprivacyorpersonalspace.Butinalow-contextculture,there'safeelingthatweeachhaveourownpersonalspace.Ifyougettooclose,ifyoudon'tknockondoorsbeforeentering,that'saninvasionofprivacy.Peoplefeelviolated.There'sarespectandadesireforprivacy.Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.Theyarenotgoingtoworryaboutallthedetailsaroundit.Whatyousayistheimportantthing,orwhatyoudoistheimportantthing.Anotherexampleofalow-contextcultureispeople'sattitudetowardstime.Intermsoftime,Isaidbefore,therewasapoly-chronicsenseoftimeinahigh-contextculture.Whatdoyouthinktherewouldbeinalow-contextculture?Mono-chronic?Right!Amono-chronicsenseoftimeandbythatwemeanthatthere'sonetime.Andthatconceptmeansthatpeopleinalow-contextculturebelievethatthere'sonestandardoftime.Andthatshouldbeforeverything.AndsoIamnotwillingtohear"Oh,thetrafficwasheavy.That'swhyI'mlate"or"Oh,Isleptlate".Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.Thereshouldn'tbeallthisflexibilitywithtimeandtheyexpectpunctuality.Andtheylookattimeasalmostacommoditythattheyuseexpressionslike"usetime,towastetime,tospendtimeortimeismoney".Alloftheseexpressionsreinforcetheconceptthattimeisactuallysomethingyoucanholdonto.So,whatthisisallaboutisthatHallstressesthatpeopleneedtobeawareofthesedifferentassumptionsorconceptsaboutreality.Andhethinksthatthishasallkindsofrelevancenomatterwhatyou'redoing.Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.OK,todaywe'vetakenabrieflookatEdwardHall'sviewofculture,mainlyhisclassificationofhigh-orlow-contextculturewithsomeexamples.Nextweek,we'lllookatsomemoreexamplesofculturesonacontinuumbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures.SECTIONBINTERVIEW/CONVERSATIONInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Now,listentotheinterview.AccordingtoDr.Harley,whatmakeslanguagelearningmoredificultafteracertainage?Differencesbetweentwolanguages.Decliningcapacitytolearnsyntax.Lackoftimeavailable.Absenceofmotivation.参考答案：BTIP：答案选B。Harley博士提到有研究表明，语言特别是句法方面的学习在12岁以后更难。WhatdoestheexampleofCzechspeakersshow?It'snaturalforlanguagelearnerstomakeerrors.Differencesbetweenlanguagescausedifficulty.ThereexistdifferencesbetweenEnglishandCzech.Difficultystemsfromeitherdifferenceorsimilarity.参考答案：DTIP：答案选D。Harley博士提到有研究发现学习英语的捷克人会在相同的捷克语和英语句法上犯错，因此证明了语言学习者的困难也可能来自相似性。WhichofthefollowingmethodsdoesNOTadvocatespeaking?Thetraditionalmethod.Theaudiolingualmethod.Theimmersionmethod.Thedirectmethod.参考答案：ATIP：答案选A。因为其他三种方法都要求或强调口语，而传统方法强调语法教学。Whichhypothesisdealswiththeroleoflanguageknowledgeinthelearningprocess?Theacquisitionandlearningdistinctionhypothesis.Thecomprehensibleinputhypothesis.Themonitorhypothesis.Theactivefilterhypothesis.参考答案：CTIP:答案选C。当Harley博士在解释monitorhypothesis时，他提到monitor会使用语法规则，电台主持人向他确认是否这意味着学习者运用语言知识确保所说和所写的正确无误，Herley博士的回答是肯定的。WhichofthefollowingtopicsisNOTdiscussedduringtheinterview?Causesoflanguagelearningdifficulties.Differencesbetweenmothertongueandasecondlanguage.Theoreticalconceptualizationofsecondlanguagelearning.Pedagogicalimplementationofsecondlanguageteaching.参考答案：BTIP：答案选B。其他三项在对话中均有提及，D项没有提及。script:Woman:Goodmorning,Dr.Harley!Thankyouverymuchforcomingonourradiotalk.Weknowthatyou'reanappliedlinguistspecializinginsecondlanguageacquisition.Dr.Harley:Right!Woman:So,today,um,we'lllookatthisissue.Now,firstDr.Harley,couldyoupleasetelluswhatissecondlanguageacquisition?Dr.Harley:Well,secondlanguageacquisitionis...happenswhenachildoradulthasalreadybecomecompetentatalanguage.Andthen,um,theyattempttolearnanother.Woman:OK,mostpeoplethink,includingme,itisdifficulttolearnanotherlanguage.Whatarethereasons?Whyisitso?Dr.Harley:Well,thereareanumberofreasonsforthis.Huh,first,therehavebeenresearchstudies.Theyhaveshownthatsomeaspectsoflanguagelearningespeciallysyntaxaremoredifficultbeyondacertainage,say,afteraround12yearsofage.Woman:So,ageplaysanimportantroleinlanguagelearning?Dr.Harley:Yes.Butthat'snottheonlyreason.Woman:Oh,isthatso?Dr.Harley:Yes,forexample,huh,timeandinterest.Allchildrenandadultsoftenhavelesstimeandmotivationtolearnasecondlanguage.Woman:Mm…Dr.Harley:Anotherisrelatedtothesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenone'smothertongueandasecondlanguage.Wefindthelearnerswillexperiencedifficultywhentheirmothertongueandthesecondlanguagethey'relearningdiffer.Ingeneral,themoreidiosyncraticafeatureisinaparticularlanguagerelativetootherlanguages,themoredifficultitwillbetoacquire.Woman:Perhapsthisisthekeyissue.Differencesbetweenlanguagescauselanguagelearningproblems.Dr.Harley:Well,thismaybeoneoftheissueshere.Butthiscannotbethewholestory,asnotalldifferencesbetweenlanguagescausedifficulty.Letmegiveyouanexample.Woman:OK.Dr.Harley:ResearchhasfoundthatmanyerrorsbyCzechspeakerslearningEnglishweremadeonsyntacticconstructionsinwhichthetwolanguagesdonotdiffer.Woman:Oh,really?Thepictureismorecomplicatedthanwe'veimagined.Dr.Harley:Definitelyyes.Eachlanguagelearningsituationisdifferent.Soreasonsvaryalotfromcasetocase.Woman:Now,Dr.Harley,sincelearningasecondlanguageisadifficultprocess,youknow,inonewayoranother,arethereanymethodssofar,effectivemethodstoteachasecondlanguage?Dr.Harley:Thereagain,nomethodisabsolutelyeffectiveinallsituations.Somemayproveeffective,othersmaynot.Imeanalldependingonspecificconditions.Butgenerallyspeaking,thereareanumberofmethodsthathavebeenusedtoteachasecondlanguage.Woman:Couldyoumentionafew?Dr.Harley:Forinstance,there'sthetraditionalmethod.Thismethodisbasedontranslationfromonelanguagetoanother.Anditemphasizesgrammarteaching.Andthenyouhavedirectmethodswhichfocusesonconversationalskillsandallteachingmustbecarriedoutinthesecondlanguage.Woman:Oh,Isee.Anyothermethods?Dr.Harley:Yes,forexample,theaudio-lingualmethod.Thismethodemphasizesspeakingandlisteningbeforereadingandwriting.Woman:Howinteresting!Dr.Harley:Thenyouhavetheimmersionmethod.Thismethodteacheslearnersexclusivelythroughthemediumofthesecondlanguage.Woman:How?Dr.Harley:Well,itsimplymeansthatyoucannotspeakmothertongue.Everythingmustbedoneinthelanguageyou'relearning.Tome,themostnaturalmethodoflearninganewlanguageiswhatIcallsubmersion.Thatis,togotothatcountryandbesurroundedexclusivelybyspeakersofthatlanguage.Woman:ThankyouverymuchDr.Harleyforintroducingsomeofthelanguageteachingmethods.Nowlet'smoveontosomethingabittheoretical.Sincesecondlanguageacquisitionandteachingareafascinatingareaforresearchers,arethereanytheoriestoexplainsecondlanguageacquisition?Dr.Harley:Yes,manytheoriesandmodelshavebeenputforwardbyresearcherssofar.Today,I'dliketomentionthefivehypothesesproposedbyStevenKrashen.Woman:OK.Dr.Harley:ThefivehypothesesformwhathecallstheMonitorModelofsecondlanguagelearning.Woman:Whatdoesitmean?Dr.Harley:OK,thefirsthypothesisistheAcquisitionandLearningDistinctionHypothesis.AccordingtoKrashen,childrenacquiretheirfirstlanguagelargelyunconsciouslyandautomatically.Butadultscouldonlylearnasecondlanguageconsciouslyandeffortfully.Andadultscouldindeedacquirethesecondlanguage,atleastinpart.Woman:Right,Thenwhat'shissecondhypothesis?Dr.Harley:HissecondhypothesisistheNaturalOrderinAcquisitionHypothesis.Basically,hemeansthattheorderingwhichlearnersacquiresyntacticrulesisthesameinbothlanguages.Woman:Oh,that'ssomethingreallynewtome.Dr.Harley:ThethirdhypothesisistheMonitorHypothesis,whichiscentraltohistheory.Hereagain,wecomeacrossthedistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearning.Accordingtothishypothesis,theacquisitionprocessescreatesentencesinthesecondlanguage,right?Butlearningenablesthedevelopmentofamonitoringprocesstocheckandeditthisoutput.Themonitorusesknowledgeoftherules.That'swhy,asIsaidjustnow,learningisaconsciousprocess.Woman:Thismeansinlearningyouuseknowledgeofthelanguagetomakesurewhatyousayorwriteiscorrect.Isthatso?Dr.Harley:Yes.HisfourthhypothesisistheComprehensibleInputHypothesis.Inordertomoveformonestagetothenext,thelearnermustunderstandthemeaningandtheformoftheinput.Thisemphasizestheroleofcomprehension.Andfinally,theActiveFilterHypothesis.Thissuggestsattitudeandemotionalfactorsarealsoimportantinsecondlanguageacquisition.Woman:IguessKrashen'smodelhasprovidedausefulframeworkforsecondlanguagelearning.Dr.Harley:Yes,itindeedhas.Andithasalsoprovedtobeoneofthemostinfluentialtheoreticalapproachestoteachingasecondlanguage.Woman:OK,Dr.Harley,thankyouonceagainfortalkingtousaboutsecondlanguageacquisition.Dr.Harley:Pleasure.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Question6isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Now,listentothenews.6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?GreyhoundisBritain'slargestbusandtrainoperator.CurrentlyGreyhoundroutesinBritainarelimited.ThecoachstartsfromLondoneveryhour.Passengersareofferedavarietyofservices.参考答案：A参考答案：参考答案：A参考答案：参考答案：BTIP：选A。新闻中提到FirstGroups是英国最大的汽车和火车运营商，而Greyhound是其下的美国品牌。script:The95-yearoldiconicAmericanbrand—GreyhoundistakingtotheBritishroads.FirstGroup,Britain'slargestbusandtrainoperator,andowneroftheGreyhoundcoachbrandintheU.S.,saidthebuseswouldstartrunningfromLondonVictoriatoPortsmouthandSouthamptononSept.14.Ticketswillcostaslittleas£1withtheaveragejourneycosting£7.Itplanstorolloutmoreroutesnextyear.Thehourlybusservicewilltakejustundertwohoursnon-stopandwillofferfreeWi-Fi,powersocketsforeachpassenger,air-conditioning,complimentarynewspapersandleatherseats.Questions7and8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.WhatdoesthenewsitemsayaboutthefiresinGreece?FiresonlyoccurredneartheGreekcapital.Firesnearthecapitalcausedcasualties.Firesnearthecapitalwerethebiggest.Firesnearthecapitalweresoonundercontrol.参考答案：DTIP:答案选D。由uAuthoritiesreported75firesacrossthecountry."可排除A。由“Noinjurieswerereported/可排除B项。C项未提及。Accordingtothenews,whatmeasuredidauthoritiestaketofightthefires?Residentswereaskedtovacatetheirhomes.Troopswerebroughtintohelpthefirefighters.Airoperationsandwaterdropscontinuedovernight.Anothersixfireenginesjoinedthefirefightingoperation.TIP:选B。新闻提到政府当局调动空军、海军协助灭火，故B项正确。script:Greekfirefightersplannedtocontinuetoworkthroughthenighttocontaindozensofwildfires,includingamassiveblazeoutsideAthens,authoritysaid.GreekPrimeMinister,KostasKaramanlis,calledforcalmonSaturdayandsaidgroundforceswillcontinuetheirsuperhumaneffortsuntildawn,whenairoperationsandwaterdropswillresume.Authoritiesreported75firesacrossthecountry.ThefiresbeganlateFridayinGrammatiko40kilometers(25miles)northeastofthecapital.Windwhippedasingleblazeintothreefires,whichjoinedagainSaturday.Noinjurieswerereported.Authoritiesmobilizedunitsfromthenavy,airforceandmarinestoassistthefirefightersinGrammatiko,theStateFireDepartmentsaid."Thefireisparticularlycomplex,giventheweather,thelargequantityoffuel,theterrainandtheproximityofresidentialareas,"astatementfromtheFireDepartmentsaid.Thecauseoftheoriginalfirewhichbelchedcloudsofheavydarksmokewasunknown,andofficialswereinvestigating.ForestandbushfiresarecommonduringGreece'shot,drysummers.Sixfirefightingaircra什werehelpingfirefighters,accordingtotheAthens'snewsagency.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseofthecurrentdeclineintheMexicaneconomy?FewerjobopportunitiesinMexico.StrongtieswiththeU.S.economy.Declineintourism.Declineintaxrevenues.TIP：选A。新闻提到墨西哥经济衰退的主要原因是其与美国经济联系甚密。另外，导致墨西哥经济衰退的原因还包括旅游业下滑和石油、税收的减少，只有A项不是原因。Dropinremittancesfromabroadismainlydueto .decliningoilproductiontheoutbreakoftheHlN1fluthedecliningGDPinMexicotheeconomicdownturnintheU.S.参考答案：DTIP:选Do新闻提到^RemittancesfromMexicansworkingabroad,mostcfthemintheUnitedStates,alsohavefallenvictimtotheeconomicdownturn?,故D项正确。script:TheMexicaneconomywentoffacliffinthesecondthreemonthsof2009,withthegrossdomesticproductdropping10.3%fromthesameperiodlastyear,accordingtogovernmentfigures.AnalystssaythemaincauseofMexico'snosediveisthatthenation'seconomyistiedstronglytothatoftheUnitedStates,whichismiredinthedeepesteconomicdownturnsincethe1930s.OtherfactorsdraggingtheMexicaneconomydownincludeatourismdeclinecausedbytheH1N1fluoutbreak,decliningoilandtaxrevenuesandfewerMexicansabroadsendingmoneybackhome.Oilrevenues,longMexico'smainsourceofmoney,havebeenhurtbylowerglobalpricesanddecliningproduction.Remi卄qncesfromMexicansworkingabroad,mostofthemintheUnitedStates,alsohavefallenvictimtotheeconomicdownturn.FewerjobsintheUnitedStatesmeansfeweropportunitiesforMexicanstofindworkandsendmoneyhome.Remittancesrankafteroilintermsofrevenueforthecountry.Thatrevenuefellfrom$26billionin2007to$25billionin2008,Mexico'sCentralBanksaid,andisexpecttodecreaseevenmorethisyear.Tourism,Mexican'sthirdlargestsourceofrevenue,hasdeclinedsteadilysinceanoutbreakoftheHlN1fluewasfirstdiscoveredinMexicoinApril.PARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSIONInthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.TEXTAWheneverwecould,JoanandItookrefugeinthestreetsofGibraltar.TheEnglishman'shomeishiscastlebecausehehasnotmuchchoice.ThereisnowheretositinthestreetsofEngland,noteven,aftertwilight,inthepublicgardens.Theclimate,veryoften,doesnotevenpermithimtowalkoutside.Naturally,hestaysindoorsandcreatesacocoonofcomfort.ThatwasthewaywelivedinLeeds.Thesesouthernpeople,ontheotherhand,lookoutwards.TheGibraltarianhomeis,typically,asmallandcrowdedapartmentupseveralflightsofdarkanddirtystairs.Init,one,twooreventhreeoldpeopleshareafewill-litroomswiththeyoungfamily.Oncehehaseaten,changedhisclothes,embracedhiswife,kissedhischildrenandhisparents,thereisnothingtokeepthesouthernmanathome.Hehurriesouttakingevenhisbreakfastcoffeeathislocalbar.Hecomeshomelateforhisafternoonmealafteranappetitivehourathiscafe.Hesleepsforanhour,dresses,goesoutagainandstaysoutuntillateatnight.Hiswifedoesnotmisshim,forsheisouttoo—atthemarketinthemorningandinthe。什ernoonsittingwithothermothers,baby-mindinginthesun.TheusualGibraltarianhomehasnositting-room,living-roomorlounge.Theparlourofourworking-classhouseswouldbeanintolerablewasteofspace.Easy-chairs,sofasandsuch-likefurnitureareunknown.Therearenobookshelves,becausetherearenobooks.Talkinganddrinking,aswellaseating,aredoneonhardchairsroundthedining-table,betweenasideboarddecoratedwiththebestglassesandaninevitabledisplaycabinetfulloffamilytreasures,photographsandsouvenirs.Theelaboratechandelieroverthistableproclaimsitasthehubofthehouseholdandofthefamily."Hearthandhome"makesverylittlesenseinGibraltar.One'shomeisone'stownorvillage,andone'shearthisthesunshine.Ournortherntownsaredormitorieswithcubicles,bycomparison.Whenwecongregate—inthechurchesitusedtobe,nowinthecinema,say,impersonally,oratpublicmeetings,formally—wearescarcelyevermantoman.Onlyinourpubscanyoufindthetrulygregariousandcommunalspiritsurviving,andinEnglandeventhepubsaredividedalongclasslines.AlongthisMediterraneancoast,homeisonlyarefugeandaretreat.Thepeoplelivetogetherintheopenair—inthestreet,market-place.Downhere,thereisafarstrongerfeelingofcommunitythanwehadeverknown.IncrowdedandcircumscribedGibraltar,withitscomplicatedinter-marriages,itsidentityofinterests,itssurvivingsenseofsiege,onecanseeandfeelanintegratedsociety.Toliveinatinytownwithalltheorganizationofastate,withViceroy（总督），Premier,ParliamentPressandPentagon,allinminiature,allwithinarm'sreach,isanintensivecourseincivics.Insuchanenvironment,nothingcanbehidden,forbetterorforworse.One'ssuccessesareseenandrecognized;one'sfailuresareimmediatelyexposed.Socialconsciousnessisatitsstrongest,withtheresultthatthereisaconstantandfirmpressuretowardsgoodsocialbehaviour,towardscourtesyandkindness.Gibraltar,withallitsfaults,isthefriendliestandmosttolerantofplaces.Straightfromthecynicalanonymityofabigcity,weluxuriatedinitshappypersonalism.Welookbackonit,likeallitsexiledsonsanddaughters,withtrueaffection.WhichofthefollowingbestexplainsthedifferencesinwaysoflivingbetweentheEnglishandtheGibraltarians?Thefamilystructure.Religiousbelief.Theclimate.Eatinghabit.参考答案：ATIP：选A。文章对英国人和直布罗陀的居民的不同生活方式进行描写，对比了两种迥异的社会习俗和社会结构。Theitalicizedpartinthethirdparagraphimpliesthat .Englishworking-classhomesaresimilartoGibraltarianonesEnglishworking-classhomeshavespacioussitting-roomsEnglishworking-classhomeswastealotofspacetheEnglishworking-classparlourisintolerableinGibraltar参考答案：CTIP：选C。斜体字部分的含义是“英国工人阶级的会客厅对直布罗陀的居民来说是一种不能容忍的对空间的浪费”。WelearnfromthedescriptionoftheGibraltarianhomethatitis .modernluxuriousstarksimple参考答案：DTIP：选D。文章提到直布罗陀的居民家里没有安乐椅、沙发、书柜等类似的家具，因此很简朴。Thereisamuchstrongersenseof amongtheGibraltarians.togethernesssurvivalidentityleisure参考答案：ATIP:选A。文章好几处的用词如congregatesgregariousxcommunalspirit等都体现了直布罗陀人彼此之间较亲密。AccordingtothepassagepeopleinGibraltartendtobewell-behavedbecauseofthefollowingEXCEPT .theen