上海市2019年高考英语冲刺专题(六)阅读理解

上海市2019年高考冲刺专题（六） 阅读理解高考英语阅读常考八大题型答题技巧详解一、高考阅读理解的命题特点体裁：每年试题都包含在 应用文、叙述文、说明文 和议论文这四种体裁之中。题材：涉及自然科学、社会科学和人文科学。包括日常生活、古代传说、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环保和经济等。材料：改革后新高考阅读材料基本上是 3篇，篇幅一般在 500词左右；在语言文化上，以美国英语和文化为主，多为以母语为英语的人写的原汁原味的反映外国生活内容的文章，很少涉及国内题材，符合中学生学习英语的目的和实践。题材的文章选择多源自欧美英语社会主流媒体；体现了 "贴近时代、贴近生活、贴近学生 "的原则。阅读时间和速度：三篇阅读参考的阅读时间是 20分钟，要求的阅读速度是每分钟55词左二、考试大纲对于阅读理解能力的基本要求及考查方式掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。对考纲的要求，高考阅读理解分别以细节事实题、词汇题、句子理解题、指代题、推理题、作者态度题、判断题、主旨题等题型进行考查。三、各种题型解题思路详解1．细节事实题标志：①题干中明确提到时间、地点、人物等细节信息；②针对文章中的一句或几句发问；③题干和选项之间是因果关系。例1．Clearly,hewasawriterwhoknewhowtointerestcontemporarychildren.Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievementsandlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.58.WhendidPaulZindelwintheALANPrize?A.In2002. B.In2003.C.Between1967and1992. D.Between2002and2003.【解析】细节事实题正确选项特点是： 一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思题干+正确选项的信息等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值。做题的关键在于返回原文，返回原文的方式有：①根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文；②根据出题顺序返回原文（60%的准度）；③根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词， 70%的准度）；在本题中，迷惑人的手段在于用题干中的 win来代替文中的waspresentedwith,考生可以根据题干中的重点词Zindel和ALANPrize返回原文，在原文中，可以看出在2002年Zindel被授予MargaretA奖项，紧接着又说，在同一年，他被授予了ALANPrize奖项，由此推理，正确答案是A.In2002。即，Zindel获彳#ALANPrize奖项的时间是在2002年。2.词汇题标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思例2.Charlotte'stalewasinspiredbythegirls'coincollection."We'vecollectedforeigncoinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerife."sheexplains."ThatwasbeforetheEuro,soweputpesetasin."Laurencontinues:"Ifindacoinintheroad,gotogetitandgetrunover.I'minhospitalandthenIdie."Charlotteadds:"Orshemightnotdie.Ihaven'tdecidedyet."Theunderlinedword"pesetas'lnParagraph2isakindof.A.story B.collectioninspirationD.foreigncoin【解析】做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下， 如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义。要找到正确的词义，关键在于在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组。如在本题中，根

据句式我们可唯set铝一个名词,pesetas上下文附近出现了的名词有coin,Euro（jc；roa等「根fnchcoinitheoad据句式我们可唯set铝一个名词,pesetas上下文附近出现了的名词有3.句子理解题标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话，要求理解其意思例3:201察明区二代InthworldfhigheducatnthUniteStat飒mpetiteemso例3:201察明区二代schoWorkinggetEre明legeiUniversiOmpeOesudeaweashbestteachenshdnfdireseaprdgrams.incomtudeThNatidnaentforEducatStatisthepottsalbw-incd1studeatdesskeiyocompleestucprogrOmaorthstudents.meelegeItwaonlynaturthiatheeadeosMichigSrtatUniversityterotherniversitiesdiscusSeidesuehethemen201The&chooie^preaCroeeUniteStatandsendifferepOpulatiormeeedeutheieaderfcaWmprovgngduaralleoallstudeaShbiggepriOblencinAmeriCagheducation.SOthegroupreatadorganizaadletheJniversi1novatfOnan(orUIAorteachenshdnfdireseaprdgrams.incomtudeThNatidnaentforEducatStatisthepottsalbw-incd1studeatdesskeiyocompleestucprogrOmaorthstudents.meelegeItwaonlynaturthiatheeadeosMichigSrtatUniversityterotherniversitiesdiscusSeidesuehethemen201The&chooie^preaCroeeUniteStatandsendifferepOpulatiormeeedeutheieaderfcaWmprovgngduaralleoallstudeaShbiggepriOblencinAmeriCagheducation.SOthegroupreatadorganizaadletheJniversi1novatfOnan(orUIAorsharilnnformatiollatetdthieDroblene.maigoaietoget68,000morestudentsatthememberschoolstograduateby2025,withatleasthalfofThisestudentsbeiischoMoweayhenumbefgraduaiaencreaSeOver,20injusthreyealThisincludahalmOepercehireaeh6umbeiow-inccgTaduates.Howvereheybleomakthis(理清代词的指Khappenbegawitheachunivereiiykiragts^weituationdndinglWhatha(bee]loinlgghanWhallhadbeedoinwrong.FoexampdeforeinintheJIAacadeiatilvisiatMichigSnatmdstlyvdlvedreactingproblestsdenacedftetheDroblehnBsaireaayiseThenchoofficialsheaaboaComppteigramfelloWIAnembGeorg3tateniverWtyssinThiscompipeogramowsecisionisdentakeboUheClassesdheDrogretheyrethctheyrenakingistalorfiacingfficultiThaWayheidvisccrstrytohelptudentsmakiiinthestudieshenendicadeadvisors^ssaweeneastudenhowsgnsbefotteproblebiecoitoseriousMichigStatsegaisingheompulergramandGt]hasneaaWorlOfdiffereJnCechigSnateasloOnlyeceiveeefulinformafiome^artnereaalsoharhelpfUtformaO^tEdwn.thctheyrenakingistalorfiacingfficultiThaWayheidvisccrstrytohelptudentsBridgeilurnehesxecutdjeectfortheJIAsayeffo械ethiSlaveevereenssuccessfThereerankingsthatmeasUheaiBBinidaidfBhowwellyoudoforow-incdrtudehtffidhistoricbeenighlighted58ByifhameaaWorlofdifferehiceDaragrapth6authnreaheichigSnateB.hadiscovethieompiprograBveryifficitduseA.hafounthqompUrogrqmteiffererOrtheirsB.hadiscovethieompiprograBveryifficitduseChahelpetUdenticcessWiiiyheompiprogramhasinvolvedmoreacademicadvisorsinthecomputerprogram【解析】做题的关键在于：返回原文对出题的句子进行上下文分析，要精确理解其涵义； 正确答案与原句之间是一种同义关系，可以通过推理得出正确答案。在本题中，在句子ithasmeantaworldofdifference的上文中说Thiscomputerprogramfollowsdecisionsstudentsmakeabouttheirclassesandtheprogresstheyaremakingintheirstudies.Itthensendsacademicadvisorsmessageswheneverastudentshowssignsthattheyaremakingmistakesorfacingdifficulties.Thatwaytheadvisorscantrytohelpstudentsbeforetheproblemsbecometooserious.说的是computerprogram的好处，继而MichiganStatebeganusingthecomputerprogrami,产生的积极的结果是notonlyreceivedusefulinformationfromitspartnersIthasalsosharedhelpfulinformationofitsown.注意到设问的主语是 MichiganState,故而正确的答案只能是 hashelpedstudentssuccessfullywiththecomputerprogram。4.指代题标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词，要求辨别其指代关系。常考的指代词有： it,that,this,one,thesethose等例4.Therearealsoruleswhichdealwiththestandardofservicesyougetfrom,say,travelagents,shoerepairers,hairdressersandbuilders.Thesetellyouwhatyoushouldexpectfromanyserviceyoupayfor.TheunderlinedwordatheseinParagraph2refersto” ”.A.theservices B.theworkersC.thegoods D.therules【解析】首先返回原文定位该指代词，并且90%向上、10%向下搜索其指代的词、词组或句子。然后在四个选项中找出与所找到的词、词组或句子意思接近的一个作为答案。在本题中，我们可以看至U原文中 these之前的名词有rules,services,travelagents,shoerepairers,hairdressers,builders等名词，根据Thesetellyouwhatyoushouldexpectfromanyserviceyoupayfor.（这些使你明白你所得到的付费服务应该达到怎样的水平 ）的意思，可以知道正确的答案是 D.therules（制度）。因为只有制度才能约束服务行为，使服务行为得到保障。5.推理题标志：推理题一般含有关键词infer,imply等。例5.UnderaCanadiangovernmentprogramformulticulturalism,thethreestudentshavereceivedtwothousanddollarswithwhichtheywilldoastudytofindoutwhetherToronto;simmigrantbusinessmenwouldsupportanopen-airmarket.Theyhopethemerchantswillsupporttheplanstrongly.“Astudydoneearlierthisyearshowedthat90percentofshopperswouldbeinfavorofit,Salvatorisaid."AfirstitwouldbeanexperimentButwethinkitwillprovetobegoodbusinessforthemerchantsaswellastouristattraction.”ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheCanadiangovernmentsupports.theprotectionofdifferentculturestheplanofanopen-airmarkettherequestofmerchantstheattitudeofshoppers 这是命题人惯用的伎俩！【解析】推理题干扰项的特点为只是原文的简单复述 ，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理；或者看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，如因果倒手段变目的等，本题中的B.theplanofanopen-airmarket C.therequestofmerchants D.theattitudeofshoppers就是根据这些原理设计出来的。做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系。 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思接近、所用推理少的选项即是正确答案。本题中找出正确答案的关键是读懂UnderaCanadiangovernmentprogramformulticulturalism,thethreestudentshavereceivedtwothousanddollars（从力口拿大政府——个多元文化项目中，三个学生获取了2000美圆的基金），这个句子，试想想，如果加拿大政府不支持对不同文化的保护，能设多元文化保护项目吗？能拨出2000美金给学生们从事多元文化的研究吗？所以，答案A.theprotectionofdifferentcultures（对多元文化的保护）自然就是正确答案了。6.态度题标志：考查态度题中的题干一般都含有accordingtothewriter,attitude,believe,consider,regard等词和短语。例6.Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyouranger.Butforgivenessispossible-anditcanbesurprisinglyhelpfultoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.In-deed,researchhasshownthatpeoplewhoforgivereportmoreenergy,betterappetite（胃口）andbettersleeppatterns."Peoplewhoforgiveshowlessangerandmorehopefulness,"saysDr.FredericLuskin,whowrotethebookForgiveforGood."Soitcanhelpsaveonthewearandtearon.Oursystemallowpeopletofeelmoreenergetic."Accordingtothewriter,whatistherightwaytocalmdownafterbeinghurt?Trytofigureoutwhyyougethurt.Writealettertothepersonwhohurtyou.C.Persuadeyourselftoacceptwhatothershavedonetoyou.D.Thinkaboutpleasantthingsandforgetaboutthehurt.【解析】作者态度只分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；除此之外，没有其他的作者态度。识别作者态度有以下方法：找文中带有感情色彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词；根据作者举的例子判断等。在涉及本题的文段中，反复出现的此是 forgive和forgiveness（宽容），因此，不难判断，作者对于受到伤害后解脱的态度是 D.Thinkaboutpleasantthingsandforgetaboutthehurt.（多去想想愉快的事情，忘掉别人对你的伤害）。7．判断题标志：whichofthefollowingstatementisnotture/correct/mentioned?Allofthefollowingstatementsareture/correct/mentionedexcept?例7．Thesandhillsstillbreathedheatfromyesterday'ssun,thoughthetopofthesandwascool.Herandowntothebeachimpatiently,buttherewasnoone,justdrysanddancingintheearlywindandseabirdsmarchingupanddownwatchingthewaves.Thelightchangedsuddenly.Thefirstraysofsunlightstretched（延伸）acrossthesea.Thesunwaspushingitswayovertheedgeoftheworld.Overthefirstrocks,alongtothepoint.Timglancedback.Thebeachwasstillempty.Thesunsailedhigherinthesky.Hecouldseethecavenow,evendarkerinthemorninglight.Thesandturnedsilverthandarkgoldasthewaterflowedawayfromit.Hehadtoforcehimselftogocloser.Whywasitsomuchmoremysterious（神秘的）now?Butitwouldbesillytogobacknowaftersomuchtrouble.Heneedn'tgoinalltheway...WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothestory?Thesealookedlikeapieceofgold.SeabirdsflewawaywhenTimarrived.Timwastheonlypersononthebeach.TheskygotdarkasTimreachedthecave.【解析】做这样的题首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错，所谓“对”是指符合原文，所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及；接着每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断。在本题的四个答案中，A.Thesealookedlikeapieceofgold.（大海看起来象一块金字），文中没有提及，文中涉及金子（gold）的句子是 Thesandturnedsilverthandarkgoldasthewaterflowedawayfromit.（海水退去之后，沙滩的颜色变得比黑金更暗），如果不仔细阅读推敲，考生很容易凭印象误选这个答案。答案B.SeabirdsflewawaywhenTimarrived.（迪姆到达时，海鸟都飞走了）与原文中的seabirdsweremarchingupanddownwatchingthewaves.（海鸟上下

飞翔，俯哪I蹄盾。DThek均oCarkS^imeachlecCave（当迪姆到达洞穴日寸，天隹暗卞菊heunailedgheltheiky（太「日已经高高地升上亍天空）相矛盾。原文bUtheweasoone一个人都溃hjeeawBstilempty海滩上仍然不见人踪）倒是CTm斡thonlyersodhbeaCg和ER证，所以正确答案可以判定C8.主旨题标志beSttlemaideamapnroblemconclusConclude例8.201卷宝山区二模篇第弧)Ibelie\VegettirlgstLoeidthttexOfthe^ovehaieparticuteyoullhouglated例8.201卷宝山区二模篇第弧)Ibelie\VegettirlgstLoeidthttexOfthe^ovehaieparticuteyoullhouglatedfeelinghatoconsideecTheonthafeminyOofyoinhildhaadmmwTsereyolcloeyoleyesndOsyourseifivingnemOeelirtgwarwinbrushidgainstyourrmhemeOtheluse0nthay：oetiup^s<ouidyoUTicycm)urmu曲leuneo1thaSonLikthelnprepSudldDyivwitdodestinatiOdi.feetowanderkepathSatoUvneveoticedscovoeaceohavebeeThefailingfOrlhpattoeadobackomleaviiyoUOtesiirecticansaiertabsoyOisurroundiinordeofingiwabaclth#nd)fost.Igetosdailywhethterinthoucorth®nplandedfejus(decidtogoonGettingtoLudingfanrGraiRapidltooWitlafeWriendWenalrealizwdwereointheloeiead0dventullealSliexperietharaineotlovtobenorewaceyoleurroundings.AfewofmymostfavoritememoriesinvolveThaoneatalighgiptticklosttoLudingfanrGraiRapidltooWitlafeWriendWenalrealizwdwereointhewhereoloSdthDeVS^laCeGrandapidlStehPresidedaandhethparkinggarageasolidW(hourisellikemyfewathaineceoferAmericefevissituationwrongawhew由iSouthavedmdSfrehououOfouway^hewE^slsOneimecomeldynlieailconditiOdthleimthesedervoele^eriedhageyoua(nxietypumpuYgufearfthayowodbe>afa,uittalwaysorkteel^uidthendwhereoloSdthDeVS^laCeGrandapidlStehPresidedaandhethparkinggarageasolidW(hourisellikemyfewathaineceoferAmericefevissituationlosinyOurse^fepayloSolho\womanaweedo^emotiodamentaOlyyourself.YoudonalwayhaVebeoedaliteraeenfeegestansomethemeosingYoudonalwayhaVebeoedaliteraeenfeegestansomethemeosinglosttesOumetaphoracalldeometim哪routeb曲eigh:tirectionOtherlosttesOumetaphoracalldeometim哪routeb曲eigh:tirectionOtherInWald蛔nryaviThoreauoteNotillweartostnothwrorcnotillwdnavlestrightackDelieVngettidgethroudadreammisplaceHdedldtureS^ifficultth®vorldl,owdDegidfin(Ourselveefealize^eIW6arendhedfinextedOurrelationsettinoSfuelmycurioeayCeacheeessonnindirmyvaback:thetimesheyomakeecoveaieoyOursendhatmos随roreyOlIdordtOtrulyfin(yoursel^elieVea^o^shou^ldUdowdnenapngeWonderfLoHyt.rightackDelieVngettidgethroudadreammisplaceHdedldtureS^ifficult59Whi(ofheollowim!jgbehbeskttl©fthpassage?A.IOndW/slsostCPhysicGHyttirLostB.WonderLOstDMentaGettiiLost【解析】要利用宏观阅读技巧(scanskip)做主旨题，既要特别小心首段、末段陷阱，又要重视段首、末段提供的重要信息。具体操作的时候，要注意依据选项、快速与原文核对。在本文中，第一段就开宗明义地点明了文章的主题，亮明了作者的态度：Ibelieveingettinglost;同时注意believe的感情色彩；此后注意每一段的句首，作者多次讲到 be/getlost;末段引用梭罗《瓦尔登湖»中的名句:Nottillwearelost,inotherwordsnottillwehavelosttheworld,dowebegintofindourselves,andrealizewhereweareandtheinfiniteextentofourrelations.所“以很容易锁定正确答案是B;A是第二段的中心句，作者通过自身经历，说明getlost是一种冒险的学习经历，可以教会认识周身环境，进而举了一例Afewofmymostfavoritememoriesinvolvephysicallygettinglost.文章这里首次出现了physicallygettinglost,亦不可作为全篇主旨句；D选项文中并没有对应支撑信息，可轻易排除。例9.（2018年宝山区二模阅读B篇第60题）TwointhreeAmericansshoweronceadayormore,accordingtoaYouGovpoll.Here'whyyoumightbebetteroffshoweringlessfrequentlyandhereareotherwaysyoumightbeshoweringwrongDailyshowersarebestforpeoplewithphysicallydemandingjobs,thosewholiveinhot,dampclimates.Butifyoudon'sweatthatoften,youcouldprobablygotwotothreedayswithoutsteppingintotheshower,skindoctorMonikaG.Kiripolsky,MD,toldMen'sHealth.Usethesequickmorninghackstofreshenupwithoutshowering.Dryingoffwithatowelcanfurthermakeyourdelicatebirthdaysuitbecomeworse.It'besttoairdry,accordingtoHowStuffW,butifthattakestoolongoryoudon'likeleavingwetfootprintsalloverthehouse,useasofttowelandgentlypatyourskindryinsteadofvigorouslyrubbingit.Checkouttheseothermistakeseveryonemakesintheshower.Ifthethoughtofshoweringeveryotherdayorafewtimesaweekmakesyourskincrawl,（使起鸡皮疙瘩） consideraminicleaning.Rubyourchest,armpits（腋下）,andoutersexorgans,（夕卜阴部）withawashclothandamildcleaner,Men'sHealthadvises.Rightnow,yourskinisteemingwithgoodbacteria,butshoweringlaunchesthesemicrob