英美文学教程笔记

EnglishLiterature

ChapterOneEnglishLiteratureintheMiddleAge(5th-15th)Mainpoints:BackgroundinformationoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.LiterarycharacteristicsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.BackgroundinformationoftheAnglo-Normanperiod.LiterarycharacteristicsoftheAnglo-Normanperiod.ImportantliteraryworksandmenoflettersoftheAnglo-Normanperiod.GeoffreyChaucerI.BackgroundinformationoftheAnglo-SaxonperiodTheperiodcanberoughlydividedintotwostages:theAnglo-SaxonperiodandtheAnglo-Normanperiod.Themakingofthenation.TheinhabitantsofthenationThenativeCelts凯尔特人(theyinhabitinwhatisnowIreland,WalesandScotland) theRomanConquest(thisconquestwasledbyJuliusCaesarin55B.C.,whichlasted4centuries,butitmadelittleinfluenceonthenation'sliterature) theAnglo-SaxonConquestinabout449bythreeTeutonictribes条顿部落theAnglos,theSaxons,theJutes.TheAnglo-SaxonswereChristianizedinthe7thcentury,whichinfluencedtheliteratureintwoaspects:oneisthegreatnumberofChristianpoetrywhichformsanimportantpartofEnglishliteratureofthisperiod;theotherisChristiancolorinpaganworks,forthemonksrecordedtheoralliteraturewiththeirChristianideas.(Theideasusuallydonotgowiththecontentofthewholebeing.)ThelanguageInthe7th,thethreetribesmixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglishandthelanguagespokenbythemisgenerallycalledAnglo-Saxon,thatistheOldEnglish.LiterarycharacteristicsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Themainliteraryformoftheperiodispoetryandtherearetwogroups:paganpoetryandreligiouspoetry,andoftenChristianone.ThemostimportantworksleftisBeowulf《贝奥武甫》or《贝尔武夫》TheintroductiontoBeowulfItistheearliestcompleteepicinEnglishliteratureanditisregardedasthenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople. Definitionofepicornationalepic史诗:itisapoeticaccountofthedeedsofoneormoregreatheroes,orofanation'spasthistory. 3182lines,twopartswithaninterpolationbetweenthetwo. Thethemeofthepoem:Beowulfisoneofthenation'sheroesoftheEnglishpeople.Withthedescriptionsofhisheroicdeeds,thesongreflectseventstakingplaceontheScandinavianpeninsulaatthebeginningofthe7thcentury. Thesignificanceofthepoem:Thestoryrepresents1)thefightoftheancientpeopleagainstbeastsandnaturalforces(e.g.flood,volcano);2)itreflectsthefeaturesoftribalsocietyofancienttime;3)Beowulf'sdeedspresentstheidealvirtuesofancientAnglo-Saxons.(courage,prowess,devotiontohispeople)Characteristicsofthepoem:analliterativeverse头韵体诗歌;paganinspiritandmatter,yetwithvisibleChristianmarks.BackgroundinformationoftheAnglo-Normanperiod.TheNormanConquestThebeginningoftheAnglo-NormanperiodismarkedbytheNormanConquestin1066.TheinfluencesoftheconquestontheEnglishsocietyare:1)thenationturnedfromthetribalsocietytothefeudalsociety;2)theconquestbroughtforthenationFrenchcivilizationandtheFrenchlanguage.ThelanguageAtfirst,FrenchwasthelanguageoftheupperclassortheoppressorandOldEnglishwasthelanguageoftheoppressed.ThenOldEnglishwascombinedwithFrenchtoformanewlanguage MiddleEnglishLiterarycharacteristicsoftheAnglo-NormanperiodThemainliteraryformsoftheperiodarepoetryandprose.(romanceintheformofprose)Literarycharacteristics 中古英诗呈现法国诗风与英格兰本土传统交融的情景。诗歌韵体上，一方面受法国诗歌的影响，出现以音韵为特征的诗歌 e.g.Chaucer'sCanterburytales,一方面保留古英语的头韵体诗歌 e.g.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight poeticforms:A.romance传奇whichwasbroughtfromFrancetoEngland,wasaboutthebright,romantictalesofloveandadventuresoftheknights.(P18)Ballad民谣:(definition)BalladisakindofEnglishfolkliterature.Itisastorytoldinsongs,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndandthe4thlinesrhymed.ItportraysthecharactersfromthelowerclassandgivesanoutlookofthelifeofthecommonpeopleinfeudalEngland.(P51)e.g.the“RobinHood”groupImportantliteraryworksandmenoflettersoftheAnglo-Normanperiod. SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,themostimportantamongtheKingArthur'scircle.(P18)Itisabouttheadventuresandromanticloveofaknight,SirGawain.Andtheknightrepresentstheidealvirtuesadvocatedinthefeudalsocietycourage,devotiontohiskingandalsohisbelovedlady;thisromancealsogivesavividaccountofthecourtlifeatthattime; Piers,thePlowmanbyWilliamLangland朗格兰Itisareligiousallegory. GeoffreyChaucer乔叟GeoffreyChaucerHeisregardedas“fatherofEnglishpoetry”,andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsinEngland.(P41)AsawriterlivinginthetransitionalperiodwhenEnglandturnedfromfeudalsocietytocapitalism,hisworksrevealsfaithfullythelifeandthethoughtsofhistime.(heeulogizestheidealsofchivalrousEnglandontheonehand,andontheotherhand,hesanghighlyoftheRenaissancespirits)AbouttheauthorChaucerwasborninabout1340inafamilyofarichmerchantandservedaspagetoacountess,whichprovidedwithhimachanceofgettinginclosetieswiththecourtandnobility.

In1359heaccompaniedtheEnglisharmytoFranceandin1367hewassentonseveralembassiestoFrance.ThisexperiencehelpedhimgetinacquaintanceswithFrenchrenaissance.(imitatemewformsofpoetrywriting,translateFrenchworks)In1367hewassentonseveralembassiestoFlanders,FranceandItaly,hethengotinacquaintanceswithItalianrenaissance.(Dante但丁,Boccaccio卜伽丘,Petrarch彼得拉克)Thepoetdiedin1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthe“Poets'Corner”.Chaucer'smainworks(P42)masterpiece:TheCanterburyTalesTheCanterburyTales Itisoneofthemostfamousworksinallliteratures.Inarrangingthepoem,heimitatestheframeworkofBoccaccio'Decamenon《十日谈》：ageneralprologue+24taleswithinterlogues.(P43)Chaucercreatedabrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.Inthisbook,heportrayedcharactersfromallwalksoflifeandmadethemtellstoriesthatrevealedthelife,mannersandthoughtsofpeoplefromdifferentsocialclasses.Asahumanist,heeulogizedhumanistideas.Hebelievedintherightsofmantoearthlyhappiness.HewaskeentopraisemanChaucercreatedabrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.Inthisbook,heportrayedcharactersfromallwalksoflifeandmadethemtellstoriesthatrevealedthelife,mannersandthoughtsofpeoplefromdifferentsocialclasses.Asahumanist,heeulogizedhumanistideas.Hebelievedintherightsofmantoearthlyhappiness.Hewaskeentopraiseman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandtheloveforlife.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypestoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.HewasthefirsttoemployskillfullyheroiccoupletsinEnglishpoeticwriting.Hecoveredallthemajortypesofmedievalliteratureinhismasterpiece,suchasromances,folktales,animalstories.ChauceralsocontributedgreatlytothefoundingofEnglishliterarylanguage,thebasisofwhichwasformedbytheLondondialect,soprofoundlyusedbythepoet.B.C.D.E.A.B.C.D.E.Appreciationpfthe“generalPrologue”(P43)ChapterTwoEnglishLiteratureintheRenaissanceMainpoints:HistoricalbackgroundoftheperiodFeaturesofEnglishRenaissanceImportantliterarymenandliteraryworksChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespeareI.HistoricalbackgroundoftheperiodThe16thcenturyinEnglandwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism.Economically,theperiodwitnessedtheprogressofbourgeoiseconomywhichwasstimulatedbytheEnclosuremovement.(圈地运动)Scientifically,itwasatimeofnewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology.(哥伦布发现新大陆，哥白尼的“太阳中心说”)Thediscoveryofnewlandledtothedevelopmentofoverseastrade.Thenewideasaboutthecentreoftheworldarousedsuspiciononmedievalreligion.CThereligiousandpoliticalreforminEnglandortheconsolidationofsecularandecclesiasticalpowerunderoneKinggreatlyfurtheredthestrengtheningofEnglishmonarchy.D.Inliteratureandarts,therewasakeeninterestintherediscoveredancientGreekandRomanculturewithareassertionofman'spositionasthecentreoftheuniverse.Alsotheintroductionofprintingintheturningofthecenturymadereadingpopular,whichhelpedthespreadofnewideasamongthepopulace.FeaturesofEnglishRenaissance ThedefinitionorthetermRenaissance:ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatesarevivalorrebirthofancientGreekandRomanartsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Indeed,agreatnumberoftheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglishduringthe16thcentury.Thestudyandpropagationofclassicallearningandartwascarriedonbytheprogressivethinkersofthehumanists.Theyheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandbravelyfoughtfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas. TwokeyfeaturesofRenaissanceA.Thehumanistsshowedathirstingcuriosityforclassicalliterature.TherearousedageneralofthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors.（e.g.translatingtheirworks,modelingtheirliteraryforms,borrowingtheirsubjects）B.Theyhadakeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities.Forthefirsttime,manisconsideredasthecentreoftheuniverse.TheinterestinGodandinthelifeafterdeathistransformedintotheexaltationofmanandanabsorptioninearthlylife.ImportantliterarymenandliteraryworksLiteraryformsoftheperiodA.poetry,lyricalpoetryandnarrative/epicpoetryB.prose,literarycriticworksandessaysdrama,historydrama,tragedyandcomedynovelsinproseMainliteraryfiguresandtheirworks ThomasMore's（莫尔）Utopia〈乌托邦〉,atruthfulpictureofthepeople'ssufferingsontheonehand,ontheotherhand,thebookrevealshisidealofafuturehappysociety. ThomasWyatt（怀亚特）theonetointroducesonnet（十四行诗）intoEnglishliteratureHenry,EarlofSurrey（萨里）theonetointroduceblandverse（无韵体诗）intoEnglishliterature PhilipSidney（锡德尼）famousforhislyricalpoetryandthefirstimportantliterarycritics,DefenseofPoetry《诗辩） EdmundSpenser（斯宾塞）A.hismainpoems:FairyQueen《仙后》,thegreatestepicpoemofthetime;TheShepherd'sCalendar《牧人日历》B.Spenserianstanza:（definition）ItisastanzacreatedbySpenser.Thestanzacontains9linesrhymedinababbcbccwiththefirst8linesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter. FrancisBacon（培根）thegreatestprosewriteroftheperiodhismasterpiece:Essays《论说文集》ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespeare4.1AbriefintroductiontoEnglishdramaEnglishcouldbedatedbacktotheMiddleAges.A.B.C.Themiracleplay传奇剧 playsbasedontheBiblee.g.thecreationoftheworld,Norchandtheflood,thebirthofChrist.Graduallysecularandcommercialelementswereintroduced.TheMoralityplay道德剧presentstheconflictofgoodandevilwiththeintroductionofallegoricaldoctrinesinabstractform.Interlude幕间剧Ashortplayslippedintoaplaytoenliventheaudienceafterasolemnscene.ChristopherMarloweMarloweisoneofthegreatestplaywrightsintheEnglishRenaissance.Heisalsoagreatlyricalpoet.HereformedthegenreofdramainEnglandandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.ItwasMarlowewhomadeblankverse(anunrhymediambicpentameter)theprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.Hismainworks:Dr.FaustusTamburtaine,theGreatTheJewofMaltaWilliamShakespeare4.3.1Shakespeare'slife.Shakespearewasbornin1564inStratford-on-Avon.Attheageofseven,Shakespearewassenttothelocalgrammarschoolwhichheattendedfor6years.Atabout1586,helefthishometownandsoughthisfortuneinLondon.Bytheendof1590,hebecameknownasanactorandalsoaplaywright.In1612,heretiredandwentbacktoStratfordanddiedin1616.WorksofShakespeareAltogether,heproduced38dramas,(historyplays,tragedies,comedies,tragiccomedies)2longnarrativepoems,and154sonnets. The3majorperiodsofhisliteraryactivities andallhisworks(P71). Thefirstperiod:Theachievementofthisperiodlieinhistoryplays,comediesandsonnetwriting.Shakespeare'shistoryplaysareallpoliticalplayswhichcover2centuriesofEnglishhistory.Bydepictingthehorrorsanddisasterscausedbywars(e.g.WarsofRoses,theHundredYears'War),Shakespeareshowsthenecessityfornationalunity,theresponsibilitiesofanefficientrulerandtheimportanceoflegitimatesuccessiontothethronewhichisapprovedbyitssubjects(臣民).Throughthehistoryplays,theauthorimpliesthecurrentpoliticalissuesof SelectingreadingHamlet1.这一幕的剧情2．内容分析3．主题和意义 对生与死的思考4．写作技巧blankverse,soliloquy,rhetoricdevicesSonnet181.definitionofEnglishsonnet:Itisa14-lineverseababcdcdefefggwritteniniambicpentemetrewiththerhymicformofababcdcdefefgg.2.内容分析3.主题和意义immortalitypoetrymakesbeautyimmortal4.写作技巧sonnet.rhetoricdevices

GeneralcommentonShakespeare1.Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealismnworldliterature.Hepaints,throughhisgreatplaysapanoramaofthedeclineoftheoldfeudalnobilityandtheriseofthenewTudormonarchy,whichrepresentedtheinterestsoftheEnglishbourgeoisie.Hecondemnsunfailinglytheevilsinhissociety therottenstateaffairs,radialandreligiousdiscriminationsocialinequalityandthecorruptingaffectofmoney.Shakespearepicturesaseriesofidealcharacterstoembodyhishumanist'thsoughts.Inhisworks,heeulogizesman'spower,man'swit,man'spursuitofsecularhappiness;heexpressesthetriumphofloveandjusticeovergreedandbrutality;alsoinhisworks,heexpressedhisideaofequalityamonghumanbeings.Shakespearegivesusaworldoffull-bloodedpeoplewhorepresentallthecomplexitiesandimplicationsofreallife.Shakespeareemphasizesonthepsychologicalmake-upofhismajorcharacterandrevealstheinnerworkingsofthemindsinaverydetailedanalyticalway,oftenthoughtheuseofmonologue.Incharacterportrayal,thepoetputhischaractersintensesocialconflictsandshowstheirthoughtsandfeelingsundertheirownhistoricalenvironmentandsocialsituations.Shakespeareisskillfulinmanypoeticforms;thesong,thesonnet,thecoupletandthedramaticblankverse.Healsotakesadvantageofthedramaticdevicesofancientandcontemporaryplaywrightssuchasplayinplay,disguise,etc.ShakespeareisagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.HecommandsavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriter.ManyofhisnewcoinageandturnsofexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusagesinEnglishlife.HeandtheAuthorizedversionofKingJame 'sBiblearethetwgreatcontributionsofModernEnglishlanguage.ChapterThreeMainpoints:1.Mainpoints:1.2.3.I.HistoricalbackgroundoftheperiodLiterarycharacteristicsMainliterarymenThe17thThe17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuousperiodsinEnglishhistory.A.PuritanrevolutionorEnglishbourgeoisierevolutionThecontradictionsbetweenthefeudalsystemandthebourgeoisiereachedthepeakandresultedinarevolutionaryoutburst.(1642-1649).CharlesIwasbeheaded,andEnglandbecameacommonwealthundertheleadershipofOliverCromwell,thatistheestablishmentofrepublicanism.Thatrevolutionmeantthreethings.(P130)B.C.ThereappearedreligiousconflictsbetweenPuritanismandAnglicanChurch.ItwasaconflictbetweenthetheoryofthedivinerightsofKingsanddoctrinesofrepublicanism.Soinacertainway,thisconflictisapartofEnglishbourgeoisierevolution.Anotherinfluenceisthatthepuritanspreachedhardworkandunceasinglaborbutwithnoenjoymentofworldlypleasures.Inliterature,itresultedinthedeclineofdramaandastyleofsimplicity.B.C.TheRestoration(1660)afterthedeathofOliverCromwellmarksthebreakofthegovernmentwiththepopularforceandacompromisewiththefeudalremnants.In1660mCharlesIIreturnedtoEngland,manyrepublicanswereexecuted.CharlesIIevenmadeanattempttorestoretheoldabsolutemonarchy,whichwasagainsttheinterestsoftheupperlayerofbourgeoisie,soin1688,theGloriousRevolutiontookplace.II.LiterarycharacteristicsA.B.III.A.B.C.Inliterature,itisalsoanageofconfusion.Muchoftheliteratureofthisperiodwasconcernedwiththesocialupheavalofthetime.Insubject,somewerefortherevolutionwhileotherswereontheroyalside.Thehighachievementsoftheperiodareitsprosewriting(mostlypamphletwriting)andpoetrywriting.MainliterarymenJohnBunyan班扬ThePilgrim'sProgress《天路历程》 mainstory:ChristiansetoutfromtheCityofDestruction毁灭城tomakehiswaytotheHolyCity.Onhisway,hemeetswiththeperilsandtemptationsoftheSloughofDespond失望谷，VanityFair虚荣市,andDoubtingCastle怀疑城.HefacesandovercomesthedemonAppolyon地狱魔王,andfinallycametotheCelestialCity天国. ananalysisofthebook:Itiswrittenintheole-fashioned,medievalformofallegoryanddream(areligiousallegory),itprovidesafaithfulreflectionofhisage;theauthorsatiresandcriticizesthecorruptionoftherulingclassandthereligiousinstitution,andexpresseshisideaofreligiousfreedom.ThroughChristian'ssearchingfortheHolyCity,theauthorpicturesanidealfuturelifeoffreedomandequality.JohnDryden屈莱顿HeisthemostimportantliteraryfigureoftheRestorationperiod.Heisknownasapoet,playwrightandliterarycritic.HeisregardedastheearliestliterarycriticofrealimportanceintheHistoryofEnglishliterature.JohnDonne多恩/邓恩Theleadingmanofmetaphysicalschool definitionofmetaphysicalpoetry:玄学派诗歌Thetermiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thwriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Thegeneralfeaturesoftheschoolare:1)thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech;2)theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallifeyetsubtle,theextendedmetaphorsforsuchimagesaretypicallycalled“metaphysicalconceits”;3)theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.TherepresentativesareDonneandHerbert. MainfeaturesofDonne.DInsubject,hispoemsshowaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityfexperienceandattitudes,andafreerangeoffeelingsandmoods.Themoststrikingfeatureofhispoetryisitsconcernofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,andhispoetryinvolvesakindofargumentwiththebriefandsimplelanguage.JohnMilton弥尔顿 Hislifestory:1)Hewasborninarichpuritanfamily.Influencedbythefamily,JohnMiltonlovedbooksandmusic.young2)For5yearsafterhisgraduationfromCambridgeUniversity,Miltonlivedinhisfather'shomeatHorton,writingpoetry,studyingscience,theologyandmusic,androamingaboutthewidefieldsofclassical,Hebrew,ItalianandEnglishliterature.3)HesetouttotravelthroughFrance,SwitzerlandandItaly,whileinItaly,newscamethattheconflictsbetweenthekingandthepeopleweresevere.MiltongaveuphisplanfortravelingandwentbacktoLondonforthepeople'scause. Hisliterarycareer:Hisliterarycareercanbedividedinto3periods/stages:theearlypoeticwritingthesecondpamphletwritingthelastgreatpoetrywritingTheearlyperiodreferstothedaysinCambridgeandinHorton.INhisearlyworks,MiltonappearedastheinheritorofallthatwasbestinElizabethanliterature.Hewasmoreapoetinapprenticeship.Hemodeledandexperienceddifferentkindsofpoeticwritings,suchassonnets,masque,lyricalpoems,etc.Hismainworksofthisperiodare:P140Thesecondperiod:pamphletsandsonnetsThisperiodisatimewhenMiltondevotedallhistimeandenergytothecauseofliberty.Hisworksofthisperiodpresentstheactivitiesandthoughtsofthisperiod.Thechiefthemeofthistimeisliberty,libertyinpolitics,inreligionandinpersonallife.Hismainworksofthisperiodare:Areopagitica《论出版自由》(libertyofunlicensedprinting)Eikonoklastes《偶像的破坏者》(justifiestheexecutionofCharles)DefenseoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人辩护》(adefenseoftheCommonwealthandRevolution)TheDoctrineandDisciplineofDivorce《离婚之原则规范》(incompatibilityoftemperbeconsideredaneffectivereasonfordivorce)3)Thethirdperiodistheperiodofrestoration:Miltonreturnedtohiswritingofpoetryandhewrotehisgreatestworks.Paradiselost失乐园(thegreatestepicafterBeowulf)ParadiseRegained复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士参孙 AnanalysisofParadiseLost,Milton'smasterpieceItisalongepicin12booksofabout10,000lines.Itwaswritteninblankverse.Itstheme:ThestoriesweretakefromtheOldTestament旧约全书:thecreation,therebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellowangels,thedefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven,thecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve,thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod,Satan'stemptationofEve,andthedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden.Libertyandrebellionagainstauthorityisthecentralthemeofthepoem.Inthepoem,theauthoreulogizedSatan'sfightingforlibertyandAdam/Eve'srebellionagainstGod'sorders.Thestory:SatanandtherebelliousangelsriseagainstGodbutarefinallydefeated.SatanandhisfollowersarebanishedfromHeavenanddrivenintohell.Theepicopenswiththedescriptionofameetingofthefallenangelsinhell.SatanchoosesforhisbattlefiledtheGardenofEden,wherelivethefirstmanandwoman.AdamandEve,whoareallowedbyGodtoenjoythebeautiesandbountiesofParadise,providedtheydonoteatthefruitontheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvil.SatanassumestheshapeofaserpentandappearsbeforeEve.HepersuadeshertobreakGod'commandandeatsanapplefromtheforbiddentree智慧树andplucksanotheroneforAdam.Godseesallthis,andAdamandEvearebothdeprivedofimmortality,exiledfromParadiseanddoomedtoanearthlylifefullofhardshipsandsufferings.ArchangelMichaelprophesiestoAdamthatintimetocometheirsinwillberedeemedbythehardtoilofthehumanracewhowillattainmoralperfectionandregaineternalblissthroughaconversiontotheChristianfaith.ThepoemendsinAdam'sandEve'sbanishmentfromParadise.Arm-inarmtheyleavetheGardenofEdentofacealifeofworkfilledwithactivityanddaringdeeds.C.Evaluationofthework:.5.ThroughSatan'sceaselessrebellionagainstGo'dsauthority,thepoeteulogizestherebelliousspiritofthepeopleagainstauthority.(fortherevolution)SataninawaysymbolizesMiltonhimself;Satan'sceaselessfightimpliesMilton'sdeterminationtofightforthepeopletilltheend.(Samson'sfightalsopresentstheautho'rsdesiretosacrificehislifeforthepeople'scause.AdamandEveembodyMilton'sbeliefinthepowerofman.Theircravingforknowledgereflectsman'slongingforknowledgeandintelligence.Adam'sfallbyconsciouslypickingandeatingthefruitindicatesthetriumphofhumanloveovertheobediencetoGod.Forthesepoints,Paradiselostisconsideredasaworkofhumanisticideas.Theepiciswritteninblankversewithlong,involvedandsometimesseeminglyinterminablesentenceconstruction;whichaddstoenrichthecomplexityofthepoem'sthemeandtoincreasetheeffectofthedescription;thislongandinvolvedsentencestructuremakestheversesoundoratoricalandelaboratelylogical,whichstrengthensthedignityoftheepic'stheme.(beinharmonywiththetheme)Theeffectofresonantsyllablesrollswiththesoundofrumblingthunder.AsagreatpoetinacquaintancewithHebrewandclassicalliterature,henotonlyborrowsthemesfromtheBible,hisworksarefullofBiblicalandclassicalallusions.ChapterFourThe18thCenturyTheAgeofEnlightenmentinEnglandmainpointsMainpoints:.DefinitionofEnlightenmentHistoricalBackgroundoftheperiodLiterarycharacteristicsofEnglishEnlightenmentSomeliterarymenandliteraryworks.I.Enlightenment启蒙运动(from1688theGloriousRevolution-1789theFrenchRevolution)Itisanintellectualmovementusuallyassociatedwiththe18thcentury.Thisisoneoftherarehistoricalmovementswhichnameditself.Certainthinkersandwriters,primarilyinLondonandParis,believedthattheyweremoreenlightenedthantheircompatriotsandsetouttoenlightenthem.Theybelievedhumanreasoncouldbeusedtocombatignorance,superstitionandtyranny,andtobuildabetterworld.TheirprincipaltargetswerereligionembodiedinFranceintheCatholicChurchandthedominationofsocietybyahereditaryaristocracy. DefinitionofEnlightenment:TheenlightenmentMovementwasprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance(theFrenchphilosophersVoltaire,Rousseau,Montesquieu,Diderot)andsweptthroughthewholewesternEurope(Russiainthe19thcentury)atthetime.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissance.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Itcelebratedreason/rationality,equalityandscience. Featuresofenlightenment:Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonsorrationality,equalityandscience.Reasonisregardedastheonlyandfinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities)Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrules.Theyadvocateduniversaleducation.Humanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.Ifthemasswerewelleducated,therewouldhaveagreatchanceforademocraticandequalhumansociety.Literatureisregardedastherightmeansofpubliceducation.II.HistoricalBackgroundofEnglandintheperiod PoliticalconditionsoftheperiodThetwomajorresultsoftheGloriousRevolutionin1688are1)theestablishmentofmodernEnglishpoliticalsystem—theconstitutionalmonarchysystem君主立宪希9;2)theappearanceoftwomajorparties--theToriesandtheWhigs.Andnearlyallthewritersatthattimehadcertainconnectionwithoneofthetwoparties.Mostoftheworkswereaboutpoliticalmatters. EconomicdevelopmentinEnglandTheRevolutionestablishedthesystemofcapitalisminEngland.AnewEnclosureMovement theinventionoftextilemachineandothermachinery colonizationinthenewworld1)Englandforthefirsttimebecameapowe