2022考研《英语二》真题及答案解析

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题本试题来源于考生回忆，仅供学习参考，请勿用作其他用途！一、SectionIUseofEnglish1.Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou'reawriter,you*11findthetime;andthatifyoucan*tfindthetime,thenwritingisn'tapriorityandyou'renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa[A1]job-ajob1ikeanyother.Hehas[A2]itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn*twakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.[A3],1ikemostwritersthesedays,you'reholidaydownajobtopaythebills,it*snot[A4]tofindthetimetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.[A5] thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly[A6]oftenhavetodootherworkto[A7] theirwritingincome.AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it'sa[A8]ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you,11haveto[A9]someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour[A10]andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite[All]theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto[A12]theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You'11havetomakesocialmediaan[A13]activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming[A14] .There*11probablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa[A15]learningcurve,anditwon*talwaysmakeyoupopular.There,sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,[A16]yourwriting_andthatysreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it'stheone[A17]supporter-somethingyoucan'tdowithout.Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the[A18]itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas[A19]aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingouractivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou'reawriter,thatmeans[A20] writing.[Al]difficultnormalVC.steadyD.pleasant解析：difficult困难normal正常的steady持续地、平稳地pleasant讨人喜欢的。翻译：对HarlanCoben来说，作家就是一个__工作一同其他工作没有什么差别。根据破折号后面的解释，对HarlanCoben来说，作家只是一个普通平常的工作，并无特别之处，B正确。.[A2]A.combinedB.comparedJC.confusedD.confronted解析：combine结合、混合compare比较confuseconfront面对翻译：HarlanCoben拿作家这个工作跟修管道—，指出管道工不会第二天起床并且说今天我不从事修管道了.上一段指出writerisnormaljob,然后跟plumber进行了一个对比，plumber是normaljob,writer也是。B正确。.[A3]IfVThoughOnceUnless解析：if如果though然而once曾经、一...就...unless除非翻译：像大部分作家一样，你维持了一份工作去生计，对你来说抽时间去写作将不那么容易.空格处填写一个连词，表达两个句子之间的关系，如果你像大部分的作家一样，拥有一份其他的工作来维持生计，那么你就将没有很多时间去写作，两个是因果关系。A正确。.[A4]enoughstrangewrongeasyJ解析：enough足够strange奇怪wrong错误的easy容易翻译：如果你像大部分作家那样拥有一份其他的工作去维持生计，那么多你来说不抽时间来写作.根据题意，ifyouholddownajobtopaythebill(有一份工作去赚钱生活)，那么抽时间写作不是很容易，D正确。.[A5]A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberJD.Suppose解析：accept接受explain解释remember记住suppose假设翻译： 这个事实，大部分畅销作家开始写作的时候，都是有另一份工作来维持生计的。上一句，Itrequiredeterminationandsingle-mindedness,表明一边工作一边写作需要决心跟专注，然后指出大部分的畅销书作者都是这样过来的，remenberthat(记住)，C正确。.[A6]wel1-known Vwell-advisedwell-informedD.well-chosen解析：wel1-known众所周知的well-advised谨慎的well-informed见多识广的wel1-chosen精选的翻译：现在，甚至是相对—J乍家都必须去做其他的工作来补贴他们的写作收入。根据前文，有名的作家都是一边工作一边写作的，and表递进，指出同样是有名的作家，现在也需要工作来补贴写作的收入。A正确。(7).[A7]donategeneratesupplementVD.calculate解析：donate捐献generate产生supplement补充、增补calculate计算、估算翻译：现在甚至是相对有名的作家也需要做其他工作来—J也们的写作收入。捐献/产生/补贴/计算通过其他工作只能是补贴写作收入，所以C正确。.[A8]causepurposequestionconditionJ解析：cause原因purpose意图、计划question问题condition条件、影响、代价翻译：正如HalanCoben所表明的，这是优先选择的 ，如果写作优先，你就必须牺牲你的日常活动和你所喜欢的事情.根据后面Tomakewritingapriority,you111havetoserificesomeofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingyoureallyenjoy.表明，当你更重视写作一点，你就没有时间去做你喜欢的事，这就是代价，conditionofpriority。D正确。.[A9]A.highlightsacrificeVC.continueexplore解析：highlight强调、突出sacrifice牺牲continue继续explore探索翻译：正如HalanCoben所强调的，这就是优先选择的代价，如果你把写作作为优先事项，你就必须一一你的日常活动跟你喜欢的事情。根据逻辑关系，如果你偏重写作，你就没有时间干其他的，所以你要牺牲你的日常时间跟活动，B正确。(10).[A10]A.relationsB.interestsJC.memoriesD.ski1Is解析：relation关系interest兴趣memory记忆力skill技巧翻译：根据你的 和生活方式，有的人意味着更少的时间看电视跟听音乐，然而有一部分人可以边听音乐边写作。and连接两个并列的词，lifestyle跟interest并列。B正确。.[All]A.untilB.becausewhileVbefore解析：until直...到..because因为while当before在...之前翻译：根据你的兴趣和生活方式，有的人意味着更少的时间看电视跟听音乐，然而有一部分人可以写作—他在听音乐的时候。though表转折，前面说lesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,后面应该是表达，一边听音乐一边写作，while当...时候。C正确。.[A12]A.putupwithmakeupforhangontocutdownonJ解析：putupwith忍受、容忍makeupfor弥补hangonto紧紧握住cutdownon减少、节省翻译：你可能需要—你的活动和运动的次数.根据前面的，spendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,可知，应该是减少活动和运动的次数，D正确。.[A13]intelligentB.occasionalJintensiveemotional解析：intelligent智力、有才智的occasional偶尔的、临时的intensive强烈的emotional有感染力的翻译：你必须使社交媒体成为一个—活动，而不是一个日常的、耗时的习惯。insteadof连接两个相反意思的形容词，adaily,time-consuming跟occasional意思相反。B正确。.[A14]habitVtestdecisionplan解析：habit习惯best最好的decision决定plan计划翻译：你必须使社交媒体成为一个偶尔的活动，而不是一个日常的、耗时的 oinsteadof连接两个意思想法的形容词，一个是occational一个是time-consuming,同理activity跟空格处的词对应。activity对应habit。偶尔的活动跟耗时的习惯。A正确。.[A15]toughVgentlerapidfunny解析：tough棘手的、艰难的gentle文静的、柔和的rapid快速的funny有趣的翻译：这是 的学习曲线，并且不总让你受到欢迎。空格处填写形容词，根据后文ilwon,talwaysmakeyoupopular可知，空格处的形容词，是贬义的，相比于gentlefunnyrapid,tough艰难的更合适。A正确。.[A16]inplaceofinchargeofinresponsetoinadditiontoV解析：inplaceof代替inchargeof掌管inresponceof回应inadditionto除.・.之外翻译:写作之外，还有一件事你应该至少留一段时间 那就是阅读。根据前面lesstimewatchingtelevision>cutdownontheamountofexercise>makesocialmediaanoccasionalactivity,本段应该为除了写作之外，你应该留一点时间给阅读。D正确。.[A17]indispensableVinnovativeinvisibleinstant解析：indispensable不可缺少的innovative创新的invisible无形的instant立即翻译：任何写作和写出来的作品都需要广泛的阅读，这是•个——要素，没有它你就不能写作。根据题意，空格填写一个形容词，indispensablesupporter不可或缺的要素。A正确。.[A18]A.dullerharderC.quieterD.quickerV解析：dull迟钝的、不活跃的hard艰难的quiet安静的quick快速的翻译：时间是有限的，你变得越老，它走的越.后一句，Weneedtouseitsocarefully(我们要有效的利用时间)，以及时间是有限的，可知，当我们越老的时候，所剩下的时间不多了，它流逝的也就越快。D正确。.[A19]peacefullygenerouslyproductivelyVgratefully解析：peacefully平静地generously慷慨地productively有成果地gratefully感激地翻译：我们要尽可能小心和—地利用时间。本段第一句是，Timeisfinite(时间是有限的)，然后and连接两个并列的词语，productively有效率的。C正确。.[A20]A.atmostinturnonaverageD.aboveallV解析：atmost最多inturn转而、依次onaverage平均aboveall最重要的是、尤其是翻译：优先考虑活动，让我们把大部分时间花在我们真正想做的事情上，如果你是作家，那么就是写作.如果你是作家(ifyouareawriter)>最重要的就是写作了，thatmeanthethingswereallywanttodoiswriting,,最重要的就是写作。D正确。二、SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text1Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown*s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisal1seemsrandom,butit,sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanima1-friend1y,butthey'realsofrombirdsthat1iveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress,“saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds'wastethenfertilizesfields.SuchimprovementsMallowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry,spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GM0,andpasture-raisedeggswi11embracesustainabi1ity.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults**reallycareabouttheplanet,“saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey*redoing.”.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.A.ataconsiderablylowcostB.atthedemandofregularshoppersC.asareplacementfororganiceggsD.onspeciallydesignedfarmsJ解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词climate-friendlyeggs定位到第一段末句：Thisallseemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partof...nextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs（这看起来随意，但其实是设计好的，是下一个大事件气候友好蛋的一部分）。其中This指的是第一段开头描述的养鸡农场景象。养鸡农场是设计好的，用于生产气候友好蛋，由此可知气候友好蛋是在speciallydesignedfarms（经过特别设计的农场）上生产的，所以本题选D。.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin.reducingthedamageofclimatechangeacceleratingthedisposalofwastecreatingasustainablesystemJattractingcustomerstohisproducts解析：本题为细节题。根据题F关键词LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogress定位到第三段①句，该句提至U（Brown）isaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat（Brown正在添加更多的覆盖作物来吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀给鸡吃）。结合②句Thebirds'wastethenfertilizesfields（然后鸡的排泄物可以给田地施肥）和③句中的Suchimprovements"allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeed...”（这样的改进使我们的母鸡能够找到更高质量的天然食物）可知，C项creatingasustainablesystem（创造一个可持续的系统）是对①-③句的合理概括，所以本题选Co.TheexampleoforganiceggsisusedinParagraph4tosuggest.thedoubtsovernaturalfeedsthesetbacksintheeggindustrythepotentialofregenerativeproductsJthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets解析：本题为例证题。例证题通常考查根据论据寻找论点的能力，论点一般在论据的前面。根据题干关键词organiceggs定位到第四段②句，该句为论据，其所要说明的事物为①句：whetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering（来自再生农场的动物产品能否成为下一个优质产品）。C项thepotentialofregenerativeproducts（再生产品的潜力）是对①句中问题的合理概括，所以本题选C。.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.arereluctanttochangetheirdietarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggsJarecuriousaboutnewfoodareamazedatagricultureadvances解析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的youngpeople可先定位到最后一段中的②句：youngergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange（年轻一代更加关心气候变化）。结合③句中的YoungadultsMreallycareabouttheplanetM（年轻人真的关心地球）和④句中的Theyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchain（他们绝对在改变食物链），可以判断年轻人很可能在从食物方面为改善气候和地球环境做贡献。B项are1ikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs（可能购买气候友好蛋）是对②-④句的合理推断，所以本题选Bo.JohnBrunnquel1woulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproduct9s.marketprospectsVstandarddefinitionC.nutritionalvalueD.moralimplication解析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的JohnBrunnquel1定位到最后一段中的③句，Brunnquel1说年轻人真的关心地球。结合④句他说年轻人绝对在改变食物链，可见他认为年轻人可能通过消费气候友好蛋等再生产品来保护地球，对再生产品的市场前景是乐观的。再根据题干中的JulieStanton定位到倒数第二段的①句，Stanton说Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell（再生产品可能要被强行推销），可见她对再生产品的市场前景是悲观的。因此这两人在再生产品的市场前景方面的观点是不一致的，A项marketprospects（市场前景）准确指出了两人观点的分歧所在，所以本题选A。PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren,ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement“trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,“saidChristineRussel1,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade."It'snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.That*salsoup30.2%since2010.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees“areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,“Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan*tretire.w（分数：1.80）.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPol1indicatesthat.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworktheoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeronedoesoneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementmoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementV解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPoll定位到第二段①句:OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife。D项中的arewillingtoworkinretirement（愿意在退休后工作）是对原文haveorplantohaveajobinretirement（己经或计划在退休后获得一份工作）的同义转述，所以本题选D。.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemJboredomcanberelievedafterretirementthementalhealthofretireesisoverlookedwunretirementwcontributestotheeconomy解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraph3定位到第三段，Americanstendtothinkihal在第三段中没有对应内容，第三段整体分析了美国人选择在退休后继续工作的原因。①句说明经济需求不是唯一原因，②句列举了其他原因，诸如保持精神健康，避免无聊或沮丧，由此可反推，美国人认为退休会给自身带来此类问题，所以本题选A。.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.A.laborshortageB.populationgrowthC.longerlifeexpectancyVD.risinglivingcosts解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Retirementpatternsarechanging定位到第五段①句Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:AmericansarelivinglongeroC项longerlifeexpectancy（M长的预期寿命）为该句中Americansarelivinglonger（美国人的寿命越来越长）的同义转述，所以本题选Co.Manyretireesareincreasingtheirsavingsby.investingmoreinstockstakingupoddjobsgettingwell-paidworkspending1ess V解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词increasingtheirsavings可定位到第六段①句Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,及②句Sixin10wunretireestfareincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,这两句都在描述美国人增加储蓄的事实，紧承的③句Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses提出了最受欢迎的方式之一减少总体开支，对应了D项，所以本题选D。.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.A.unpreparedVB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeiss定位到第七段①句Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeisso由该句becausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears(因为他们担心晚年入不敷出)可推知,许多人并没有准备好退休，对应了A项，所以本题选A。PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns*isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabi1ityofusers.Brignul1identifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststoMroachmoteln,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwel1understood.Businessandnonproftleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digitaldeception.”Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)thatensurethatconsumerswi11notbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensor1istentoreasonswhytheyshouldn*toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonase1f_reguIatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandard..Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.improveuserexperiencesleakuserinformationforprofitundermineusers*decision-makingJremindusersofhiddencosts解析：Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns.一些应该简单和透明的东西可能是有意或无意的，会损害消费者的选择，我们把这种模式称为“darkpattern"。impairconsemerchoice跟undermineusers*decision-making同义，C正确。.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow..A.theirmajorf1awsB.theircomplexdesignsC.theirseveredamageD.theirstrongpresenceV解析：Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.在2019年一项针对5.3万个产品页面和1.1万个网站的研究中，研究人员发现，其中大约十分之一采用了这些设计模式。作者主要是想体现出darkpattern大量存在。D选项正确。.Tohandledigitaideception,businessesshould.A.listentocustomerfeedbacktalkwithrelevantteamsJturntoindependentagenciesrelyonprofessionaltraining解析：BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy.andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups.checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoral1theseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding"digitaldeception*.企业应该与IT、合规、风险和法律团队进行对话，以审查他们的隐私政策。并在讨论中包括负责公司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计人员和程序员，以及负责注册的市场营销人员和广告商。结账篮、定价和促销活动。任何一个或所有这些团队都可以在创造或避免“数字欺骗”中发挥作用。B正确。.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedVgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontent解析：theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswi11notbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.*加州司法部长宣布批准根据《加州消费者隐私法案》(CCPA)制定的额外规定，以“确保消费者在寻求行使数据隐私权时不会被混淆或误导。”即保护消费者不受到欺骗，B正确。.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.newlegalrequirementsbusinesses*self-disciplineJstrictregulatorystandardsconsumers*safetyawareness解析：Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butsonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.Darkpattern也可以在自我监管的基础上得到解决，但只有当企业对自己负责，不仅对法律要求，而且对行业最佳实践和标准负责。所以解决darkpattern的关键是businesses'self-discipline”企业的自觉B正确。PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students*attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwou1dhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturning1ibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy*sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent."That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,MSchwitzgebelsays.PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:uEasycome,easygo.”Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence-classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants,eatinghabitsandstudents*videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel一whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords..Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.hardtodetermineJnarrowlyinterpreteddifficulttoignoreD.poorlysummarized解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Scientists^ethicsclasses定位到第一段①句的前半句：Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavioro其中canactuallychangebehavior（确实能够改变行为）指的就是题F中的effects（效果）。A项hardtodetermine（很难确定）是对①句中unsure（不确定的）的同义替换。所以本题选A。.Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?A.Itiscommonamongstudents.B.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.4C.Itisimportanttostudents,health.D.Itisahottopicinethicsclasses.解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词reason定位到第二段②句：Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons...:studentsrattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgood...。其中They指theresearchers,thisparticularbehavior指meat-eatingoB项Itisabehavioreasytomeasure（它是•种容易测量的行为）是对②句中behavioriseasilymeasurable（行为是容易测量的）的同义替换。所以本题选B。.EricSchwitzgebelrspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.areseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsarelesssociablethanotherprofessorsarenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesarenotnecessarilyethicallybetterV解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词previousfindings和ethicsprofessors定位到第三段①句的后半句：hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonation・・・。其中he指EricSchwitzgebel,arangeofbehaviors指的是包括投票率、献血等在内的道德行为。D项arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter（未必在道德上更好）是对①句中donotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors（在一系列行为上与其他教授并无不同）的合理概括。所以本题选D。.NinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis.A.permanentB.predictableC.uncertainVD.unrepeatable解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词NinaStrohminger和theeffect定位到第四段②句：PsychologistNinaStrohminger...saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable0其中theeffect指theeffectoftheintervention®C项uncertain（不确定的）是对②句中cannolruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable（不能排除一些未知的混淆变量）的合理推断，即NinaStrohminger认为一些混淆变量可能和theintervention干预手段一起影响了实验结果，因此干预手段的效果是不确定的。所以本题选C。.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents,changeinbehavior.canbringps