现代材料研究方法

ModernMaterials讲授：曹宝ByDr.Baobao 1stsemesterof2015-1About2高中,榆林中学，榆 榆

大子 ,大 34Aboutthis56。。。。。

whichamaterialsstructureandpropertiesareprobedand(materials_science) 7早期的“表征看听闻看听闻尝摸8尝摸80%ofwhatweperceivecomesthroughoureyes;andourmemories80%ofwhatweperceivecomesthroughoureyes;andourmemoriesare80%50人类人类眼的分辨率大概是50微米，大约是头发直径的 北宋

1267年，英国英国学者RogerBacon在他的书OpusMaius中谈到借助玻璃球或者水晶球可将书中或微小物体放大，进一步阐明放大作用是由于光线折射而形成的。 了透镜可能应用对视力的矫正

) 阿贝定理（1872年d0.61 d————波

ErnstN.A光学显微d

更小的nmax≈

≈max≈70- dmin≈minSmaller WilhelmRöntgenWonfirstNobelPrizeHandmitRingen(HandwithRings):printofWilhelmRöntgen'sfirst"medical"X-ray,ofhiswife'shand,takenon22December1895andpresentedtoLudwigZehnderofthePhysikInstitut,UniversityofFreiburg,on1January CuK=Xray---Heconcludedthattherayswerecomposedofverylight,negativelychargedparticleswhichwereauniversalbuildingblockofatoms.1897 Electron–ElectronOrsmaller现代表征的基本原用一个粒子束（电子，光子，离子或者原子）或探针（粒子与物质的相互作

电 光离探原子

原子原子的结3s3s2Metallicelementwithatomicnumber13anddensity2,700kgm-3.Itselectronicconfigurationis1s22s22p63s2anditistherefore3-原子

原子7大晶系，14种布拉菲点非对称单元Asymmetric1 80

4对称操对称操732非弹性散射：方向改变，能量改弹性散射：方向改变，能量不变或者变化可以忽略不透射电二次电背散射电俄歇电吸收电特征X阴极荧Whatinformationwewantto 关关Howdowecollect

MacroscopicamXdWM amXdWM TEM)X FieldI M)S -

ysis ysis photoluminescence

ScanningElectron

AtomicForceX射线衍X-RayDiffraction X射线能 X射线光电子能 电子能量损ElectronEnergyLossSperctroscopy MacroscopicScanningElectronScanningElectronMicroscopeFieldIonMicroscopeScanningTunnelingMicroscope(STM)AtomicForceMicroscope(AFM)X-raydiffractiontopography

Energy-DispersiveX-rayspectroscopy(EDX)X-RayDiffractionX-RayDiffractionSecondaryIonMassSpectrometry(SIMS)ElectronEnergyLossSpectroscopy(EELS)Augerelectronspectroscopy(AES)X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)Thermo-luminescence(TL)photoluminescence(PL)

Mechanicaltesting,includingcreep,fatigue,toughnessandhardnesstestingDifferentialthermalysis(DTA)DielectricthermalysisThermogravimetricysis(TGA)Impulseexcitationtechnique(IET)

偏微

偏宏

知识结序内分123456789透射电子显微学 参观扫描电子显微学 参观参 byDavidB.WilliamsandC.BarryCarter,Springer;2ndedition(Au