美国文学中的PPt总结

modernismAcomplexanddiverseinternationalliterarymovement,originatingatabouttheendofthe19thcenturyandreachingitsmaturityinthemid20th.Rootedinthesocialupheavals,promotedbythenewideasandthoughts:Nietzsche’sphilosophyofunconsciousnessSigmundFreud’spsychoanalysisBergson’sintuitionismDarwinismI.HistoricalBackground(WWI-WWII)1.1920sA.economicalprosperity:newinventions,highly-consumingsocietyB.Spiritualbarrenness:dislocation,fragmentationdeclineinmoralcode2.1930sGreatDepression—1929NewYorkstockmarketcrashshakepeople'strust&beliefinthevaluesofcapitalismKeywords:frustration,perplexity,distorted,dislocatedFeaturesoftheliteratureBreakwithtraditionalforms&techniquesofexpressionTraditionaloldvalueshadgone,godisgone,lifeismeaningless.Stressasenseofalienation,loss,anddespairTechniques—streamofconsciousnessimagism(poetry,EzraPound）Preferstheunconsciousnesstotheself-consciousnessElevatetheindividualandtheinnerbeingoverthesocialhumanbeingImagism意象主义InfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetry,JapaneseliteratureHaikuPrinciples:1.Directtreatmentofthing,2.Economyofexpression—(Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation)3.Rhythm:musicalphraseInaStationoftheMetro--EzraPound

TheApparitionofthesefacesinthecrowds;Petalsonawet,blackbough.地铁车站人群粉面幽灵黝湿枝头花瓣Importantevents1920sExpatriates/lostgeneration迷惘的一代1930stheGreatDepression–leftwingliterature/JohnSteinbeckThe1920s–afloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Consideredas“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.NicknameforthisperiodRoaring20s–comfortdollardecade–richJazzAge–JazzmusicTheGreatGatsby--The1920s

Writersin1920sWriters:threegroups1.participants2.expatriates—lostgeneration(Anderson,Hemingway,Fitzgerald)3.bohemian(unconventionalwayoflife)–on-lookersWWI—“awartoendallwars”

Warmeansviolence,devastation,bloodanddeath.theLostGeneration/AmericanexpatriatesItdefinesasenseofmorallossoraimlessness.TheWWIdestroyedtheinnocentideas,manygoodyoungmenwenttothewaranddied,orreturneddamaged,bothphysicallyandmentally;theirmoralfaithwerenolongervalid---theywere“Lost.”

Towhomdoesitrefer?Narrowsense:agroupofAmericanwriters,includingHemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,J.DosPassos,E.E.Cummings,SherwoodAnderson,andHartCrane,etc.WholeftAmericaandwenttoEurope.BroadSense:theentirepost-WWIAmericanyounggeneration.Whatarethemaincharacteristics?Sufferingfromthewar,losingbeliefs,beingcutofffromthepast,disillusioned,strongsenseofloss,puzzled,confused,unableorunwillingtosettlebackintotheroutinesofpeacetimelife,indulgedindrinkingandpartying,cannotadjustthemselvestothepresentlife.Whatarethemainsubjectmatters?Thesenseoflost,nadaandwound(Hemingway),thebreakingupoftheAmericandream(Fitzgerald),thesociologicalzero(DosPassos),TheGreatDepression1930—financialcrisis

OnOctober24,1929,BlackThursday,thestockmarket.Priceskeptdropping,andonOctober29,1929,BlackTuesday,morethan16millionsharesweresold,butbytheendoftheday,moststocksendedbelowtheirpreviousvalue,andsomestocksbecametotallyworthless.Becauseofthat,somepeoplebecamehomelessandpenniless,allbecauseoftheStockMarketCrash.1930sTheGreatDepressionLeft-wingliterature(左翼文学）/influencedbyMarxismJohnSteinbeck—theGrapesofWrathTheFugitives(逃亡者派）maintainthesoutherntraditioninliterature,advocatethesouthkeeptheagriculturaltradition.(JohnRansom,RobertWarren,AllenTate)ProtestLiterature（抗议文学）RichardWright—NativeSon(Blacksarenotcruelbynature)ModernisminLiteratureAnti-romantic:donotavoidtheugly,horrible,andsexualdescriptionsAnti-traditional:experimentingwithdifferenttechniquestoreflectmodernpeople’sinnermind.Anti-heroes:nototallygoodorbadcharactersMajorWritersAmongAmericanwriters,thebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoon.Modernism—1950s–PostModernismThematically(differentattitudetowardslife)Modernism:imposeshapeandsignificanceonlife;attempttocontrolthemeaninglessanddisorderthroughartPost-modernism:acceptlifeforwhatitis.Formally,Modernism:retrospective,fullofinteriormonologues,streamofconsciousnessPost-modernism:Freetoborrowtechniquesfromallkindsofworks.SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)

Small-townspeople,lowerclassWriter’swriterPsychologicalcomplexitygrotesqueColloquialstyleInfluenceonmodernnovelists“ThefatherofmygenerationofAmericanwritersandthetraditionofAmericanwritingwhichoursuccessorswillcarryon.”----WilliamFaulknerAnderson’simportantworks1916WindyMcPherson’sSon《饶舌的麦克逊的儿子》（modeledonhischildhood,discussthefather-sonrelationship)1917(41yrs)MarchingMen(1917)--acollectionofprosepoems1919Winesburg,Ohio(确立美国文坛地位)--aseriesoffictionalizedsketchesof"grotesques,"histermforpeopledefeatedbyfalsedreams,peoplewhoseillusionshaveleftthemvulnerabletoprofoundhurtsfromwhichtheyneverrecover.Perhapsthebestsketchis"Hands,"thestoryofWingBiddlebaum,amournfuleccentricwhorecountshistraumaticexperience:hewasoncealovingsmall-townschoolteacher,butnarrow-mindedtownspeople,actingonnothingmorethanachild'sagitatedandfalsereport,brandedWingasasexualdeviant,drovehimfromthetown,andalmostlynchedhim.1920PoorWhite,anovel1921-1922 “TheTriumphoftheEgg”，impressionsofAmericanlifeintalesandpoems.WinstheDialawardoftwothousanddollars,meetsErnestHemingwayand,inEurope,JamesJoyce,GertrudeStein,andFordMadoxFord.acollectionofstories,themostnotableofwhichis"TheEgg,"ahauntingsymbolisttaleofamanwhohasviolatedhisnaturebyaccommodatinghimselftohiswife'sambitions.1924 “AStoryTeller’sStory”--autobiography.1933DeathintheWoodsandOtherStories.《林中之死及其他》1937Plays:WinesburgandOthers.Theothersarethreeone-actplays:TheTriumphoftheEgg,Mother,andTheyMarriedLater.ElectedtotheNationalInstituteofArtsandLetters.Smalltownlife:KeywordsofunderstandingAmerican’ssmall-townlife----Thwartedemotions,represseddrives,frustratedlivesanddistortednaturesbecamethedistinctfeaturesofAmerican’ssmall-townlife.)（Americanpassesfromaruraltoapredominantlyindustrialsociety.Thetransitionisapainfulexperienceinsmalltown.）Grotesques----Alienation,loneliness,andwantofloveandunderstandingmadelifeintolerable,andturnedpeopleinto“grotesques”.Winesburg,Ohio---ThishistoricimportanceofAndersonliesinthefactthatheofferedinhisbestworksarathertimelessrecordoftheseforposterity.Itisabookofthegrotesques,ofpeopleeachwitharulingkindofpassionwhichdistortstheirpersonalities.themeThepsychologicalandemotionalaspectofAmericansmall-townlife,withemphasischieflyonlower-classfigures,theunsuccessful,thedepraved,andtheinarticulate.作品：“Itwasthetruthsthatmadethepeoplegrotesques……Themomentoneofthepeopletookoneofthetruthstohimself,calledithistruth,andtriedtolivehislifebyit,hebecameagrotesquesandthetruthheembracedafalsehood.”------SherwoodAndersonWinesburg,OhioisthetitleandthesettingforSherwoodAnderson’sbook.Thebookhasauniquesetupwheret Hands“FortwentyyearsAdolphMyershadlivedaloneinWinesburg.Hewasfortybutlookedsixty-five.”ThestoryPerhapsthebestsketchis"Hands,"thestoryofWingBiddlebaum,amournfuleccentricwhorecountshistraumaticexperience:hewasoncealovingsmall-townschoolteacher,butnarrow-mindedtownspeople,actingonnothingmorethanachild'sagitatedandfalsereport,brandedWingasasexualdeviant,drovehimfromthetown,andalmostlynchedhim.Oneofthetwenty-fivestoriesinthebook,Winesburge,Myershasneverbeenabletorecoverfromhistraumaticexperienceofbeingbeatenoutofhisjobasaschoolteacherbecauseofhishands.ThekeypointHands:Handsaremadeforloving;buthandsmakingmechanicalthingsgrowcallous,preoccupied…failatlove.TheEggOfallAnderson’sshortfictions“TheEgg”mostdeservestobeplacedamongthegreatstoriesoftheworld.UnderstandingofthestoryThestory theclassicalAmericanstory:ambitionproddingasimplemanintoasituationhecannotcontrolandtherebybringingabouthisspiritualdestruction.Thestoryisnotprimarilyasasocialportraitorafilialgesture,butasaparableofhumandefeat.Theeggatokenofalltheenergyintheuniverse—arbitrary,unmotivated,ridiculous,andmalevolent—againstwhichmanmushpithimself.Theimageofmanadeeplypessimisticone:heisnotmerelydefeatedbutistrickedinhisdefeat,hisveryhungerforlifeisthesourceofhishumiliations,hiswishtolivebecomeshisimpulsiontothedeath.TheprotagonistTheworldinwhichhelivesisunremittinglyhostileand,inpart,thestory’spointistoshowhowtheboygraduallyrealizesthefullextentof,andhisownsubjectionto,thathostility.characterizationHischaractersareoftentwisted,warpedbytheirinabilitytoexpressthepassionordreamwiththem,stifledbytheconventionsofVictorianAmerican.Thesespeoplecannotcommunicate.’SummarySherwoodAndersonwasawriterofanimportantperiodinAmericanhistory,oneinwhichAmericapassedfromaruraltoapredominantlyindustrialsociety.Thematicallyhehadthecouragetoexplorenewmaterialforfiction:thepsychologicalandemotionalaspectofAmericansmall-townlife,withemphasischieflyonlower-classfigures,theunsuccessful,thedepraved,andtheinarticulate.Technically,Andersonwasahighlyoriginalwriter.Andersonwrotehisstoriesthatappealthroughthesheeremotionalforceofmomentsofrevelation.HeobservedhumangrotesquenessandeccentricityfromaFreudianpsychologicalpointofviewandtriestorevealtheabnormalstatemind.Andersonwasendowedwith“agiftforpouringalifetimeintoamoment.”HisstyleIncolloquialstyle.Heregardedthevernacularasanhonestmediumanddevelopedastyle:clarity,directness,andadeceptivesimplicity.UNIT9Task1:1-5FTTTT6-10TFFFT11-15FTTFT16-20FFTFTTask2Whatis“AmericanDream”?Whatdoyouthinkaboutit?Fromthisstory,canyoufindoutthewriter’sideaabout“AmericanDream”?Formally,apooryoungmanfromtheWesttryingtomakehisfortuneintheEast,butthematically,theyoungmangoesonajourneyofdiscoveryfromdream,throughdisenchantment,andfinallytoasenseoffailureanddespair.Inthisgeneralpatternoftheprotagonist’spersonalexperienceisincarnatedthewholeofAmericanexperience.Task3.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.1)WhatmadeFatherandMotherbecomeambitious?TheAmericanpassionforgettingupintheworldtookpossessionofthem,i.eAmericandreammadethemambitious.2)Whoisnarratingthestory?Howdoesthenarratordescribehimself?Thestorywasnarratedthroughthefirstperson“I”persona,ayoungboywhorecalledhismotherandfather’seventsintheirdailylife.Hedescribedhimselfasagloomymaninclinedtoseethedarkersideoflife,andheattributedittothefactthatwhatshouldhavebeenformethehappyjoyousdaysofchildhoodwerespentonachickenfarm.3)Howdoesthenarratorthinkofhisparentsandtheirventure?Thenarratorthoughthisparents’venturewasduetotheAmericanpassion.Thefirstventureintowhichthetwopeoplewentturnedoutbadly.4)Whythestoryisentitled“TheEgg”?Whatisitsimportance?Thewholestorywasevolvedaroundegg.Father’sAmericandreamallconnectedwithegg.Tosomeextent,eggstandsforAmericandream.Justlikefromtheeggcamethehenwhoagainlidtheegg,thisisancircularcyclewhichsymbolizesthatAmericandreamwillpasseddowngenerationaftergeneration.Eggisatokenofalltheenergyintheuniverse—arbitrary,unmotivated,ridiculous,andmalevolent—againstwhichmanmushpithimself.5)Whatwastheirfirstventure?Weretheysuccessful?Theyrentedtenacresofpoorstonylandandlaunchedintochickenraising,butitwasafailure.Fortenyearstheystruggledtomakeourchickenfarmpayandthentheygaveupthatstruggleandbegananother.6)Whydidtheparentsdecidetorunarestaurant?ItwasMother’sideathattherestaurantwouldbeprofitableinviewofitslocation.Travelingmenwouldbealwayswaitingaroundtotaketrains,outoftownandtownpeoplewouldcometothestationtoawaitincomingtrains.7)Whydidthefather