土木工程专业英语课文翻译考试必备

土木匠程专业英语课文_翻译_考试必备土木匠程专业英语课文翻译Theprincipalconstructionmaterialsofearliertimeswerewoodandmasonrybrick,stone,ortile,andsimilarmaterials.Thecoursesorlayerswereboundtogetherwithmortarorbitumen,atarlikesubstance,orsomeotherbindingagent.TheGreeksandRomanssometimesusedironrodsorclapstostrengthentheirbuilding.ThecolumnsoftheParthenoninAthens,forexample,haveholesdrilledinthemforironbarsthathavenowrustedaway.TheRomansalsousedanaturalcementcalledpuzzling,madefromvolcanicash,thatbecameashardasstoneunderwater.初期时代的主要施薪水料，木材和砌体砖，石，或瓷砖，和近似的资料。这些课程或层亲密联系在一同，用沙浆或沥青，焦油一个样物质，或其余一些有拘束力的代理人。希腊人和罗马人有时用铁棍或拍手以增强其建设。在雅典的帕台农神庙列，比方，在他们的铁钻的酒吧此刻已经生锈了孔。罗马人还使用了天然水泥称为令人难懂的，由火山灰制成，变得像石头相同坚硬在水中。Bothsteelandcement,thetwomostimportantconstructionmaterialsofmoderntimes,wereintroducedinthenineteenthcentury.Steel,basicallyanalloyofironandasmallamountofcarbonhadbeenmadeuptothattimebyalaboriousprocessthatrestrictedittosuchspecialusesasswordblades.AftertheinventionoftheBessemerprocessin1856,steelwasavailableinlargequantitiesatlowprices.Theenormousadvantageofsteelisitstensileforcewhich,aswehaveseen,tendstopullapartmanymaterials.Newalloyshavefurther,whichisatendencyforittoweakenasaresultofcontinualchangesinstress.钢铁和水泥，两个最重要的现代建筑资料，介绍了在十九世纪。钢，铁，基本上是少许的碳合金已作出了这一由一个艰辛的过程，限制它的刀刃等特别用途的时间。后在1856年发明贝塞麦过程，钢在廉价钱大量量供货。钢铁的巨大优势是它的拉伸力，正如我们所看到的，常常会拉开很多资料。新合金进一步，这是一个趋势，它削弱了在压力不停变化的结果。Moderncement,calledPortlandcement,wasinventedin1824.Itisamixtureoflimestoneandclay,whichisheatedandthengroundintoapower.Itismixedatorneartheconstructionsitewithsand,aggregatesmallstones,crushedrock,orgravel,andwatertomakeconcrete.Differentproportionsoftheingredientsproduceconcretewithdifferentstrengthandweight.Concreteisveryversatile;itcanbepoured,pumped,orevensprayedintoallkindsofshapes.Andwhereassteelhasgreattensilestrength,concretehasgreatstrengthundercompression.Thus,thetwosubstancescomplementeachother.现代水泥，称为硅酸盐水泥，发明于1824年。它是石灰石和黏土的混淆物，被加热，此后进入电源地。它是混淆达到或凑近沙施工现场，齐集的小石头，碎石，或石子和水，使混凝土。不同比率的成分产生不一样样强度和重量混凝土。混凝土是特别灵巧，它可浇，泵浦，或连成各样形状喷洒。和基于钢拥有很大的拉伸强度，混凝土受压的伟鼎力量。因此，这两种物质是相辅相成的。Theyalsocomplementeachotherinanotherway:theyhavealmostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion.Theythereforecanworktogetherinsituationswherebothcompressionandtensionarefactors.Steelrodsareembeddedinconcretetomakereinforcedconcreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionswilldevelop.Concreteandsteelalsoformsuchastrongbond?theforcethatunitesthem?thatthesteelcannotslipwithintheconcrete.Stillanotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acidcorrodessteel,whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.他们还以另一种方式增补对方:他们几乎在相同的速度缩短和扩大。所以，他们能够一同工作的状况下压缩和紧张的要素。钢条是嵌在混凝土，使钢筋混凝土结构中混凝土梁或地方的紧张形势会发展。混凝土和钢也形成这样激烈的纽带团结的力量??他们的钢材，不滑内的混凝土。还有一个利处是，不生锈的钢混凝土。酸腐蚀钢，而混凝土的碱性化学反响，酸相反。Theadoptionofstructuralsteelandreinforcedconcretecausedmajorchangesintraditionalconstructionpractices.Itwasnolongernecessarytousethickwallsofstoneorbrickformultistorybuildings,anditbecamemuchsimplertobuildfire-resistantfloors.Boththesechangesservedtoreducethecostofconstruction.Italsobecamepossibletoerectbuildingswithgreaterheightsandlongerspans.结构钢和钢筋混凝土建筑采纳传统的做法造成了重要变化。它不再需要使用的石块或砖头厚的多层建筑物的墙壁，成为更简单，成立防火地板。这些变化都有助于降低建设成本。它也成为可能有更大的直立高度和时间跨度的建筑。Sincetheweightofmodernstructuresiscarriedbythesteelorconcreteframe,thewallsdonotsupportthebuilding.Theyhavebecomecurtainwalls,whichkeepouttheweatherandletinlight.Intheearliersteelorconcreteframebuilding,thecurtainwallsweregenerallymadeofmasonry;theyhadthesolidlookofbearingwalls.Today,however,curtainwallsareoftenmadeoflightweightmaterialssuchasglass,aluminum,orplastic,invariouscombinations.因为现代结构重量是由钢或混凝土框架进行，墙壁不支持建设。他们已成为玻璃幕墙，它保持了天气和光芒让。在初期的钢或混凝土框架结构，玻璃幕墙，一般由砖石，他们有坚固的承重墙看看。但是，今日，玻璃幕墙常常是由诸如玻璃，铝，塑料或轻质材料，在各样组合。Anotheradvanceinsteelconstructionisthemethodoffasteningtogetherthebeams.Formanyyearsthestandardmethodwasriveting.Arivetisaboltwithaheadthatlookslikeabluntscrewwithoutthreads.Itisheated,placedinholesthroughthepiecesofsteel,andasecondheadisformedattheotherendbyhammeringittoholditinplace.Rivetinghasnowlargelybeenreplacedbywelding,thejoiningtogetherofpiecesofsteelbymeltingasteelmaterialbetweenthemunderhighheat.钢结构建筑的另一个进步是梁紧固在一同的方法。多年来，标准方法是铆。铆钉是一个头，像一个没有线程看起来钝螺丝螺栓。它被加热时，经过搁置在洞的钢件，第二头在另一端形成的锤击它举行到位。铆接此刻很大程度上是由焊接代替，加入钢件在一同消融在高温下它们之间的钢铁资料。Presstressedconcreteisanimprovedformofreinforcement.Steelrodsarebentintotheshapestogivethemthenecessarydegreeoftensilestrengths.Theyarethenusedtopriestessconcrete,usuallybyoneoftwodifferentmethods.Thefirstistoleavechannelsinaconcretebeamthatcorrespondtotheshapesofthesteelrods.Whentherodsarerunthroughthechannels,theyarethenbondedtotheconcretebyfillingthechannelswithgrout,athinmortarorbindingagent.Intheother(andmorecommon)method,thepriestessessteelrodsareplacedinthelowerpartofaformthatcorrespondstotheshapeofthefinishedstructure,andtheconcreteispouredaroundthem.Priestess’sconcreteuseslesssteelandlessconcrete.Becauseitisahighlydesirablematerial.预应力钢筋混凝土是一种改良形式。棒钢曲折成的形状，给他们必定程度的拉伸强度。此后他们用女祭司混凝土，由两种不一样样的方法之一，平常。第一是留在渠道混凝土梁对应于钢铁棒的形状。当棒是经过渠道来说，他们是那么粘在混凝土充填灌浆，薄沙浆或联合剂的渠道。在其余(更常有)的方法，女祭司钢棒搁置在一个表格对应的成品下部结构形状，和他们四周的混凝土浇。女祭司的详细使用较少的钢铁和混凝土少。因为它是一个特别可取的资料。Presstressedconcretehasmadeitpossibletodevelopbuildingswithunusuals