英美文学3素材复习进程

英美文学3素材Backgroundwestwardexpansion西部扩张Industrialtransformation工业的发展DemocracyandequalitySenseofoptimismMoodoffeelinggoodAmericanRomanticismAderivative派生出来的Underforeigninfluence：EnglishRomanticistsCommonfeatures:1.theimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature2.freeexpressionofemotion3.theindividualandthecommonmanUniquefeatures:1.pioneeringintothewest---amescapefromsocietyandareturntonature2.AmericanPuritanism清教思想：tomoralize,originalsinandmysteryofevil3.NewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰先验主义PuritanismthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritansserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.predestination,originalsinandtotaldepravityaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliteratureNewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰先验主义Startedbyagroupofpeoplewhoweremembersofthetranscendentalclub.Twomostsignificantwriters:

EmersonandThoreauEmphasis:thenatureandindividual（p.402）MajorwritersPoets:PhilipFreneau菲利普·弗伦诺WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特HenryWordsworthLongfellow;朗费罗EdgarEllenPoe;爱伦坡WaltWhitman惠特曼WashingtonIving华盛顿欧文JamesFenimoreCooper库柏HermanMelville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔NathanielHawthorne霍桑RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生

WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文EarlyromanticistOneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputationFatherofAmericanshortstoriesAmericanGoldsmith美国炼金士(p.406)HisworksTheSketchBook见闻札记33essaysRipVanWinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷传奇FromGermanlegend.RalphWaldoEmersonSpokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism（新英格兰先验主义的代言人）TranscendentalClubNature–anunofficialmanifesto宣言书NewEnglandTranscendentalismOver-soul—anall-pervadingpowerIndividual—intuitiveknowledgeandselfreliantNature–emblematicofthespiritualworldNature—theUnofficialmanifestoHenryDavidThoreau梭罗–Walden瓦尔登湖HisessaysAmericanScholar美国学者Self–Reliance自力更生TheOver-soul超灵TheNature自然NathanielHawthorne（霍桑）PuritanfamilyAncestorsBlackvisionoflifeandhumanbeings.Thisisevilineveryhumanheart.HisworksTwice-ToldTales故事重述–acollectionofshortstoryMossesfromanOldManse古宅青苔TheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTalesTheScarletLetter红字TheHouseoftheSevenGables有七个尖角阁楼的房子TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇TheMarbleFaun大理石雕像

YoungGoodmanBrown年轻小伙子布朗Blackvision黑色观点Thereisevilineveryhumanheart.SinandevilOriginatesinPuritanism(Puritanancestors)Thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveone.TheScarletLetter红字HismasterpiecePuritanpastColonialhistoryinNewEnglandSinandguiltPsychologicalanalysisCharactersHesterDimmesdaleChillingworthPearlThescarletletter“A”Symbolism象征（p.434）A:adultery,able,angel…YoungGoodmanBrown年轻小伙子布朗Aallegory寓言Characters:GoodmanBrownFaithWaltWhitman惠特曼LeaveofGrass

草叶集PoeticembodimentofAmericandemocraticideals.Theme:Openness,freedom,individualismPoetic“I”andfreeverse自由诗ThereWasaChildWentForth有一个孩子向前走去thegrowthofachildwholearnedabouttheworldaroundhimandimprovedhimselfaccordingly.InthepoemWhitman'sownearlyexperiencemaywellbeidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayoung,growingAmerica.Songofmyself自我之歌Universality普遍性Singularity独特性andequality平等ofallbeingsinvalue.翻译我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己，我承担的你也将承担，因为属于我的每一个原子也同样属于你。我闲步，还邀请了我的灵魂，我俯身悠然观察着一片夏日的草叶。我的舌，我血液的每个原子，是在这片土壤、这个空气里形成的，是这里的父母生下的，父母的父母也是在这里生下的，他们的父母也一样，我，现在三十七岁，一生下身体就十分健康，希望永远如此，直到死去。信条和学派暂时不论，且后退一步，明了它们当前的情况已足，但也决不是忘记，不论我从善从恶，我允许随意发表意见，顺乎自然，保持原始的活力。HermanMelville

赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Wenttoseaatabout20Workedonwhalingship(捕鲸船)Gainedfirst-handinformationaboutwhalingthatheusedlaterinMobyDick(白鲸)InfluencedbyHawthorne’sblackvision霍桑的黑色观Shakespeareantragicvision莎士比亚的悲剧观EmersonianTranscendentalism艾默生的先验主义Majorworks:Typee泰比Omio欧穆Mardi玛地Redburn莱德伯恩WhiteJacket白外套MobyDick白鲸（莫比•迪克）Moby-Dick白鲸Oneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpiecesFirstAmericanproseepic(散文史诗)Story:dealswithAhab（亚哈）,amanwithanoverwhelmingobsessiontokillthewhalewhichhascrippledhim,onboardhisshipPequodinthecaseofthebigwhale–MobyDickSymbolisminthebookSurfacemeaning:awhalingtale,aseaadventureSymbolicmeaning:aquest(追求、探索)fortruthandknowledge,aspiritualexplorationintoman’srealityandpsychology（心理）.(p.460)Pequod（皮廓德号）:humansociety(differentpeoplerepresentsdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups)Thevoyage:asearchfortruth.MobyDick:symbolizesnature(complex,unfathomable高深莫测的(mysterious),malignant恶意的andbeautiful)(p.461)TheRealisticPeriodAgeofRealismfrom1865tol914AreactionagainstRomanticismpavedthewaytoModernismBackgroundtheCivilWarIndustrialization工业化Urbanization城镇化SufferingofthelaboringpeopleTheGildedAge镀金时代---MarkTwain马克吐温Realism现实主义Greatinterestintherealityoflifetheactualities现实ofanyaspectoflifeFreefromsubjectiveprejudice主观偏见,idealism理想主义,orromanticcolor浪漫色彩TruthfultreatmentoflifeWilliamDeanHowells:CriticismandFiction(批判和小说)IsitTrue？RepresentativesLifeoftheAmericansWilliamDeanHowells–risingmiddleclassandtheywaytheylivedMarkTwain---localcharacterofaregion---localcolorism

地方色彩HenryJames---InnerworldofmanAmericanNaturalism美国自然主义AschoolofAmericanRealismDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryNaturalselectionSurvivalofthefittestextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity遗传.MarkTwain马克吐温

H.L.Mencken

：thetruefatherofournationalliterature

SamuelLanghorneClemensShapetheworld’sviewofAmericanandmadeacombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliterature(民间幽默和严肃文学的结合)

Writingfeatures:Localcolorist地方色彩作家magicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacularHumorHisworksThecelebratedJumpingfrogofCalaverasCounty卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙InnocentsAbroad傻子出国记Roughingit艰苦岁月LifeOntheMississippi密西西比河上的生活TheAdventureofTomSawyer汤姆·索亚历险记（p.479）TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记

TheGildedAge镀金时代AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourt亚瑟王法庭中的康涅狄格美国佬TheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson傻瓜威尔逊TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg败坏了赫德莱堡的人TheMysteriousStranger神秘的陌生人TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记HismasterpieceHemingway:theonebookfromwhich“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”Characters:HuckandJimAraftjourneydowntheMississippiHenryJamesThefirstAmericanwritertoconceivehiscareerininternationalterms.Founderofpsychologicalrealism(心里现实主义):innerlifeofhumanbeings—narrativepointofview:Forerunnerofthe20thcentury“stream-of-consciousness”novels意识流小说的先驱Hismajorworks:firstperiod:internationaltheme(国际主题)DaisyMiller黛西米勒TheEuropeans欧洲人ThePortraitofALady一位女士的画像Secondperiod:therelationshipoftheartisttothesocietyThePrivateLife私生活TheDeathofaLion狮子之死TheMiddleYearsTheTurnoftheScrew螺丝在拧紧TheBeastintheJungle丛林中的野兽Lastandmajorperiod：Jamesreturnedtohis"internationaltheme."WhatMaisieKnows梅茜的世界TheWingsoftheDove鸽之翼TheAmbassadors大使TheGoldenBowl金碗Literarycriticisms:TheArtofFictionInternationaltheme国际主题InternationalbackgroundConfrontationoftwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystems.Americavs.EuropeDaisyMiller黛西米勒Internationaltheme:theclashoftheNewWorldandTheOldNewtheAmericanGirlinEurope,acelebratedculturaltypewhoembodiesthespiritoftheNewWorld.Characters:Daisy,FrederickWinterbourne,GiovanelliEmilyDickinson

艾米莉·迪金森Therecluse(隐士)ofAmherst

艾摩斯特市1775poems(7publishedduringherlifetime)Themes:religion(宗教),deathandimmortality（死亡和不朽）,love,natureReligiouspoemsDoubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects.DeathandImmortalityPhysical,psychologicalandemotionalaspectsofdeathIheardaFlybuzz–whenIdied--Love（p.518）Sufferingandfrustration(挫折)causedbylovePhysicalaspectofdesireMarriage：PoemsaboutnatureGeneralskepticism(怀疑)abouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureFeaturesUniqueandunconventional:1.notitles(无标题)2.dashesandcapitalletters.3.irregularorsometimesinvertedsentencestructureReadingThisismylettertotheWorld---anxietyaboutherowncommunicationwiththeoutsideworld.IheardaFlybuzz–whenIdied--ThemomentofdeathIliketoseeitlaptheMilesBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath---deathandimmortalityTheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞Anaturalistnovelist(自然主义小说家)HisNaturalismDarwin’sideaof“thesurvivalofthefittest”Heredityandenvironment(遗传和环境)aredeterministic(决定性的)LifeisironicandtragicManisvictimHisworksSisterCarrie

嘉丽妹妹--thebest-knownTrilogyofDesire:欲望三部曲Financier金融家

TheTitan巨头TheStoic斯多噶TheGenius天才DreiserLooksatRussia德莱塞看俄国AnAmericanTragedy

美国的悲剧SisterCarrie嘉丽妹妹BestembodiesDreiser’snaturalisticbelief:manarecontrolledandconditionedbyheredity,instinctandchance.(p.528)Charactersandthestory:CarrieMeeberDrouetGeorgeHurstwoodTheModernPeriod现代时期BackgroundTwoWorldWars,especiallytheFirstWorldWar:

1.themostpowerfulindustrializednation2.technologicalrevolutionchangedpeople’slifegreatly3.TheGreatEconomicDepression经济大萧条4.Spiritualwasteland(精神荒原)5.Darwinism(达尔文学说)6.Marxism(马克思主义)8.Freudianism（弗洛伊德学说）7.WilliamJames:StreamofConsciousness(意识流)Concernofwriters:innerworldofhumanreality8.FrenchImpressionism(印象派)andGermanExpressionism（表现主义）9.Cubism：立体派TheExpatriateMovement去国者运动/侨居运动ThesecondAmericanRenaissanceDisillusionedAmericansleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis…GertrudeStein:theLostGeneration(迷惘的一代)RepresentativesPoets：EzraPound(庞德)—LeadingspokesmanofImagistMovement意象派的代言人---one-imagepoemWilliamCarlosWilliams威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆斯—RobertFrost罗伯特·弗罗斯特---Novelists:F.ScottFitzgerald司各特·菲茨杰拉德:TheGreatGatsby(了不起的盖茨比)–TheJazzAgeofthe1920s爵士时代ErnestHemingway欧内斯特·海明威:senseoflossanddespairWilliamFaulkner威廉·福克纳:declineoftheSouth,spiritualwasteland.SherwoodAnderson舍伍德·安德森:WinesburgOhio小城畸人故事集SinclairLewis辛克来·刘易斯:Babbit巴比特JohnSteinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克:novelsofsocialprotest---TheGrapesofWrath

愤怒的葡萄Drama：EugeneO’Neil尤金·奥尼尔:ArthurMiller:

阿瑟米勒

PostwarLiterature:二战后AtomicBombColdWarKoreanWarVietnamWarTheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代AlsocalledBeatMovement,itisanAmericansocialandliterarymovementoriginatinginthe1950s.AllenGinsberg:艾伦金斯堡

–Howl嚎叫—themanifesto宣言oftheBeatGenerationNovels:Blackfiction:RichardWrightandRalphEllisonJewish-AmericanwritersSalinger:TheCatcherintheRye麦田守望者：Students’classicSummaryTheme:socialbreakdownandmoraldecaydiscontinuity非连续性andfragmentation破碎EzraPound埃兹拉·庞德

LeadingspokesmanoftheImagistMovement意象派运动的代言人ImagistMovement(imagism意象派)P.5561909-1917Imageitselfisthespeech.Typicalexample:one-imagepoem:“InaStationoftheMetro在地铁站”APact协定RobertFrost罗伯特·弗罗斯特Frostisanimportantpoetinthe20thcentury.thePulitzerPrizefourtimesreadpoetryattheinaugurationofPresidentJohnF.Kennedyin1961.HisworksABoy‘sWill

男孩的心愿NorthofBoston波士顿以北

MountainInterval

山间NewHampshire新罕布什尔West-RunningBrook西流的小溪AFurtherRange又一片牧场AWitnessTree见证树Poeticthemes：LandscapeandpeopleinNewEnglandthebasicthemesofman'slife:theindividual'srelationshipstohimself,tohisfellow-man,toworld,andtohisGod.

AfterApple-Picking摘苹果之后Experienceonthefarm:LaborAsenseofcompletionandfulfillmentTheRoadNotTaken未选择的路ChoiceStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening雪夜林畔小驻

thebeautyoftheforestsceneDeathresponsibilityEugeneO’Neil尤金奥尼尔America’sgreatestplaywrightFourPulitzerPrizes普立策小说奖;相当于美国的诺贝尔NobelPrize1936FounderoftheAmericandrama.About49playsHisworksBoundEastforCardiff东航卡迪夫BeyondtheHorizon天边外—firstPulitzerPrizeAnnaChristie安娜克里斯蒂EmperorJones琼斯王TheHairyApe毛猿

AllGod’sChillunGotWings上帝的儿女都有翅膀DesireUndertheElms榆树下的欲望TheGreatGodBrown大神布朗LazarusLaughed拉扎勒斯笑了StrangeInterlude奇异的插曲TheIcemanCometh送冰人来了LongDay’sJourneyIntoNight长夜漫漫路长长AbouthisplaysAbout49,mostbeingtragediesTheme:basicissuesofhumanexistenceandpredicament:(p.570)Characters:seekingmeaningandpurposeExpressionisttechnique:表现主义手法ScottFitzgerald司各特·菲茨杰拉德Mostrepresentativefigureofthe1920sLiteraryspokesmanoftheJazzAge(爵士时代的文学代言人)BeautifulwifeZeldaSayreHisworksNovels：

ThisSideofParadise

人间天堂TheBeautifulandDamned

美丽与毁灭TheGreatGatsby

了不起的盖茨比TenderistheNight

夜色温柔TheLastTycoon最后的大亨

ShortStories：TalesoftheJazzAgeBabylonRevisited重返巴比伦TheGreatGatsby了不起的盖茨比AmasterpieceinAmericanliteratureCharactersandStory:Nick(narrator)JayGatsby(amysteriousman)Daisy(Nick’sbeautifulcousin)TomBuchananMyrtleWilsonMr.WilsonTheme:thebankruptcyoftheAmericanDream美国梦的破碎,whichishigh1ightedbythedisillusionmentoftheprotagonist'spersonaldreamduetotheclashesbetweenhisromanticvisionoflifeandtherelentlessreality.JazzAge爵士时代1.the1920satimemarkedbyfrivolity轻浮,carelessness,hedonism快乐主义andexcitementinthelifeoftheflamingyouth.Fitzgeraldislargelyresponsibleforthetermandmanyofhisliteraryworksportrayit.

TheJazzAgeisbroughtvividlytolifeinTheGreatGatsby.

2.FitzgeraldisbothaninsiderandanoutsideroftheJazzAgewithadoublevisionoffascinationandaloofness.

3.Fitzgerald'sfictionalworldisthebestembodimentofthespiritoftheJazzAgeErnestHemingway海明威NovelistReporterWoundedinWorldWarIReporterforTheTorontoStarinParisWorldWarII,SpanishCivilWarNobelPrizeforLiterature1954Shothimselfin1961Hismajorworks:Warexper