2023年哈工大考博英语真题

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.program(HarbinInstituteofTechnology)第一套

PartIReadingComprehension(40points)

Passage1

Questions15arebashedonthefollowingpassage.

Theplanet’slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago,forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth’slandsurface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,thematchstick,orthebulldozer.

AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday’sforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups.

Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill“frontierforests,”definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.

Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas“frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.“There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,”saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.

Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare“ontheedge”;28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;andonlyeightincludingCanada,Russia,andBrazilthatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.”

Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.“Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,”saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.

Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.“It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,”saysBryant,“butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.”

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.

B.Thehistoryofecology.

C.Theforestmapinthepast.

D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

2.Theword“unveiled”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

_.

A.evaluated

B.decorated

C.designed

D.madepublic

3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?

A.Theykeepclimatestable.

B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.

C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.

D.Theyareofvarioustypes.

4.Thephrase“ontheedge”inParagraph5probablymeans________.

Asurroundedbyfrontierforest

Bnearfrontierforest

Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest

Dunderpressure

5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.

Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut

Bexploitmoreforestland

Cfinddirectionseasily

Dprotectformerforests

Passage2

Questions610arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（2023年9月PETS3真题）

Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.

Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.

Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachdaybutverylittleissalvaged.

Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.

6.Thesentence“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”meansthat________.

Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries

Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts

Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused

Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary

7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.

AtheTownCouncil

Bthepolice

Cthepapermanufacturers

Dthemostinfluentialcitizens

8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.

Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted

Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted

Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish

Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper

9.Britishdairiesare________.

Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek

Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles

Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles

Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles

10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.

Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused

Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging

Ctoomuchplasticiswasted

Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers

Passage3

Questions1118arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（找到了出处）

Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatenoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown,ifitisnotcombinedwithremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem,itdoesnotcureit.Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersections,whichinturn,arefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland.

Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizens,butweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhavetoradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensitiesofpopulationwehavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum“psychologicalelbowroom”.Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential.Wemustcollect,inanorganizedmanner,allandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetown,ifwewanttoplaneffectively.

Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis“IM”(oneman).Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrends,buttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument.The“man-educated”man,thehuman,willhavetosetthetarget,andusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskill,takeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations.

11.Themainconcernofthispassageiswith_______.

Acityculture

Blandvalueincities

Ccitycongestion

Ddecentralization

12.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleinoldtimes_______.

Apaidmoreattentiontomaterialbenefits

Bhadastrongersenseofbeauty

Cweremoredesirousaboutthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology

Denjoyedmorefreedomanddemocracy

13.Thehighly-developedtechnologyhasmademan________.

Aincreasinglyindustrious

Bfreefrominconvenience

Cexcessivelydependentonexternalaids

Dabletosavehisphysicalstrength

14Thedrasticincreaseoflandvalueinthecity________.

Aisthegoodresultofeconomicdevelopment

Boffersmoreopportunitiestolanddealers

Cisannoyinglyartificialandmeaningless

Dfortunatelyleadstothe“vertical”growthofcities

15.Theexpansionofbigcitiestothedistantsuburbanareasmay______.

Asolvetheproblemofcitycongestion

Bresultintheremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem

Cbringthesamecongestiontothesuburbanareas

Dneedlessinvestmentonland

16themainpurposeoftheauthoristo_______.

.

Apointoutaproblemandcriticizeit

Badvocatethatallcitiesneedtobere-plannedandremodeled

Cpointoutthesignificanceofsolvingtheproblem

Dcriticizeaproblemandtrytofindasolutiontoit

17theauthorsuggeststhattheremodelingofcitiesmust_______.

Aputprioritytothebenefitofthefuturegenerations

Bbefocusedonpeopleratherthanoneconomy.

Cbeeconomicallyprofitabletolandowners

Dresorttoscientificmethods

18whowillprobablyliketoreadarticlesofthiskind/

Abusinessmen

Beconomists

Curbanpeople

Druralpeople

Passage4

Questions1925arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（GRE阅读）

ThetwoclawsofthematureAmericanlobsteraredecidedlydifferentfromeachother.Thecrusherclawisshortandstout:thecutterclawislongandslender.Suchbilateralasymmetry,inwhichtherightsideofthebodyis,inallotherrespects,amirrorimageoftheleftside,isnotunlikehandednessinhumans.Butwherethemajorityofhumansareright-handed,inlobstersthecrusherclawappearswithequalprobabilityoneithertherightorleftsideofthebody.

Bilateralasymmetryoftheclawscomesaboutgradually.Inthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesofdevelopment,thepairedclawsaresymmetricalandcutter-like.Asymmetrybeginstoappearinthejuvenilesixthstageofdevelopment,andthepairedclawsfurtherdivergetowardwell-definedcutterandcrusherclawsduringsucceedingstages.AnintriguingaspectofthisdevelopmentwasdiscoveredbyVictor

Emmel.Hefoundthatifoneofthepairedclawsisremovedduringthefourthoffifthstage,theintactclawinvariablybecomesacrusher,whiletheregeneratedclawbecomesacutter.Removalofaclawduringalaterjuvenilestageorduringadulthood,whenasymmetryispresent,doesnotaltertheasymmetry,theintactandtheregeneratedclawsretaintheiroriginalstructures.

Theseobservationsindicatethattheconditionstattriggerdifferentiationmustoperateinarandommannerwhenthepairedclawsareintactbutinanonrandommannerwhenoneoftheclawsislost.Onepossibleexplanationisthatdifferentialuseoftheclawsdeterminetheirasymmetry.Perhapstheclawthatisusedmorebecomesthecrusher.Thiswouldexplainwhy,whenoneoftheclawsismissingduringthefourthorfifthstage,theintactclawalwaysbecomesacrusher.Withtwointactclaws,initialuseofoneclawmightprompttheanimaltouseitmorethantheotherthroughoutthejuvenilefourthandfifthstages,causingittobecomeacrusher.

Totestthishypothesis,researchersraisedlobstersinthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesofdevelopmentinalaboratoryenvironmentinwhichthelobsterscouldmanipulateoysterchips.(Notcoincidentally,atthisstageofdevelopmentlobsterstypicallychangefromahabitatwheretheydriftpassivelytotheoceanfloorwheretheyhavetheopportunitytobemoreactivebyburrowinginthesubstratum.)Undertheseconditions,thelobstersdevelopedasymmetricslaws,halfwithcrusherclawsontheleft,andhalfwithcrusherclawsontheright.Incontrast,whenjuvenilelobsterswererearedinasmoothtankwithouttheoysterchips,themajoritydevelopedtwocutterclaws.Thisunusualconfigurationofsymmetricalcutterclawsdidnotchangewhenthelobstersweresubsequentlyplacedinamanipulatableenvironmentorwhentheylostandregeneratedoneorbothclaws.这篇文章开始提出了一种有趣旳有待解释旳现象，即“美洲龙虾旳两螯大小不同样”。读者可以通过这点判断出全文为“解释针对问题”型文章。再往下看，文章旳第二段旳首句并没有进行转折，而是继续对这种奇怪现象旳形成进行讲述，由于与第一段是顺承关系，因此第二段旳首句即为该段旳大意句。直到文章旳第三段，作者才给出了一种对这一现象旳解释，标志性旳词语是Onepossibleexplanationisthat,暗示着着将是一种作者予以正评价旳解释，因此这句话是全文旳中心句。最终，在文章旳最终一段，作者用了一种试验证明了上文旳解释是有效旳。作者并没有给出其他旳解释针对这一现象，因此可以肯定旳是，这篇文章是属于“一种解释针对一种问题”。

19thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

Adrawingananalogybetweenasymmetryinlobstersandhandednessinhumans

Bdevelopingamethodforpredictingwhethercrusherclawsinlobsterswillappearontheleftorrightside

Cexplainingdifferencesbetweenlobsters’crusherclawsandcutterclaws

Ddiscussingapossibleexplanationforthebilateralasymmetryinlobsters

20eachofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedevelopmentofalobster’scrusherclawissupportedbyinformationinthepassageexcept________.

AItcanbestoppedononesideandbeginontheotherafterthejuvenilesixthstage.

BItoccursgraduallyoveranumberofstages.

CItisinitiallyapparentinthejuvenilesixthstage.

DItcanoccurevenwhenaprospectivecrusherclawisremovedinthejuvenilesixthstage.

21whichofthefollowingexperimentalresults,ifobserved,wouldmostclearlycontradictthefindingsofVictorEmmel?

A.Aleftcutter-likeclawisremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontherightside.

B.Aleftcutter-likeclawisremovedinthesixthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontherightside.

C.Aleftcutter-likeclawsareremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontheliftside.

D.Bothcutter-likeclawsareremovedinthefifthstageandacrusherclawdevelopsontheleftside.

22Itcanbeinferredthatofthetwolaboratoryenvironmentsmentionedinthepassage,theonewithoystershipswasdesignedto_______.

Aprovethatthepresenceofoysterchipswasnotnecessaryforthedevelopmentofacrusherclaw

Bprovethattherelativelengthoftimethatthelobsterswereexposedtotheoyster-chipenvironmenthadlittleimpactonthedevelopmentofacrusherclaw

Celiminatetheenvironmentasapossibleinfluenceinthedevelopmentofacrusherclaw

Dsimulatetheconditionsthatlobstersencounterintheirnaturalenvironment

23Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonedifferencebetweenlobstersintheearlierstagesofdevelopmentandthoseinthejuvenilefourthandfifthstagesisthatlobstersintheearlystagesare________.

Alikelytobelessactive

Blikelytobelesssymmetrical

Cmorelikelytoloseaclaw

Dmorelikelytoregeneratealostclaw

24whichofthefollowingconditionsdoesthepassagesuggestisapossiblecauseforthefailureofalobstertodevelopacrusherclaw?

Athelossofaclawduringthethirdorearlierstageofdevelopment

Bthelossofaclawduringthefourthorfifthstageofdevelopment

Cthelossofaclawduringthesixthstageofdevelopment

DDevelopmentinanenvironmentshortofmaterialthatcanbemanipulated

25theauthorregardstheideathatdifferentiationistriggeredrandomlywhenpairedclawsremainintactas________.

AirrefutableconsideringtheauthoritativenatureofEmmel’sobservations

Blikelyinviewofpresentevidence

Ccontradictorytoconventionalthinkingonlobster-clawdifferentiation

Dpurelyspeculativebecauseitisbasedonscatteredresearchandexperimentation

Passage5

Questions2633arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（未知）

Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.PriortoEinsteinianphysics.However,eventheEinsteinianformulationisnotperhapstotallyadequatetothejoboffittingtimeintotheproperrelationshipwiththeotherdimensions,astheyarecalled,ofspace.Theprimaryproblemarisesinrelationshiptothingswhichmightbegoingfasterthanthespeedoflight,orhaveotherstrangeproperties.

ExaminationoftheLorenta-Fitzgeraldformulasyieldstheinterestingspeculationthatifsomethingdidactuallyexceedthespeedoflightitwouldhaveitsmassexpressedasanimaginarynumberandwouldseemtobegoingbackwardintime.Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightistheapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjumpwhichseemshighlyunlikelyformassesthatarelargeinnormalcircumstancesthentheothersidemaybeachievable.

Therehavebeen,infact,someobservationsofparticlechamberswhichhaveledsomescientiststospeculatethataparticlecalledthetachyonmayexistwiththetrans-lightpropertieswehavejustdiscussed.

Onedifficultyofimaginingandcopingwiththesepotentialimplicationsofourmathematicalmodelspointsouttheimportanceofstudyingalternativemethodsofnotationforadvancedphysics.ProfessorZuckerkandl,inhisbook“SoundandSymbol”,hypothesizesthatitmightbebettertoexpresstherelationshipsfoundinquantummechanicsthroughtheuseofanotationderivedfrommusicalnotations.Tooversimplifygreatly,hearguesthatmusichasalwaysgiventimeaspecialrelationshiptootherfactorsorparametersordimensions.Therefore,itmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplay,andcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.

Thepointofthis,oranyotheralternativetothecurrentmethodsofdescribingbasic

physicalprocesses,isthattimedoesnotappeareitherbycommonexperienceorsophisticatedscientificunderstandingtobethesamesortofdimensionorparameterasphysicaldimensions,andisdeservingofcompletelyspecialtreatment,inasystemofnotationdesignedtoaccomplishthatgoal.

Oneapproachwouldbetoconsidertimetobeafieldeffectgovernedbytheapplicationofenergytomassthatistosay,bytheinteractionofdifferentformsofenergy,ifyouwishtokeepinmindtheequivalenceofmassandenergy.Themovementofanynormalsortofmassisboundtoproduceafieldeffectthatwecallpositivetime.Animaginarymasswouldproduceanegativetimefield.ThisisnotatvariancewithEinstein’stheories,sincethe“faster’agivemassmovesthemorethemoreenergywasappliedtoitandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandconfirmedbyexperienceare,itseems,consonantwiththisconcept.

26the“sound”inthetitleofprofessorZukerkand1’sbookprobablyrefersto______.

Athemusicofthespheres

Bmusicintheabstract

Cmusicalnotation

Dtheseeminglymusicalsoundsproducedbytachyons

27Thepassagesupportstheinferencethat_______.

A.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityiswrong

BtheLorenta-FitzgeraldformulascontradictEinstein’stheories

Ctachyonsdonothavethesamesortofmassasanyotherparticles

Ditisimpossibletotravelatpreciselythespeedoflight

28.Thetoneofthepassageis________.

Acriticalbuthopeful

Bhopefulbutsuspicious

Csuspiciousbutspeculative

Dspeculativebuthopeful

29thecentralideaofthepassagecanbebestdescribedaswhichofthefollowing?

A.Irregularitiesintheoreticalphysicsnotationpermitintriguinghypothesesandindicatetheneedforrefinednotationoftimedimension.

B.Newobservationsrequirethedevelopmentofnewtheoriesandnewmethodsofdescribingthetheories.

C.Einsteinianphysicscanbemuchimprovedoninitstreatmentoftachyons.

D.Zuckerkandl’stheoriesoftachyonformulationarepreferabletoEinstein’s.

30Accordingtotheauthor,itistoosoonto_______.

AadoptproposalssuchasZuckerkand1’s

Bplanfortimetravel

Cstudyparticlechambersfortachyontraces

Dattempttoimprovecurrentnotation

31itcanbeinferredthattheauthorseesZuckerkand1asbelievingthatmathematics

isa_______.

Alanguage

Bmusicalnotation

Cgreathindrancetofullunderstandingofphysics

Ddifficultfieldofstudy

32inthefirstsentence,theauthorrefersto“philosopher”aswellasto“scientist”because________.

Ahewantstoshowhisrespectforthem

Bphilosophersstudyallthingsintheworld

Cthestudyofthemethodsofanyfieldisbothaphilosophicalandscientificquestion

Dthenatureoftimeisabasicquestioninphilosophyaswellasphysics

33whenthepassagesaysthe“particlecalledthetachyonmayexist”,thereadermayinferthat_________.

Athetachyonwasnamedbeforeitexisted

Btachyonsareimaginaryinexistenceaswellasmass

Cthetachyonwasprobablynamedwhenitsexistencewaspredictedbytheorybutitsexistencewasnotyetknown.

Dmanyscientificideasmaynotexistinfact.

Passage6

Questions3440arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theterm“remotesensing’’refers

tothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.

Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknown,anddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessing,itispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmutispectraldigitaldadasetfromthemultispectralscanner(MSS)aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.

Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicrevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaff