后备鸡和产蛋鸡的光照

June12,2014后备鸡和产蛋鸡的光照

LightingPulletsandLayers©Hy-LineInternationalIanRubinoff,DVM,MPHHy-LineInternationalTechnicalServicesVeterinarian了解家禽光照

Understandingpoultrylighting设定光照程序

Settingupalightingprogram对于不同灯泡的指南

Aguidetodifferentbulbs©Hy-LineInternational概述Outline光Light电磁谱辐射的一部分

PortionoftheElectromagneticSpectrumRadiation紫外光UltraViolet(UV)可见光Visible红外线Infrared(IR)光照环境LightEnvironment:持续时间即：光周期、白昼长度

Duratione.i.,Photoperiod,Daylength亮度即：光照强度

Luminancee.i.,Intensity波长即：颜色Wavelengthe.i.,Color基本概念BasicConcepts©Hy-LineInternational电磁波谱Electromagneticspectrum©Hy-LineInternational家禽可识别波长FowlwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations地方家禽对可适光波谱的反应©Hy-LineInternational人类可识别波长HumanwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations人眼对可适光波谱的反应100lumen100lux1m2强度，亮度Intensity,Luminance:1勒克斯=1㎡1流明

1Lux=1Lumenin1m2人类的感觉与鸟类不同

Perceptionforhumansisnotthe

sameasforbirds.10lux10m2100lumen©Hy-LineInternational显色指数

Colorrenderingindex(CRI)

色度是测量光的相对暖性和冷性的一种方法

Chromaticityisamethodtomeasuretherelativewarmnessorcoolnessoflight以开尔文为单位表示

ExpressedindegreesofKelvin最初用来表述白炽灯

Wasoriginallydevelopedforincandescentlights>4000K-冷色

>4000K-cool3500-3600K-中等且平衡

3500–3600K–neutralandbalanced<3000K-暖色

<3000K-warm©Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity©Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity家禽生物学Poultrybiology感受Reception:

视网膜Retinal

-锥形体Conephotoreceptors

-视觉感知Visualperception

-多巴胺Dopamine&UV-A↔

褪黑激素melatonin2a.松果体Pineal

“Soulgland” -光感受器

Photoreceptors(>4lux)

-生物钟Circadianclock:血清素和褪黑激素serotoninandmelatonin2b.下丘脑Hypothalamic

性成熟SexualMaturity

-大脑深处的光感受器Deepencephalicphotoreceptor

-性激素Sexualhormones2a.2b.光的基本生理效应

BasicPhysiologicaleffectsoflight:

增强视力Facilitatesight

-寻找食物Foodsearch刺激内循环StimulateInternalCycles生理节奏-白昼长度变化

Circadian-daylengthchanges产生并调节激素分泌Initiateandregulatehormonerelease

-新陈代谢调节：脂肪和肌肉沉积

Metabolicregulation:fat&muscledeposition

-繁殖Reproduction

-钙磷和骨骼形成Calciumandphosphorusandboneformation

家禽生物学

Poultrybiology波长不同Wavelengthdifferences紫外线A-B光UltravioletA-Blight维生素D转换、钙磷代谢、骨骼形成、免疫系统、血压和血液循环、肌肉发育

VitaminDconversion,calciumandphosphorusmetabolism,boneformation,immunesystem,bloodpressureandcirculation,muscledevelopment可见光Visuallight鸟类有4种类型的单独锥形体光感受器和四色光感觉

Birdshave4typesofsingle-conephotoreceptorsandtetra-chromaticcolorvision第5个单独锥形体用于基于亮度的运动检测

A5thsingle-coneisluminancebasedformotiondetection红外光Infraredlight感觉为热能Perceivedasheat家禽生理学Poultryphysiology野生鸟类的季节性源于光照

LightisResponsibleforWildBird’sSeasonality白昼时间和光照强度上升Daylength&Intensity

↑食物供应增加FoodSupply↑

繁殖行为增多Reproduction↑

产蛋LAY热量强度增加IntensityHeat,T↑孵卵≠产蛋Brooding

≠LAY白昼时间和光照强度下降Daylength&Intensity

↓食物供应减少FoodSupply↓

小鸟出壳PULLETSHATCH体型成熟MatureBodySize

白昼时间和光照强度上升

↑Daylength&Intensity

性成熟开始OnsetSexualMaturitySpringSummerFallWinter春夏秋冬开始增加光照时间和强度Startwith↑

light

L&I光照时间和强度逐渐减少StepDown:

↓lightL&I光照刺激增加LightStimulation:↑Photoperiod白昼时间逐渐增加维持产蛋Gradually↑

DaylengthToSustainProductionPulletLayingHenGrownPullet遵守生理规律RespectPhysiologicalRules现代蛋鸡生产模拟自然的季节性

ModernLayerProductionMimicsNaturetoTrickSeasonality后备鸡后备鸡育雏育成期产蛋期雏鸡需要强光来寻找食物和饮水

Chicksneedintenselighttofindfeed&water雏鸡需要长时间的光照来采食和饮水

Chicksneedmanyhoursoflighttoeat&drink雏鸡也需要休息的时间

Chicksdoneedarestperiod第一周：20小时光照

Week1:20hoursoflight循环的光照和黑暗时间以刺激采食量和饮水量-间歇性光照

Cyclelightanddarkperiodstostimulatefeed&waterintake–intermittentlighting生理规律:后备鸡PhysiologicalRules:Pullets

逐渐降低：通过光照时间和强度的减少来模拟秋天的光照模式

StepDown:↓daylength&intensitytomimicfalllightpattern褪黑激素分泌增加：阻断促性腺激素释放激素和促黄体素 ↑Melatoninsecretion:keepsgonadotropin-releasinghormone(GnRH)&luteinizinghormone(LH)blocked

刺激：光照时间增加以模拟春天

Stimulation:↑daylengthtomimicspring褪黑激素分泌下降：刺激促性腺激素释放激素和促黄体素的分泌 ↓Melatoninsecretion:stimulateGnRH&LHsecretion开始排卵产蛋阶段

OnsetovulationLayingphase生理规律：后备鸡PhysiologicalRules:Pullets

除非想刺激产蛋，否则不要增加光照强度和时间

Donotincreaselightintensityordaylengthuntilyouwanttostimulateproduction

进入产蛋期后，每周缓慢增加光照时间可以帮助维持较高的产蛋高峰

Increasedaylengthbysmallamountweeklyenteringintolayhelpsbirdsmaintainhighproductionpeak鸡只继续生长并成熟直到32周龄，对于正在生长和成熟的鸡只，缓慢的刺激非常关键

Birdscontinuetogrowandmatureto32weeks.Slowstimulationiscriticaltothestillgrowing&maturingbird

光照时间的减少对成年鸡来说意味着换羽

Decreasingdaylengthforadultbirdsisasignaltostartmolting生理规律：后备鸡和产蛋鸡

PhysiologicalRules:Pullets&Layers雏鸡到达之前就制定好光照程序

Planyourlightingprogrambeforechicksarrive了解光照对于后备鸡生长发育的影响

Understandimpactoflightonpulletgrowthanddevelopment体重达标后再开始加光刺激开产

Alwayswaittolightstimulatebirdsforproductionuntilbodyweightgoalsaremet光照程序LightingProgram白炽灯

Incandescent荧光灯

Fluorescent卤素灯

HalogenLED灯

LED©Hy-LineInternational灯泡的选择Availablelightbulbs灯泡Bulb优点Advantages缺点Disadvantages白炽灯Incandescent便宜、光线较好、容易调暗、天气寒冷时效果好Inexpensive,goodlightforpoultry,easytodim,goodforuseincoldweather由于寿命短、能量利用率低，许多型号的灯泡已经不再生产Manydifferentbulbsarenolongermanufacturedduetopoorenergyefficiency,shortbulblife荧光灯Compactfluorescent价格开始便宜、能量利用率高、购买方便、灯泡寿命较长Becomingmoreaffordable,energyefficient,easilyavailable,mediumtolongbulblife含有需要特殊处理的重金属、光谱对家禽不理想、不容易调暗、不宜频繁开关Containsheavymetalsthatrequirespecialdisposal,lightspectrumnotfullyidealforpoultry,noteasytodim,notidealforturningonandofffrequently©Hy-LineInternational灯泡对比Bulbcomparison灯泡Bulb优点Advantages缺点DisadvantagesLED能量利用率最高的灯泡、寿命超长、可用耐久和防水材料制造、一个灯泡可用转换成多种颜色Mostenergyefficientbulb,verylongbulblife,canbemadeoutofdurableandwaterproofmaterial,onebulbcanbechangedtodifferentcolors昂贵、仍在进行技术改进以便更好的应用于家禽生产、由于过热而无法使用胶状灯罩、家禽可见光谱难以界定Expensive,technologyisstillimprovingandadaptingtopoultryusage,cannotbeusedinjellyjarsduetooverheating,poultryvisiblespectrumishardtoassess.©Hy-LineInternationalBulbcomparisonLED灯有众多的优势

LEDlightshavealotofadvantages仍然需要学习

Thereisstillalearningcurve了解明暗度Understandingdimming测定强度

Measuringintensity©Hy-LineInternational换成LED灯SwitchingtoLED调光器必须与特殊的LED灯安装模式相匹配

DimmersneedtobecompatiblewithspecificLEDinstalled调光器不匹配将导致LED灯闪烁、过热、更快的烧毁

IncompatibledimmercancauseLEDlightstoflicker,overheat,orburnoutmorequickly与LED灯生产厂家合作以保证调光器正确安装

WorkwithLEDmanufacturertoensureyouhavethecorrectdimmerinstalled©Hy-LineInternational调节LED灯亮度DimmingLEDlights传统的测光仪器无法在鸡舍中精确测定LED灯

TraditionallightmeterscannotbeusedtomeasureLEDlightsaccuratelyinapoultryhouse多数测光仪的刻度标度为可见光为“白光”时的温度，大约在2800K并且波长为550-560纳米

Mostlightmetersarecalibratedforvisiblelightata"white"colortemperature,usually~2800Kandmostcloselyassociatedwith~550-560nmwavelengths.多数传感器和滤镜的光谱反应都是根据国际照明委员会（CIE）规定的可见光和人眼的反应曲线设计的

ThespectralresponseofmostsensorsandfiltersaredesignedtomeettheCIEphotopic/HumanEyeRespon