雅思流程图和地图

流程图与地图写作分析流程图写作要点分清有几个图---分段:总分总先写总起句,找到每个步骤和起点-箭头数字按时间或步骤顺序---使用适当连接词具体描述每个步骤名词不懂看图，抄到文中作主语动词不懂加ed，用被动语态时态多为一般现在时Introduction---首段转述题目句型Thediagram/flowchart/map(given)shows/illustrates/indicates/denotes…Fromtheinformationsupplied/giveninthediagram/flowchart/map,itisclear/evident/apparentthat…stages---连接词按时间顺序/步骤tobeginwith/atfirst/initially/inthefirststageThefirststageinvolves…then/next/later/afterthis/subsequentlysecondly/inthefollowingstage/stepThenext/followingstageincludes…Finally/eventually/atthelaststageThelaststagecontains…具体描述某个步骤atthispoint/stage/phaseatthesametime/momentmeanwhile/whileWRITINGTASK1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustry.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Writeatleast150words.Theprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustrycanbeoutlinedinsevenconsecutivesteps.Firsttherawmaterial,clay,whichwasjustbelowthesurfaceofsoilincertainclay-richareashastobedugupbyadigger.Thenthelumpsofclayareplacedonametalgridinordertobreakupthebigchunksofclayintomuchsmallerareas,whichfallthroughthemetalgridontoaroller,whosemotionfurthersegregatesthebitsofclay.Sandandwaterareaddedtomakeahomogenousmixture,whichistheneitherformedinmouldsorcutintobrick-shapedpiecesbymeansofawirecutter.Thosefreshbricksarethenkeptinadryingovenforatleast24andamaximumof48hours,severaldozensifnothundredsofbricksatatime.Thedriedbricksarethentransferredtoaso-calledkiln,anothertypeofhightemperatureoven.Firsttheyarekeptatamoderatetemperatureof200℃--1300℃.Thisprocessisfollowedbycoolingdownthefinishedbricksfor48to72hoursinacoolingchamber.

Oncethebrickshavecooleddownandhavebecomehard,theygetpackagedanddeliveredtotheirfinaldestination.

巧克力制作流程图特点：史上图片最多的流程图分段分组描述，不能每张图片写一段除了文字信息之外的细节描写：果实颜色变化：几个颜色，几次变化？温度数字WRITINGTASK1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Theillustrationsshowhowchocolateisproduced.Summariestheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures.Writeatleast150words.巧克力制作流程图Thediagramsexplainthedifferentstagesintheprocessofmakingchocolate.【所有的小作文第一句话都要用一般现在时。流程图必备三个词：process：整个过程,stage：阶段/step：步骤】Chocolatecomesfromthecacaotree,whichisgrowinginpartsofSouthAmerica,AfricaandIndonesia.Thetreeproduceslargeredpodswhichcontainwhitecocoabeans.Firstly,whenthepodsareripe,theyareharvested,thebeansareremovedandtheyarefermentedforseveraldaysinlargewoodenboxes.Duringthefermentingprocess,thebeansturnbrown.（概括前三幅图）要适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的的一些细节内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣分Next,thebrownbeansarespreadinthesuntodry.（四）Theyarethenputinlargesacksandtransportedbytrainorlorry.（五，六）Afterthis,thebeansaretakentoachocolatefactorywheretheyareroastedinanovenattemperaturesofbetween250and350degreeCelsius.（七，八）Afterbeingroasted,thebeansarecrushedandtheoutershellisremoved.Theouterpartisnotneededformakingchocolate.（九）

Finally,theinnerpartofthebeanispressedandliquidchocolateisproduced.流程图附加练习Thediagramshowshowfreshfruitiscanned.Firstthefruitispickedfromtreesbyhand.Itisthentransportedtothecannerybylargetrucks.Atthecannerythefruitiswashedandqualitychecked,andanypoorqualityfruitisrejected.Thegoodqualityfruitisputintocoldstorage.Whenitisreadyforcanningthefruitisweighedandgraded.Thegradingensuresthatfruitofsimilarsizeiskepttogether.Afterthisthefruitispeeledandthecoresareremoved.Itisthenslicedintotherequiredsizesandputintocans.Juiceorsyrupisalsoaddedtothecans.Oncethecanshavebeenfilledtheyaresealedandcookedoverheattoensurethatthecansaresterilized.Whenthecansarecool,alabelisattachedandtheyareplacedintostorage.Thecannedfruitisnowreadytobedispatchedtosupermarketsandsold.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowsthemethodofobtainingwateroutdoors.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.Thechartdescribeshowwaterisobtainedoutdoors.Accordingtothechart,thefirststep

ofobtainingwateroutdoorsistofindahole/dent/pitonthegroundwithgreenplantsgrowingonthebottompartofit.Next,removethegreenplantsinthemiddle(视觉化能力)andputacontainerthere.Then,covertheholewithaplasticsheetandplacetwostonesonbothendsofittosecureitsposition.Athirdstoneislaidinthemiddleoftheplasticsheetsothatthemiddlepartismadethelowestpart.Whenthesunshinesonthegreenplantsinthehole,waterevaporatesfromtheseplants.Thevaporrisesupandthencoolsdowntoformwaterdropsontheplasticsheet.Whenthereismoreandmorewater,itflowsalongthesheettoaccumulateonthelowestpart.Finally,waterfallsdownintothecontainerdirectlyunderthemiddlestone.Thus,wateriscollectedsuccessfullythroughevaporationfromgreenplants.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessofglassrecycling.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

Thisdiagramillustratestherecyclingprocessofglassbottles.Thewholeprocessisacyclewhichcanbedividedintothreemainstages.Inthefirststage,usedbottlesarecollectedatarecyclingpointreadytobetransportedbyatruck.Thesecondstagestartsinacleaningplant,wheretheserecycledbottlesaresortedbycolorintogreen,brownandclearonesandwashedbyhigh-pressurewater.Whenthecleaningisdone,thebottlesareconveyedtoaglassfactorywheretheyarecutintoglasspieceswhicharethenpouredintoafurnace.Afterbeingheatedinthefurnace,thebrokenglassesaremeltedintoliquid,whichflowsintoaglassmold.Herenewliquidglassfromothersourcesisaddedandthemoldingprocesstakesplace.Inthefinalstage,new,emptybottlesarefilled,thenpackedanddespatchedtothesupermarketreadytobepickedbyconsumers.Atthispoint,acyclehasbeencompletedandanewcyclewillbegin.运作描写Thisdiagramprovidesanoverviewofadomesticcentralheatingsystem.Itshows

howthetank,boilerandpipesensureaconstantflowofhotwatertoboththeradiatorsandthetaps.Thecoldwater

entersthehouseandisstoredinawaterstoragetankintheroof.Fromthereitflowsdowntotheboiler,locatedonthegroundfloorofthehouse.Theboiler,whichisfuelledbygasoroil,heatsupthewaterasitpassesthroughit.Thehotwateristhenpumpedroundthehousethroughasystemofpipesandflowsintotheradiators,locatedindifferentrooms.Thewatercirculatesthroughtheradiators,whichhavesmalltubesinsidethemtohelpdistributetheheat,andthiswarmseachoftherooms.Someofthewaterisdirectedtothetapstoprovidehotwaterforthehouse.Oncethewaterhasbeenthroughthepipesandradiators,itisreturnedtotheboilertobere-heatedandcirculatedroundthehouseagain.

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagramsbelowshowsomeprinciplesofhousedesignforcoolandforwarmclimates.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.Asisdisplayedintheflowchart,theprinciplesofinsulationincoolandwarmclimaterespectivelydiffertoalargeextent.Astothesituationofcoolclimate,weadoptthehigh-angledroofinordertobenearlyparallelwiththedirectionofthesunsothatthedirectexpositiontotheheatofsunislessenedasmuchaswecan.Bythis,thetemperatureofthematerialwon’tfluctuatewithinalargerange.Meanwhile,thermal(保温的)

buildingmaterialcouldenhancetheheatstorageinsulation,preventingoutflow,thusreductionofheat.

Adversely,inwarmclimate,reflectivebuildingmaterialisindispensablewithoverhands(自上而下)

forshade.Thedirectionoftheroofisalmostverticaltothedirectionofthesuntoleadtoexternalinsulationreflection.Bythis,ventilationwouldresultintheremovalofheatstorageratherthanreduction.Throughthedifferentworkingprinciplesofventilation(通风),wearefascinatedbythemasterpiecesofmodernscienceandtechnology.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagramshowshoworganicwasteisrecycledtoproducegardenfertilizer.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

Asisshownintheflowchart,theprocessofrecyclingorganicwastetoproducecompostisreallyacomplexone.Thewholeprocesscanbecategorizedintofivestages.Firstofall,prepareaplasticcontainerwhichhasfourholesforventilatingtheair.Thereisarulewhenputtingwasteintothecontainer,foodatthebottomwithin15centimetershigh,grassatthemiddleandnewspaperatthetopwithin15centimetershighaltogether,inordertomakeaoptimumenvironmentfordifferentbacteriareproducing.Inthefollowingstage,wecanwitnessnitrogen(氮)andwaterbeingputintothecontainer.What'sworthmentioningisthatwaterisonlyaddedinahotweather.Next,heatthewasteandletthebacteriareproducefastly,withwhichtheorganicwastecanbedecomposedandbecomegardenfertiliserafter6months.

Subsequently,wecancarrythecompost(堆肥)outandmoveittothegarden,andthusanewrecyclingcanbegin.考官范文图一Thefirstdiagramshowsthattherearefourmainstagesinthelifeofthesilkworm.（分段开场）Firstofall,eggsareproducedbythemothandittakestendaysforeacheggtobecomeasilkwormlarvathatfeedsonmulberryleaves.Thisstagelastsforuptosixweeksuntilthelarvaproducesacocoonofsilkthreadarounditself.Afteraperiodofaboutthreeweeks,theadultmothseventuallyemergefromthesecocoonsandthelifecyclebeginsagain.考官范文图二Thecocoonsaretherawmaterialusedfortheproductionofsilkcloth.

（总括句）Onceselected,theyareboiledinwaterandthethreadscanbeseparatedintheunwindingstage.Eachthreadisbetween300and900meterslong,whichmeanstheycanbetwistedtogether,dyedandthenusedtoproduceclothintheweavingstage.考官范文结论Overall,thediagramsshowthatthecocoonstageofthesilkwormcanbeusedtoproducesilkcloththroughaverysimpleprocess.高分范文另一则

paraphrasingandregroupingAsisdisplayedinthefirstdiagram,thelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbecategorizedinto4mainstages.（开场句）

First,thelifeofthesilkwormstartsfromeggspropagatedbythemoth,andittakes10daysforeacheggtobecomeasilkwormlarvathatfeedsonmulberryleaves.Silkwormlarvacontinuestogrowin4to6weeks,thenwrapsitselfwithsilkthreadtoconstructacocooninthenext3to8weeks.Amothwillbeproducedfromthecocoonin16days.Thelifecyclebeginsagainfromthenon.Focusingontheseconddiagram,itillustratesthe5mainstepsoftheprocedureforproducingsilkcloth.Wellgeneratedcocoonswillbeselectedfirstly.Beforethesilkthreadcanbeunwound,cocoonshavetobeboiledinhotwater.Onecocooncangenerateapproximately300to900metresofsilkthread.Theunwoundthreadwillbedyedafterwardstobeweavedintosilkcloth.Overall,thetwodiagramsrevealthatthecocoonstageinthelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbeusedtomakesilkcloththrough5simplesteps.较难的流程图Youshouldspendatleast20minutesonthistask.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthegeneticengineeringprocesschartbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.开场段写作练习:Thisdiagramdisplaystheconstituentelementsofacellandhowthegeneticinformationwithinacell,whichisstoredintheformofchromosomes(染色体),canbetransferredtoanewcelltocompletetheprocessofgeneticengineering.Tobeginthegeneticengineeringprocess,firstofall，

genesareidentifiedalongchromosomestrands,whichcanbefoundinthenucleusofacell.

Inthenextstage/step,particulargenesareisolatedbygeneticengineersandarethenbiochemicallycutoutoftheirchromosomalstrings.Followingthis,inthenextstage,theseparatedgeneisthenattachedtoavector,whichenablesthegenetoenteranewcell.Thiscombinationofgeneticinformationfromonecellkindtoanotheristheessenceofthegeneticengineeringprocess.

Finally,astheprocessinthediagramindicates,whentheregeneratedcellsofaparticularplantspeciesareallowedtogrow,theplantswillshowpropertiesofthegeneticfeature,whichhasbeenborrowedfromanotherspecies'cells.地图题地图题分两种，一种为地理变迁题，一种为选址题。地理变迁题，它描述的是一个地方（多为一个城镇）在一段时间的发展变化。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。地图题用被动语态较多。地图题的特点空间方位：描写顺序：layout布局NWSEClockwise/anticlockwise空间过渡：nextto,atthecorner,inthemiddle,oppositeto,besides,infrontof,bottom,top,left,right,above…..Across,gobeyond,pass,turnleft,turnright方位的描述以east为例。in(to，on，at)theeastof1．要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用"AisintheeastofB"，如：JapanisintheeastofAsia.日本在亚洲东部。ItalyisinthesouthofEurope.意大利在欧洲南部。2．in表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。2．如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用"AliestotheeastofB".口语中有时可将tothe省去。如：Japanlies(tothe)eastofChina.日本位于中国东方。Francelies(tothe)eastofEngland.法国位于英国东方。3．如果A在B的东边（侧），即：A与B相邻接。就用"AisontheeastofB".如：GuangdongisonthesouthofHunan.广东在湖南南边。ShangdongisonthenorthofJiangsu.山东在江苏北边。4．如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用“AisattheeastofB”和in的区别在于at更强调整体如:TherewasabigbattleatthenorthoftheLiaodongPeninsula.在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。要表示方位的“偏向”时通常用by

正东偏北：eastbynorth正南偏西：southbywest正北偏东：northbyeast正南偏东：southbyeastWearesailinginthedirectionofeastbynorth.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。Theislandliessouthbyeastfromhere.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。MAP题范例（1）Themapsbelowgiveinformationaboutaschoolsitein2004andtheplanningofthesameschoolin2010.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.（2007年7月1日雅思考题）和道路有关的词汇fork-typeofintersectionwherearoadsplitsjunction/intersection/roundabout/ringroadRanchroad-connectruralareastomarkettownsinbound/outboundtraffic和道路有关的词汇shorten/widen/narrow/entrance/exitpavement:apedestrianwalkwayalongsidetheroadpedestriancrossing/zebracrossing和居民区，房子有关的词汇residentialarea/housingestate/livingareachange/takeshape/appear/emerge/comeintoexistence/beplanned/befounded/beproposedXXXisagrowingcommunitytothenorthof…XXXliesin/islocatednorthofdowntownarea和居民区，房子有关的词汇XXXissituatedonthesouthernedgeofthecitynewly-built/developed/renovated/installed…square/triangle/rectangle/round-shaped…onthetopleft;atthelowerrightcornerThetwomapsshowtheplanchangesinthecampuslayoutofHogwardsGrammarSchoolfrom2004to2010.Figure1providesanoverviewoftheoriginalschoolplanin2004.Atthistime,theschoolhad600studentsanditsonlyschoolbuildingwaslocatedin

itsnorthwestcorner.Toitseast,therewasalargesportfield,whichwasconnectedtoschoolbuildingbyawalkingpath.Carsenteredtheschoolfromitswestside,andthendrovealongamainroadwhichledtoacarparkinglotsituatedinthenortheastcorner.Therestofthecampuswascoveredbylawnsandtrees.Figure2highlightstheplan

changestobecompletedby2010.Asthenumberofstudentswillexpandtoabout1,000,twomoreschoolbuildingswillbeadded（built/constructed）,onetotheeastoftheoriginaloneandtheothertoitssouth,andallthreewillbeconvenientlyconnectedtoeachother

bywalkingpaths.Partofthesportfieldwillbetakenupbyanewschoolbuilding,sotheplaygroundwill"shrink"onitsoriginalbasis.Anewparkinglotwillalsobeconstructedtotheleftoftheoldbuildinginordertoserveanincreasingnumberofstudents,parentsandstaff.Themainroadwillalsobechanged

accordinglytoconnectthetwoparkinglots/areas.结论ItisevidentfromthecomparisonthatthenewHogwardsGrammarSchoolwillbechangedinawaythatbettersuitstheneedsofitsgrowth/development.2007年05月19日雅思考试

Thefiguresillustrateandcomparetheengineeringfeaturesoftwoworld-renownedtunnels,theMont-BlancRoadTunnelandtheSeikanRailwayTunnel.AsisshowninFigure1,Mont-BlancTunnelisaroadtunnelconnectingFranceandItaly.Travelling3,500metersbeneaththepeakofthemountainaboveit,thetunnelhasatotallengthof11.6kilometers.Theconstructionofthistunnelcommencedin1957andittook8yearstocomplete.AsisillustratedinFigure2,theSeikanTunnel,constructedbetween1946and1988,isasubmarinetunnelinJapan.Lying240mbeneaththesealevel,itrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.TheSeikantunnelruns240metersbelowtheseasurface.Itsconstructionbeganasearlyas1946andittook42yearstocompletethis53.85kmsubmarinetunnelwhichrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.结论与比较Itisevidentfromthediagramsthatalthoughbothrepresentremarkablefeatsofengineeringtechnology,theunderseaSeikanRailwayTunnelisbyfarlongerthanMont-BlancTunnelanditsconstructiontookmuchlongertimetoaccomplish.villagefarmwoodsrivervillagewoodsfarmriverbridgeroadvillagewoodsfarmschoolsportsfieldroadshopwetlandThediagrambelowshows

thedevelopmentofthevillageofKelsby

between1780and2000.或者Thethreemaps

illustratehowthevillageofKelsbychanged

in1780,1860and2000.

In1780,Kelsbyhad

only100homes.Therewasalargeexpanseofwoodsintheeasternpartofthevillageandfourplotsoffarmlandinthecentre.Inthewestwasariverflowingfromnorthtosouth.HaveTherebeLie/belocated/besituated倒装句Theyear1860sawadoublingofthenumberofhomes,butthesizeoffarmlandandwoodswashalved.Inthesameyear,abridgewasconstructedovertheriverandaroadwaspaved

linkingtherivertotheresidences.140yearslater,thenumberofhomesmorethandoubledto500,butfarmsandwoodscompletelydisappeared.Intheirplaces,severalschoolbuildingsandsportsfacilitieswereconstructedatthesouth-easterncornerofthevillage,whichwereconnectedwiththeresidentialareasinthenorthviaanewly-buildroad.Someshopsopenedupalongtheriverbankandalargestretchofwetlandforbirdswasestablishedatthesouthernendoftheriver.

地图题附加练习Themapillustratesthedevelopme