一篇英文文献

ExploringthePotentialofMicroHydropowerSystemsinUrbanWaterSupplySystems.

Decision-MakingandOptimumManagementUsingHarmonySearch.IoannisKOUGIAS,ThomasPATSIALIS,AntigoniZAFIRAKOU,NicolaosTHEODOSSIOUDepartmentofCivilEngineering,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece,yannis.kougias@,patsialis@civil.auth.grazafir@civil.auth.gr,nictheod@civil.auth.grAbstract:EU’sstrategytowardshydropowerenergyproductionhasturnedtosupportsmall-scalehydroelectricity.Accordingtothe2012EEA’sreport,forthcomingEUpoliciesinordertopromotehydropowermustbecompatiblewiththeWFD,minimizingtheecologicalimpacts.Thisexplainswhytheinterestofthoseinvolvedinhydroelectricityhasbeenattractedbymicroprojects.Typicallymicrohydroelectricityreferstohydro-plantswithapowercapacitylessthan100kW.Theirmainadvantageisthenegligibleenvironmentalimpactinconjunctionwithalowinstallationcost.Moreover,theproducedenergyislow-voltageelectricity.Thus,theproducedenergycanbeeitherdirectlyconsumedorbedirectedtotheNationalGrid,withaconnectioncost4-5timeslower,comparedtomediumvoltage.Microhydroscooperatewithvariousexistingwater-relatedinfrastructure,offeringabroadpotentialforinvestment.Inthepresentpapertheintegratedsolutionofmicro-hydroimplementationinawatersupplysystemispresented.Thus,thebenefitsofthenetwork(withaconstantwatersupply)areextendedtoenergyproduction.Decisionmakingandplanningofsuchaprojectiscomplicated,involvingenvironmental,hydraulic,technicalandeconomicalparameters.TheoptimummanagementofanapplicationinGreeceispresented,usingHarmonySearchAlgorithm(HSA),anoveloptimizationtechnique.AfterabriefdescriptionofHSA,thegeneratedmodelispresentedindetail.Bypresentingtheoptimalsolutionsofthemodel,weprovethatmicrohydroelectricitycancontributemuchmoreinboththeeconomyandtheenergybalance.EuropeanUnion’spolicyforsustainable,secureenergysupplyisemphasizedintheGreenPaper(2003),whichunderlinesthepotentialofhydroelectricitytoplayaveryimportantroleinboththeeconomyandtheenergybalance.Inadditiontothat,increasingthenon-pollutingrenewableenergyproductionisanimportantgoalfortheEUcountries.EUhassetambitiousclimateandenergytargetsfor2020,knownas"20-20-20”targets.Thethreekeyobjectivesfor2020includea20%reductioninEUgreenhousegasemissionsfrom1990levels,anincreaseoftheshareofEUenergyconsumptionproducedfromrenewableresourcesto20%anda20%improvementintheEU'senergyefficiency.TheRenewableEnergyDirective(2010)definesthenationaltargetsoftheMemberStatesforraisingtheshareofrenewableenergyintheirenergyconsumptionby2020.ThesetargetsreflectMemberStates'differentstartingpointsandpotentialforincreasingrenewableproductionandrangefrom10%(Malta)to49%(Sweden).AccordingtoEuropeanCommissionthenationaltargetswillenabletheEUtoreachits20%renewableenergytargetfor2020.Thispercentageismorethandoublecomparedtothe2010level(9.8%).ThesetargetswillalsohelptoreducegreenhousegasemissionsandreducetheEU’sdependenceonimportedenergy.Keywords:Micro-scalehydropower,renewableenergy,watermanagement,optimization,harmonysearchAdvantagesofSmall-ScaleHydroelectricProjectsMicrohydrosincludeprojectswithacapacitybetween10KWand100KW.Initiallytheseprojectshavebeenconstructedintheflowofthestreamwithouttheneedofwaterstorage.Becauseoftheirmanyadvantages,thenumberofinstallationshasconsiderablyincreasedrecently.Theirnegligibleenvironmentalimpactandtheirlowinstallationcosthaveattractedthescientificandinvestinginterest.Besides,thetotalcostofaMicroHydroinstallationislessthan200,000€.Thus,theycompriseatemptinginvestmentopportunityforindividuals.AccordingtotheBritishHydropowerAssociation(2005)theadvantagesthattheseprojectshaveoverotherrenewableenergysources(RES)are:Highefficiency(70-90%).Ahighercapacityfactor(typicallyCF>45%)comparedtootherRES.ForSolarPanelsCF=10-30%whileforWindTurbinesCF=20-30%.Predictabilityoftheenergyproduction.Gradualchangeofenergyproduction.Hydroelectricgenerators5quickresponsetochangingconditions.Micro-hydrosinstreamsdon’tincludedamsandwaterstorage.

Micro-hydrosystemsinstreamshavegoodcorrelationwithdemandi.e.theoutputismaximizedduringwinterItisalong-lastingtechnology.Systemscanbeengineeredtolastformorethan50years,withalowmaintenancecost.Moreover,nosignificantreductionoftheirenergyefficiencyoccurswithtime.7.CONCLUSIONInthepresentpapertheinstallationofmicro-scalehydropowerinexistingwatersupplysystemshasbeenpresented.Thispractice,whichhasalreadybeensuccessfullyfollowedinseveralcountries,hasbeenenhancedwiththeuseofamodernoptimizationtechnique,HarmonySearchAlgorithm.Theeconomicalefficiencyofsuchinstallationsisinmanycasescertain,sincethemainitemsofthesystem（pipesandstoragetanks）havealreadybeenbuilt.Thus,thecostoftheinvestmentissignificantlydecreased.Moreover,sincethedrinkingwatersupplysystemshaveacontinuousoperation,theinstalledhydropowerplantsoperatewithnointerruptionduringtheyear.Thisexplainswhysuchinstallationshaveoneofthehighestcapacityfactorsamongrenewableenergysources.HarmonySearchAlgorithmhasalreadybeeneffectivelyusedinvariouswaterrelatedproblems.Inthepresentpaper,thisnovelmetaheuristicAlgorithmhasledtothebestpossibleselectionofturbineinstallations,leadingtoanoptimummanagementintermsoftechnicalandeconomicalbenefit.探索微水电的潜力系统在城市供水系统。决策和最优管理使用和谐搜索IoannisKOUGIAS托马斯・PATSIALISAntigoniZAFIRAKOU,NicolaosTHEODOSSIOU塞萨洛尼基大学土木工程学系，亚里士多德，希腊,yannis.kougias@.

patsialis@civil.auth.gr，azafir@civil.auth，gr,nictheod@civil.auth.gr.摘要：欧盟对水电能源生产的战略已经转向支持小规模水电。根据2012年EEA的报告，以促进水电即将到来的欧盟政策必须与WFD兼容，最大限度地减少对生态的影响。这就解释了为什么那些参与水电的利益已经被微型项目所吸引。通常，微水电是指水力发电厂用电源容量小于100千瓦。其主要优点是在结合了可忽略不计的环境影响具有低安装成本。此外，所产生的能量是低电压电力。由此，所产生的能量可直接饮用或定向到国家电网，与连接成本更低的4-5倍，比中等电压。微型水电与现有的各种与水有关的基础设施建设合作，为客户提供广泛的投资潜力。在本纸张的供水系统微型水力发电实现集成的解决方案提出。因此，网络（具有恒定供水）的益处扩展到生产能源。决策这样一个项目的规划是复杂的，涉及环保，液压，技术和经济参数。在希腊的应用程序的最佳管理使用和声搜索算法（HSA），一种新型的优化技术介绍。HSA的简要说明后，所产生的模型中详细介绍。通过展示模型的最佳解决方案，我们证明了微水电可以同时在经济和能量平衡贡献更多。关键词：微水电、可再生能源、水资源管理、优化、和谐搜索引言欧盟的政策可持续的、安全的能源供应中强调绿皮书（2003），这突显出水力发电的潜力发挥非常重要的作用在经济和能源平衡。除此之外，增加了无污染可再生能源生产是欧盟国家的一个重要目标。欧盟为2020年设定了雄心勃勃的气候和能源目标，被称为'，20-20-20”目标。2020年的三个关键目标包括减少20%的欧盟温室气体排放量从1990年水平，增加了欧盟能源消费的比例从可再生资源生产20%和20%的欧盟能源效率的改善。可再生能源指令（2010）定义了成员国的国家目标提高可再生能源在能源消费的比例到2020年。这些目标反映成员国不同的起点和增加可再生能源的生产潜力和范围从10%（马耳他）49%（瑞典）。根据欧盟委员会的国家目标将使欧盟可再生能源目标2020年达到20%。这一比例比2010年水平的两倍多（9.8%）。这些目标也将有助于减少温室气体排放，减少欧盟对进口能源的依赖。欧盟的政策可持续，安全的能源供应强调绿皮书（2003），其中强调水电的潜力，同时在经济和能量平衡起着非常重要的作用。除此之外，增加了无污染可再生能源生产是欧盟国家的一个重要目标。欧盟已经制定了雄心勃勃的气候和能源目标的2020年，被称为“20-20-20”的目标。2020年的三个关键目标包括在欧盟的温室气体排放量减少1990年水平的20%，同比增加可再生资源生产的20%的欧盟能源消耗中所占的份额，并在欧盟的能源效率提高20%。可再生能源指令（2010年）规定成员国的国家目标，到2020年提高其能源消耗的可再生能源的比例，这些指