大学英语四级真题第三套

2017年6月大学英语四级真题(第三套)PartIWriting(30minutes)(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，此后将进行听力考试)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanadvertisementonyourcampuswebsitetosellsomeofthecoursebooksyouusedatcollege.Youradvertisementmayincludeabriefdescriptionoftheircontent,theircondition,theirpriceandyourcontactinformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)说明：2017年6月大学英语四级考试全国共考了两套听力.本套的听力内容与第二套同样，所以本套听力部分不再重复给出。PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asifyouneededanotherreasontohatethegym,itnowturnsoutthatexercisecanexhaustnotonlyyourmuscles,butalsoyoureyes.Fearnot,however,forcoffeecanstimulatethemagain.During(26)_______exercise,ourmusclestireastheyrunoutoffuelandbuildupwasteproducts.Muscleperformancecanalsobeaffectedbya(27)_______called"centralfatigue,”inwhichanimbalanceinthebody’schemicalmessengerspreventsthecentralnervoussystemfromdirectingmusclemovements（28)_______.Itwasnotknown,however,whethercentralfatiguemightalsoaffectmotorsystemsnotdirectly(29)_______intheexerciseitself,suchasthosethatmovetheeyes.Tofindout,researchersgave11volunteercyclistsacarbohydrate(碳水化合物的）(30)_______eitherwithamoderatedoseofcaffeine(咖啡因)，whichisknowntostimulatethecentralnervoussystem,orasaplacebo(欣慰剂）without,during3hoursof(31)_______.Afterexercising,thescientiststestedthecyclistswitheyetrackingcamerastoseehowwelltheirbrainscouldstill(32)_______theirvisualsystem.Theteamfoundthatexercisereducedthespeedofrapideyemovementsbyabout8%,(33)_______theirabilitytocapturenewvisualinformation.Thecaffeine,theequivalentoftwostrongcupsofcoffee,was(34)_______toreversethiseffect,withsomecyclistsevendisplaying(35)_______eyemovementspeeds.Soitmightbeagoodideatogetsomeoneelsetodriveyouhomeafterthatmarathon.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)cautiouslyB)commitC)controlD)cyclingE)effectivelyF)increasedG)involvedH)limitedI)phenomenonJ)preventingK)sensitiveL)slowingM)solutionN)sufficientO)vigorousSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Teamspirit[A]Teamshavebecomethebasicbuilding

blocks

oforganizations.Recruitmentadvertisementsroutinelycallfor

“teamplayers

”.Businessschoolsgradetheirstudentsinpartontheirperformanceingroupprojects.Officemanagersknockdownwallstoencourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilization,ofcourse:evenJesushad12co-workers.ButanewreportbyDeloitte,“GlobalHumanCapitalTrends”,basedonasurveyofmorethan7,000executivesinover130countries,suggeststhatthefashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaidtheircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarkon(开始）it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.[B]Companiesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsandorganisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.Theyarealsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreportingupwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganisationalformisontherise:anetworkofteamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy(等级体系).[C]Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganisingpeopleistoorigidforboththemodemmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility(灵便性).JohnChambers,chairmanofCiscoSystemsInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat“wecompeteagainstmarkettransitions(过渡)，notcompetitors.Producttransitionsusedtotakefiveorsevenyears;nowtheytakeoneortwo.”Digitaltechnologyalsomakesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.The“millennials”(千禧一代)whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrichcountrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.Thefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects(suchasGEandIBM)tosomemoreunusualones.TheClevelandClinic,ahospitaloperator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofocusonparticulartreatmentareas;consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedbyspeciality(专业)andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,“TeamofTeams'GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy’shierarchicalstructurehindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwastolearnsomethingfromtheinsurgentsitwasfighting:decentraliseauthoritytoself-organisingteams.[E]Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministratorsjumponamanagementbandwagon,itistimetoaskquestions.LeighThompsonofKelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,‘Teamsarenotalwaystheanswer—teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythatapersonworkingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayandpoordecision-making.”ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,thepossibilityexiststhatitwillgeneratemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon’tcountonit.”Hackman(whodiedin2013)notedthatteamsarehamperedbyproblemsofco-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.High-flyersforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfree-ridersempowered.Groupthinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,hediscoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywasontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam’smembership,agreeingonitspurposeisharderstill.Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.Teamsworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.Thisishardtoachievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffaretemporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:America’sNationalTransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviationdatabaseoccurredonacrew’sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmyEdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organisationsincreasinglyuse“team”asaverbratherthananoun:theyformteamsforspecificpurposesandthenquicklydisbandthem.[H]Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedtothinkharderaboutmanagingteams.Theyneedtoridtheirmindsofsentimentalism(感情用事)：themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoveralldirectionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:givingintopressuretobemore“inclusive”isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,Amazon’sboss,saysthat“IfIseemorethantwopizzasforlunch,theteamistoobig.”Theyneedtoimmunizeteamsagainstgroup-think:Hackmanarguedthatthebestonescontain“deviants”(犯上作乱者）whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybeupsettingtoothers.[I]Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,afurniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensureemployeesare“engaged”istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydotheirwork―whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingincollaborationwithothers.[J]However,organisationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanageteamsbetter:theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarethebesttoolsforthejob.Teambuildingskillsareinshortsupply:Deloittereportsthatonly12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeopleworktogetherinnetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuildcross-functionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsofdistraction―employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan’tgettheirworkdonebecausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkinnoisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planofficesandsocialnetworkssomeworkisbestlefttotheindividual.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgoandareabletotakepromptaction.37.Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffectiveinmilitaryoperations.Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganisationisgivingwaytoanetworkofteams.39.Membersofpoorlymanagedteamsareeasilydistractedfromtheirwork.Teamworkismosteffectivewhenteammemberssharethesameculture.41.AccordingtoareportbyDeloitte,

teamwork

is

becoming42.Someteammembersfindithardtoagreeonquestionslikemembershipandtheteam’spurpose.43.Somescholarsthinkteamworkmaynotalwaysbereliable,itspotentialtoworkwonders.

despite44.Toensureemployees’commitment,itisadvisabletogivethemmoreflexibilityastowhereandhowtheywork.Producttransitionstakemuchlesstimenowthaninthepast.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheShoppersintheUKarespendinglessmoneyontoiletpapertosavemoney,researchhasshown.Penny-pinchingUKconsumerschoosecheaperproductsfromdiscounterssuchasAldiandLidlratherthanluxuryalternatives.Thishaswiped6%offthevalueofthesofttissuepapermarketintheUK.Ithasshrunkfrom￡billionin2011to￡billionin2015,accordingtoanewreportfrommarketresearchcompanyMintel.Furthermore,thefutureofthemarketlooksfarfromrosy,withsalesexpectedtofallfurtherto￡billionin2016.Inthelastyearalone,despiteanincreaseintheUKpopulationandasubsequentriseinthenumberofhouseholds,salesoftoiletpaperfellby2%,withtheaveragehouseholdreducingtheirtoiletrollspendingfrom￡43in2014to￡41in2015.Overall,almostthreeinfivepeoplesaytheytrytolimittheirusageofpaper—includingfacialtissueandkitchenroll―tosavemoney.“Strength，softnessandthicknessremaintheleadingindicatorsoftoiletpaperquality,withjustasmallproportionofconsumerspreferringmoreluxuriousalternatives,suchasthosewithflowerpatternsofperfume,saidMintelanalystJackDuckett.''Theseextrafeaturesaredeemedunnecessarybythemajorityofshoppers,whichprobablyreflectshowthesetypesofproductsaretypicallymoreexpensivethanregulartoiletpaper,evenwhenonspecialoffer.”Whileconsumersarespendinglessontoiletpaper,theyremainfussy―intheoryatleast—whenitcomestopaperquality.TopofBritons’toiletpaperwishlistissoftness(57%)followedbystrength(45%)andthickness(36%).Onein10buyersrandtoiletrollsmadefromrecycledpaperamongtheirtopconsiderations,highlightinghowoveralltheenvironmentismuchlessofaconsiderationforshoppersthanproductquality.Inachallengeformanufacturers,81%ofpaperproductuserssaidtheywouldconsiderbuyingrecycledtoilettissueifitwerecomparableinqualitytostandardpaper.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46.Themarketsalesoftoiletpaperhavedecreasedbecause.BritonshavecuttheirspendingonititspriceshavegoneupovertheyearsitsqualityhasseenmarkedimprovementBritonshavedevelopedthehabitofsavingWhatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofthetissuepapermarketintheUK?Itwillexpendintime.Itwillremaingloomy.Itwillexperienceupsanddowns.Itwillrecoveraspopulationgrows.WhatdoesJackDuckettsayabouttoiletpaper?Specialofferswouldpromoteitssales.Consumersareloyaltocertainbrands.Luxuriousfeaturesaddmuchtotheprice.Consumershaveavarietytochoosefrom.WhatdowelearnaboutBritonsconcerningtoiletpaper?Theyareparticularaboutthequalityoftoiletpaper.Theyemphasizethestrengthoftoiletpaperthemost.Theyprefercheaptoiletpapertorecycledtoiletpaper.Theyrejectusingtoiletpaperwithunnecessaryfeatures.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?MoreandmoreBritonsbuyrecycledtoilerpapertoprotecttheenvironment.Toiletpapermanufacturersarefacingagreatchallengeinpromotingitssales.Toiletpapermanufacturerscompetewithoneanothertoimproveproductquality.D)EnvironmentalprotectionisnotmuchofaconcernBritonsbuytoiletpaper.

whenPassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“OneofthereasonsIfindthistopicveryinterestingisbecausemymomwasasmokerwhenIwasyounger，”

saysLindson-Hawley,whostudiestobaccoandhealthattheUniversityofOxford.Bystudyingquittherightway

about700adultsmokers,shefoundout—bystoppingabruptlyandcompletely.

that

hermomInherstudy,participantswererandomly(随机地）assignedtotwogroups.Onehadtoquitabruptlyonagivenday,goingfromaboutapackadaytozero.Theothercutdowngraduallyoverthecourseoftwoweeks.Peopleinbothgroupsusednicotine(尼古丁）patchesbeforetheyquit,inadditiontoasecondformofnicotinereplacement,likegumorspray.Theyalsohadtalktherapywithanursebeforeandafterquitday.Sixmonthsout,morepeoplewhohadquitabruptlyhadstuckwithit—morethanone-fifthofthem,comparedtoaboutone-seventhintheothergroup.Althoughthesenumbersappearlow,itismuchhigherthanifpeopletrywithoutsupport.Andthequitrateswereparticularlyconvincinggiventhatbeforethestudystarted,mostofthepeoplehadsaidthey’drathercutdowngraduallybeforequitting.“Ifyou’retrainingforamarathon,youwouldn’texpecttoturnupandjustbeabletorunit.AndIthinkpeopleseethatforsmokingaswell.Theythink,‘Well，ifIgraduallyreduce,it’slikepractice，’”saysLindson-Hawley.Butthatwasn’tthecase.Insteadofgivingpeoplepractice,thegradualreductionlikelygavethemcravings(瘾）andwithdrawalsymptomsbeforetheyevenreachedquitday,whichcouldbewhyfewerpeopleinthatgroupactuallymadeittothatpoint.“Regardlessofyourstatedpreference,ifyou’rereadytoquit,quittingabruptlyismoreeffective,”saysDr.GabrielaFerreira.“Whenyoucanqu