道德的起源双语PPT(中英文对照)

WhereDoesMoralityComeFromTherealwayshasbeenagreatdealofspeculationaboutwheremoralityorethicscomesfrom.Hasitalwaysbeenapartoftheworld,originatingfromsomesupernaturalbeingorembeddedwithinnatureitself,orisitstrictlyaproductofthemindsofhumanbeings?Orisitsomecombinationoftwoorallthreeofthese?Becausemoralityandethicsdealwithvalueshavingtodowithgood,bad,right,andwrong,arethesevaluestotallyobjectivethatis,"outsideof"humanbeings?Aretheysubjectiveorstrictly"within"humanbeings?Oraretheyacombinationofthetwo?Letusconsiderthepossibilities.关于道德起源的问题，历来有大量的的探索。道德始终是世界的一部分，起源于某种超自然的存在物或嵌入自然本身？还是纯粹属于人们大脑产物？或者是其中两者或所有三者的某种混合物？由于道德和伦理学研究有关善,恶，正当，不正当的价值，那么，这些价值是完全客观的，即“外在”于人的呢？还是合主观的，即严格地“内在”于人的？抑或是这两者的混合物？让我们来探讨这些可能性。ValueasTotallyObjectiveTherearethreewaysoflookingatvalueswhentheyaretakenasbeingtotallyobjective;

若价值被当做完全客观的东西，那么，考察价值的路径有三：1.Theycomefromsomesupernaturalbeingorbeings.

价值来源于某个或某些超自然存在物。2.Therearemorallawssomehowembeddedwithinnatureitself.有以某种方式嵌入自然界本身的道德法则。3.Theworldandobjectinithavevaluewithorwithoutthepresenceofvaluinghumanbeings.世界和世间万物都有价值，无论评价的人存在与否。TheSupernaturalTheory.Somepeoplebelievethatvaluescomefromsomehigherorsupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciple—theGod(Plato);thegods(theGreeksandRomans);YahwehorGod(theJews);Godandhisson,Jesus(theChristians);Allah(theMuslims);andBrahma(theHindus);tonameafew.iftheybelieveinaprincipleratherthanasupernaturalbeingorbeings,thentheywillbeuntruetohighestmoralprinciple.有些人认为，价值来源于某个或某些更高级的即超自然的存在物或原则-----善(柏拉图），神（古希腊人和罗马人），耶和华或上帝（犹太教），上帝和圣子耶稣（基督教徒），阿拉（伊斯兰教徒）以及婆罗门（印度教徒），----这里仅列举少数例子而已。ThenaturalLawtheory.Othersbelievethatmoralitysomehowisembodiedinnature,andthatthereare“naturallaws”thathumanbeingsmustadheretoiftheyaretobemoral.另外一些人认为，道德总是以某种形式蕴含于自然界的，并且存在着“自然法则”；如果人们要有道德，就必须坚守这些法则。ValueasTotallySubjectiveInoppositiontothesearguments,therearethosewhowouldarguethatmoralitystemsstrictlyfromwithinhumanbeings,Thatis,theybelievethatthingscanhavevaluesandbeclassedasgood,bad,right,orwrongifthereissomeconsciousbeingwhocanputvalueonthesethings.Inotherwords,iftherearenohumanbeings,thentherecanbenovalues.同上述理论相反，还有人要证明道德完全起源于人类自身。这就是说，他们认为，当且仅当有了能够评价事物的意识的人时，事物才会具有价值，才能被分为善，恶，正当或者不正当。换句话说，若没有人，就不会有任何价值。EvaluationofObjectiveandSubjectivePositionsCriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.ItisofcoursepossiblethatthesupernaturalexistsThis,however,isonlyabelief,basedonfaith,andthereisnoconclusiveproofoftheexistenceofasupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciples.当然超自然物是可能存在的，然而，这仅仅是一种信念，基于信仰的信念，没有任何确定性证据表明超自然存在物或原则的存在。CriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.wecertainlytalkabout"lawsofnature,"suchasthelawofgravity,allmaterialobjectsaredraawntowardthecenteroftheearth.naturelawsaredescriptive,whereasmoralandsocietallawsareprescriptive.Rather,thelawofgravitysaysthattheballdoesorwillfallwhenthrown,describingratherthanprescribingitsbehavor.我们肯定会谈到自然法则，比如万有引力定律。所有物质的东西都引向地心。所谓自然法则是描述性的，而道德和社会法则是规定性的。万有引力定律说的是抛出的球将要下落，从而描述了而不是规定了动作。Criticismofvaluesexistingintheworldanditsobjects对价值存在于世界及其万物观点的批评。Noevaluationofthings,isreallylikelytoconsiderthevalueofthings.没有评价事物的人，真有可能考虑事物的价值吗？Criticismofthesubjectiveposition.对主观论的批评Becausewhetherhumanexistornot,theworldandnaturecanbeevaluated,thusvalueseemstobenotentirelysubjective.由于无论有人存在与否，世界和自然方面都可以被评价，因而价值似乎不是完全主观的Valuesasbothsubjectiveandobjective---asynthesis.既主观又客观得价值---综合性观点。Athirdvariableshouldbeaddedsothatthereisaninteractionofthreevariablesasfollows:在主观，客观两个变量中应该加上三个变量，从而下述三个变量的交互作用：1,Thethingofvalue,orthethingvalued.

有价值的或被评价的事物；2.Aconsciousbeingwhovalues,orthevaluer.有意识的进行评价的人，即评价者；3.Thecontextorsituationinwhichthevaluingtakesplace.展开评价时的背景或境遇。Valueisbothsubjectiveandobjective.Valuedependsonthreevariables.价值既是主观又是客观的。价值取决于三个变量。WhereDoesMoralityComeFrom？Atheory.Accordingtothevalueofbothsubjectiveandobjectiveofthisbelief,itispossibletoestablishtheoriginofthetheoryhavepipeline.根据价值既是主观的又是客观的这一信念，有可能确立有关道德的理论（1）Values，then，wouldseemtocomemostoftenfromacomplexinteractionbetweenconscioushumanbeingsand“things”(material,mental,oremotional)inspecificcontexts.道德源自有特定背景下