2017年中石化第一次英语分级测试真题(阅读+翻译+写作)及答案

精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业专心---专注---专业精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业阅读篇章1当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题5LineLowwages,chronicunemploymentandunderemploymentleadtolowincome,lackofpropertyownership,absenceofsavings,absenceoffoodreservesinthehome,andachronicshortageofcash.Theseconditionsreducethepossibilityofeffectiveparticipationinthelargereconomicsystem.Andasaresponsetotheseconditionswefindinthe510cultureofpovertyahighincidenceofpawningpersonalgoods,borrowingfromlocalmoney-lendersathigherratesofinterest,spontaneousinformalcreditdevicesorganizedbyneighbors,theuseofsecondhandclothingandfurniture,andthepatternoffrequentbuyingofsmallquantitiesoffoodmanytimesadayastheneedarises.1015Peoplewithacultureofpovertyproduceverylittlewealthandreceiveverylittleinreturn.Theyhavealowlevelofliteracyandeducation,usuallydonotbelongtolaborunions,arenotmembersofpoliticalparties,generallydonotparticipateinthenationalwelfareagencies,andmakeverylittleuseofbanks,hospitals,departmentstores,museumsorartgalleries.Theyhaveacriticalattitudetowardsomeor15thebasicinstitutionsofthedominantclasses,hatredofthepolice,mistrustofgovernment,andacynicismthatextendseventothechurch.20Thisgivesthecultureofpovertyahighpotentialforprotestandfor20Beingusedinpoliticalmovementsaimedagainsttheexistingsocialorder.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyareawareofmiddle-classvalues,talkaboutthemandevenclaimsomeofthemastheirown,butonthe25wholetheydonotlivebythem.Thusitisimportanttodistinguish25betweenwhattheysayandwhattheydo.Forexample,manywilltellyouthatmarriagebylaw,bythechurch,orbybothistheidealformofmarriage,butfewwillmarry.Tomenwhohavenosteadyjobsorothersourcesofincome,whodonotownpropertyandhavenowealthtopass30ontotheirchildren,whoarepresent-timeorientedandwhowantto30avoidtheexpenseandlegaldifficultiesinvolvedinformalmarriageanddivorce,freeunionsorconsensualmarriagesmakealotofsense.Womenwilloftenturndownoffersofmarriagebecausetheyfeelittiesthemdowntomen.Womenfeelthatconsensualuniongivesthema35betterbreak;itgivesthemsomeofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmen35have.Bynotgivingthefathersoftheirchildrenlegalstatusashusbands,thewomenhaveastrongerclaimontheirchildreniftheydecidetoleavetheirmen.Italsogiveswomenexclusiverightstoahouseoranyotherpropertytheymayown.Accordingtothepassage,adefiningcharacteristicofpovertyisthatpoorpeople__________.areisolatedfromthemainstreamofsocietylacktheskillstofinddecentjobsareresponsiblefortheirownpovertyareconstantlyinastateofcrisisTheauthorofthepassageusesthephrase“cultureofpoverty”(Line6)tosuggestthat__________.thereareseveralclassificationsofpoorpeoplepoorpeopleoftentakeprideintheirpovertypoorpeopleshareacommonethnicitypovertyhasbecomeaprevailingwayoflifeforsomepeopleTheword“incidence”inLine6isclosestinmeaningto__________.inflationintroductionaccidentoccurrenceTheword“literacy”inLine12referstotheabilityto__________.gotoschoolreadandwriteunderstandmathreceiveaneducationByassertingthatthecultureofpovertycanbeusedbypoliticalmovements(Line19),theauthoris__________.cautioningagainstanuprisingbythepoorshowinghowpovertymaythreatensocialstabilitycallinguponthemiddleclasstofightagainstthepoorjustifyingthemotivesofpoliticiansWhichofthefollowingbestdescribespeoplewithacultureofpoverty?TheyworkhardbutreceivelittleinreturnThey’recynicaltoallbutthechurchTheyusuallyignorethenationalwelfareagenciesTheyareeconomicallyactiveAccordingtothelastparagraph,consensualunioncanprovidepoorwomenwhorefusetogetmarriedlegallywithallofthefollowingEXCEPT__________.afreechurchweddingorcivilceremonysomeofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmenhaveastrongerclaimontheirchildrenwhentheywanttoleavetheirmenrightstoahouseoranyotherpropertyAconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraphthatmenandwomeninthecultureofpoverty__________.considerthemselvesunworthyoflegalmarriageprefernottobeinrelationshipavoidlegalizedmarriagesforpracticalandeconomicreasonsdonottrusteachothertobefaithfulhusbandsandwivesInthediscussionofpoverty,theauthorismostlikelytoagreethatpoverty__________.ismorewidespreadthanmostpeoplethinkcannotbeeliminatedweakensthefabricofsocietymeansmorethanlackofmoneyTheword“it”inLine37refersto__________.abetterbreaklegalstatusconsensualunionillegalmarriage篇章2当前题号：第11-20题，总题数：50题；LineCarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandone-fourthofthegreenhousegases.Theytakeasimilartollofresourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthe5developingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecoming5decade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobal10climatechange.10Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticularthe15introductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonly15sustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworld20suggeststhatitisdifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoany20significantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpoolinghavedeclinedsinceWorldWarII.EveninWesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan＄1aliter(about＄4agallon)andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor8025percentofallpassengertravel.25Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhousegasemissions(especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartodeveloplesspollutingtypesofgasoline).Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethattheincreaseduseofcarswill__________.consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldhaveseriousconsequencesonthewell-beingofallnationsimposeaneconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecitieswidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesAmericahastosolvetheproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause__________.fewAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationthepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableitshouldtaketheleadinconservingnaturalresourcesothercountriesareunsatisfiedaboutitslargegreenhouseemissionsAccordingtotheauthor,America’scontributiontoglobalclimatechangeis__________.increasingdecreasingfluctuatingstabilizingWhichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?ThedesigningofhighlyefficientcarenginesAreductionofvehicleuseincitiesTheuseoflesspollutingfuelsThedevelopmentofelectriccarsWhatdoes“host”inLine17mean?PersonwhoservespeopleasguestsAnchorofatelevisionprogram,etc.LargenumberofsomethingCaretakerofaninn16.Whatisthemeaningof“carpooling”inLine20?A.PeopleridingtogetherinonecarB.Anumberofcarsusedbyacompany’ssalesmenC.ApersonwhoownsmanycarsD.Carsownedbyanorganizationfortheuseofitsmembers17.Accordingtothepassage,afterWorldWarIImanypeopleintheU.S.__________.onlyusedrailwayspreferredtheirowncarsfortravelalwaysusedpublictransportationinsistoncarpooling18.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesasmallcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?SlowingdownfueleconomyTheuseoffuelsotherthangasolineReducingcarusebycarpoolingTheintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems19.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinWesternEuropeCarsarepopularinWesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhighWesternEuropeoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuelsThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedWesternEurope20.Theword“they”inLine28refersto__________.internal-combustionenginesmarginalreductionsalternativefuelsgreenhouseemissions篇章3当前题号：第21-30题，总题数：50题；LineCancerhasalwaysbeenwithus,butnotalwaysinthesameway.Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertimeandhaveitsidentity.visibility,andmeaning.Pickupthethreadofhistoryatitsmostdistant5endandyouhave“cancerthecrab”—sonamedbecauseitspainislike5thepinchofacrab’sclaw.Pre-moderncancerisalumpthatsometimesbreaksthroughtheskininulcerationsproducingfoul-smellingdischarges.TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome,andtheGreeksmadeadistinctionbetweenbenigntumors10andevilones.InthesecondcenturyA.D.,Galenreckonedthatthecause10wassystemic,anexcessofsadnessorblackbile,oneofthebody’sfour“humors”broughtonbybaddietandenvironmentalcircumstances.Ancientmedicalpractitionerssometimescuttumorsout,buttheprognosiswasknowntobegrim.15Theexperienceofcancerhasalwaysbeenterrible,but,untilmodern15times,itsmarkonculturehasbeenlight.Inthepast,fearcamefrominfectiousandepidemicdiseases,strokes,heartattacks,andtuberculosis.Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind—asitnowis.Thisisonereason20whythemedicalhistorianRoyPorterwrotethatcanceris“themodern20diseaseparexcellence”.Atonetime,itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization,”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedto25bebroughtaboutbythestressofmodernlifeandthelatteracondition25producedbybaddietandindolence.Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,somephysiciansattributedcancertopsychologicalandbehavioralcauses.WilliamBuchan’swildlypopulareighteenth-centurytextDomesticMedicinejudgedthatcancersmightbecausedby30“excessivefear,grief,andreligiousmelancholy”.Inthenineteenth30century,referencewasrepeatedlymadetoa“cancerpersonality”,and,insomeversions,specificallytosexualrepression.AsSusanSontagobserved,cancerwasconsideredshameful,evenobscene.“Itseemsunimaginable”,Sontagwrote,“toaestheticize”cancer.21.Accordingtothepassage,theancientEgyptians__________.wereabletotellbenigntumorsfromevilonesknewaboutalotofcanceroustumorsfoundoutthecauseofcancerlookedatcancerasthecrab22.AccordingtoGalen,canceristriggeredbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT_______.theexcessofsadnessapoordietsociologicalfactorsenvironmentalconditions23.Theword“benign”inLine8refersto_______.unharmfulbadpositivebrutal24.Theword“grim”inLine13isclosestinmeaningto_______.dirtydreadfulstrikingexcellent25.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecancersofthepastisbestsupportedbythepassage?AncientpeopledidnotlivelongenoughtobecomepronetocancerCancerdeathmightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinementInthepast,peopledidnotfearcanceratallSomephysiciansbelievedbehavioralcharacteristicscouldleadtocancer26.Accordingtothepassage,withwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?TodaypeopleunderstandcancerinfundamentallynewwaysCancerwouldbetotallyeliminatedinthe21stcenturyCancercareandmanagementareverysophisticatedThereisadramaticriseinmortalityinmoderncancerworld27.“Neurastheniaanddiabetes”arementionedinParagraph3forthepurposeof_______.emphasizingthattheyareasfatalascancerillustratingthattheyareregardedas“diseasesofcivilization”explainingthattheyarebroughtaboutbythepressureofmodernlifeshowingthatpeopledreadthemverymuch28.Sontag’sremarkaboutcancerindicatesthatonetime_______.infectiousandepidemicdiseasesweremajorcausesofdeathcancerrankedjustbelowheartdiseaseasacauseofdeathcancerwasviewedasadirtydiseaserelatedtohumanbeing’sbehaviorsthecancersofthepastwerevisibleonthebody’ssurface29.Theauthor’sattitudetowardscancercanbedescribedas_______.criticalconcernedhelplessobjective30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?Cancer’sidentityhasneverchangedCanceristhepricepaidformodernlifeThecareandmanagementofcancerhavedevelopedovertimeTheculturalsignificanceofcancerhasshiftedovertime篇章4当前题号：第31-40题，总题数：50题；LineNelsonMandelaoncesaid,“Educationisthemostpowerfulweaponthatyoucanusetochangetheworld”.Nearlyeverybodyagrees:It’sgoingtotakearevolutiontofixAmerica’spublicschools.LouisV.5GerstnerJr.,oneofthebusinessleadersineducationreform,proclaims5theNoahprinciple:“Nomoreprizesforpredictingrain.Prizesonlyforbildingarks.We’vegottochangewholeschoolsandwholeschoolsystem.”Butthisisn’tso.Firstly,nobodyreallywantsarevolution.Revolution10wouldmeanremovingthewholepresentstructureofeducationovernight10andinventinganewonefromthebeginning,intheconvictionthatanythingmustbeanimprovement—nomatterwhatitcosts.Whatthesefolksreallywantisn’trevolutionbutmajorreform,changingthesystemradicallybutinanorderlyfashion.Thechangesaresupposedtobetested15inlarge-scalepilotprograms—Gerstner’s“arks”—andtheninstalled15nationally.Buteventhatisjustadistantgleamintheeyeandadubiouspropositiontoo.There’snothinglikeaconsensusevenondesigningthosearks,letalonewheretheyaresupposedtocometoground.Andanyone20whohaswatchedradicalreformsintherealworldhastobewaryof20them:Invariably,theytakealongtimeandcostagreatdeal,andevensotheyfailmoreoftenthantheysucceed.Thebestandmostnaturalchangescomenotinwholesalegulps,butinsmallbites.3025Whatthethink-bigreformersfailtoacknowledgeisthatschoolsalloverthecountryarechangingallthetime.Fromhead-startprogramstoafter-schoolbigbrother/bigsisterprojectstoself-esteemworkshops,it’spreciselythesesmall-scaleinnovationsanddemonstrationprogramsthataredoingthejob,inthousandsofschools.Someoftheseeffortsareonlypartlysuccessful;somefail;someworksmallmiracles.Theyfocusvaryinglyonchildren,teachers,andparents,onmethodsofadministrationandtechniquesofteaching,oneffortstomotivatekids,teachvaluesandmobilizecommunitysupport.Somearerelativelyexpensive;otherscostalmostnothing.Butallofthemcanbedone—andhavebeendone.302535Theimportantthingisthatlocalschoolsaren’twaitingforarevolution.Theyareworkingouttheirownproblemsandmakingtheirownschoolsbetter.Andanyone—teachers,parents,principals,schoolboardmembers—anyonewhocaresenoughandworkshardenoughcandothesame.3531.AccordingtotheNelsonMandelaquote,educationcan__________.A.beusedtohurtpeopleB.beaccessibletopowerfulpeopleC.teachpeopletouseweaponD.helpcreatechange32.Accordingtothepassage,Gerstnerbelieves__________.A.thepresentschoolsystemisfunctioningadequatelyB.theemphasisshouldbeshiftedtofindingsolutionsratherthanfocusondescribingproblemsC.theschoolcurriculumshouldincludemoreclassesD.inthevalueofmonetaryprizestooutstandingstudents33.Theword“installed”inLine14isclosestinmeaningto__________.A.implementedB.informedC.explainedD.stressed34.TheauthorviewsthepilotprogramsasallofthefollowingEXCEPT__________.A.costlyB.time-consumingC.uncertaintosucceedD.aproductofconsensus35.Theword“they”inLine18refersto__________.A.folksB.pilotprogramsC.changesD.schools36.Theword“wholesale”inLine22isclosestinmeaningto__________.A.cheapB.largeC.valuableD.fair37.Whichbestsummarizestheideaof“smallbites”inLine22?A.ChangingthesystemradicallybutinanorderlyfashionB.AllowingchildrentochoosefromavarietyofprogramsC.UsingmodestinnovationstoimproveschoolsD.Teachingthetheoryofevolutionintheclassroom38.Accordingtotheauthor,the“small-scaleinnovations”mentionedinLine26__________.A.arelargelytheoreticalsofarB.donotworkonalargescaleC.areunavailableinmanyareasD.haveinmanycasesbeenshowntowork39.Judgingfromtheauthor’sdiscussion,hebelievesthatlocalschools__________.A.shouldembracesweepingplansfornationaleducationalreform.B.arerelativelyexpensiveC.areproducingsmallbutusefulinnovationsallthetimeD.canonlybeasgoodastheircurricula40.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto__________.A.presentanalternativeviewtoawidely-heldbeliefB.describeplanstoimplementaneducationalrevolutionC.relatethehistoricaleventsthathaveshapedasituationD.uncoverandanalyzenewflawsinanoldsystem篇章5当前题号：第41-50题，总题数：50题。LineCanweovercomeapathy?Yes,butonlyifwehavehope.Onereasonforhopesliesinthenatureofhumanintellectualaccomplishment.Ahundredyearsago,theideaofamanonthemoon,or5oftheInternetremainedintherealmofsciencefiction.Yetwehaveseen5thosethingsandmuchmore.So,nowthatwehavefinallyfaceduptotheterribledamagewehaveinflictedonourenvironment,weareworkingovertimetofindtechnologicalsolutions.Buttechnologyaloneisnotenough.Wemustengagewithourhearsalso.10Evencompaniesonceknownonlyforprofitsarehavingachange10ofheart.Conoco,theenergycompany,workedwiththeJaneGoodallInstitute(J.G.I.)inCongotobuildasanctuaryfororphanedchimpanzees.Anotherreasonforhopeistheresilienceofnature—ifitisgivena15helpinghand.Fifteenyearsago,theforestoutsideGombeNationalPark15inTanzaniawerevirtuallyeliminated.Morepeoplelivedtherethanthelandcouldsupport.J.G.I.initiatedtheLakeTanganyikaCatchmentReforestationandEducationProject,aprogramactivein33villagesaroundthepark.Todaypeopleimprovetheirlivesthrough20environmentallysustainableprojects,suchastreenurseriesandwood20lots.Weprovidedhealthcare,family-planningandeducationprograms,especiallyforwomen.Astheireducationincreases,theirfamilysizetendstodrop.Whilepollutionstillplaguesmuchoftheworld,progressisbeingmade.ThisMayinSudbury,Ontario,Isawnewforeststhatwere25recolonizinghillsdestroyedby100yearsofnickelmining.The25communityraisedthemoneyandworkedformonthsspreadinglimeandplantingvegetationontheblackenedrock.Animalspeciesonthebrinkofextinctioncanbegivenasecondchancethroughprotectionandcaptivebreeding—evenifpreservinga30habitatconflictswitheconomicinterests.AcompanyinChinaplanned30tobuildarapid-transitlinerightthroughtheonlymajorremainingbreedinggroundoftherarepheasant-tailedjacana.Therewasanoutcry,butitwastheonlyeconomicallyviableroute.Environmentalistsworked35withthecompanytoproposeasolution—movingthebreedingground.35Waterwasdivertedbackintonearbywetlandsthathadbeendrainedbyfarmers,andsuitablevegetationwasreplanted.Iderivethemosthopefromtheenergyandhardworkofyoungpeople.Roots＆Shoots,J.G.I.’sprogramforyouthfrompreschool40throughuniversity,isnowactivein70countries.Thenameissymbolic:40rootsandshootstogethercanbreakupbrickwalls,justascitizensoftheEarthtogethercanovercomeourproblems.“Amanonmoon”and“theInternet”(Paragraph1)aregivenasexamplestoshow__________.HowmuchtechnologyhasachievedsofarHowmuchdamagepeoplehavedonetotheearthHowdifficultitistoputforwardtechnologicalsolutionsWhatpeoplewereabletoimagine100yearsagoTheword“inflicted”inLine6isclosestinmeaningto__________.sufferedimposeddisturbedattackedAccordingtothepassage,peoplecanrepairthedamagebyallthefollowingmeansEXCEPT__________.developingtechnologyplantingtreesandgrasslandmovingpeopleoutofthedamagedareasimplementingfamily-planningprogramsWhatdoestheConocoexampletellus?BigcompaniesdonotwanttoprotecttheenvironmentMorecompaniesaretakingactionstoprotecttheenvironmentManycompaniesmustprotectorphanedchimpanzeesBigcompaniesarereluctanttorestoretheenvironmentAccordingtothepassage,peoplelivingaroundGombeNationalParkimprovetheirlivesby__________.receivingbettereducationgivingbirthtomorebabiesseekingfinancialsupportfromtheUSAgoingabroadtolearnnewtechnologyTheword“plagues”inLine23isclosestinmeaningto__________.invadesinfluencesploughtroublesTheword“it”inLine33refersto__________.anoutcryarapid-transitlinethebreedinggroundacompanyThenameoftheprogram,RootsandShootsinLine38issymbolicinthat__________.peopleareplantingtreestogetherpeoplearetryingtospreadgreencoloronEarththenumberofpeopleisaslargeasthatofrootsandshootspeople’sstrengthislikerootsandshootsiftheyworktogetherAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?Environmentalistsalonehavemademanyachievementsinbetteringtheenvironment.Peoplecanhavegreatpoweriftheyworktogethertoprotecttheenvironment.Mostenergycompaniesintheworldareactivelyparticipatingintheprotectionoftheenvironment.Greatcontributionstoprotectingtheenvironmentcanbeachievedbytechnologyitself.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe__________.TheGreatestDangertoOurFutureWorryingaboutSavingtheWorldHopeforSavingtheWorldFailingtoPreserveOurPlanet写作（含翻译）翻译当前题号：第1题，总题数：2题PartATranslationDirections:InPartA,youaregoingtotranslatetwoparagraphs.RequiredTranslation（必译题）：英译汉InBritain,everytownhasapubliclibrary.Anyonemayborrowbooks,anditcostsnothingtoborrowthem.Insomeplaces,youmayborrowasmanybooksasyouwant,butinothersyouarelimitedtoacertainnumberofbooksforseveralweekssothatyoucanhaveenoughtimetofinishreadingthem.Mostpubliclibrariesalsohaveareading-room.Therearetablesanddesksatwhichyoucansitandreadthedailynewspaper.Inthereference（参考书）library,therearedictionaries,booksofmapsandotherusefulbooks.Butyoucanonlyusethesebooksthere.OptionalTranslations（三选一题）：汉译英InthisquestionyoushouldtranslateoneparagraphintoEnglishfromthefollowingthreeparagraphs.Write“Topic1”,“Topic2”or“Topic3”aboveyourtranslationoftheparagraph.Topic1经管类一个国家汇率（currencyexchangerate）的下降对该国经济的影响主要表现在三个方面。第一，一般来说汇率降低会促进出口，抑