高考英语可能考的名著BOOKIV素材

CHAPTERIOFRESISTANCE

Havingnowmadesomeprogressintheenquiryoriginallyinstituted,itmaybeproper

tolookback,andconsiderthepointatwhichwearearrived.Wehaveexamined,in

thefirstplace,thepowersofmanastheyrelatetothesubjectofwhichwetreat;

secondly,wehavedelineatedtheprinciplesofsociety,asfoundedinjusticeand

generalinterest,independentlyof,andantecedentto,everyspeciesofpolitical

government;and,lastly,haveendeavouredtoascertainthefundamentalconditions

whichmustbelongtothemostrationalsystemofgovernment.Wemightnowproceed

toinvestigatethedifferentobjectsofgovernment,anddeducetheinferences

respectingthemwhicharepointedouttousbytheprecedingreasonings.Butthere

arevariousmiscellaneousconsiderationswhich,thoughtheyhavenotfallenunder

theformerheads,areofconsiderableimportancetoourdisquisition,andmay

usefullyoccupytheremainderofthepresentvolume.Theyareofdifferentclasses,

andinacertaindegreedetachedfromeachother;butmayperhapswithoutimpropriety

berangedundertwobranches:themodeinwhichthespeculativeopinionsof

individualsaretoberenderedeffectualforthemeliorationofsociety;andthe

modeinwhichopinionisfoundtooperateinmodifyingtheconductofindividuals.

Thestrongholdofgovernmenthasappearedhithertotohaveconsistedinseduction.

Howeverimperfectmightbethepoliticalconstitutionunderwhichtheylived,

mankindhaveordinarilybeenpersuadedtoregarditwithasortofreverentialand

implicitrespect.TheprivilegesofEnglishmen,andthe1ibertiesofGermany,the

splendourofthemostChristian,andthesolemngravityoftheCatholicking,have

eachaffordedasubjectofexultationtotheindividualswhoshared,orthoughtthey

shared,intheadvantagesthesetermswereconceivedtodescribe.Eachmanwas

accustomedtodeemitamarkofthepeculiarkindnessofprovidencethathewasborn

inthecountry,whateveritwas,towhichhehappenedtobelong.Thetimemaycome

whichshallsubverttheseprejudices.Thetimemaycomewhenmenshallexercisethe

piercingsearchoftruthuponthemysteriesofgovernment,andviewwithout

prepossessionthedefectsandabusesoftheconstitutionoftheircountry.Outof

thisneworderofthingsanewseriesofdutieswillarise.Whenaspiritof

impartialityshallprevail,andloyaltyshal1decay,itwillbecomeustoenquire

intotheconductwhichsuchastateofthinkingshallmakenecessary.Weshallthen

becalledupontomaintainatruemediumbetweenblindnesstoinjusticeandcalamity

ontheonehand,andanacrimoniousspiritofviolenceandresentmentontheother.

Itwillbethedutyofsuchasshal1seethesesubjectsinthepurelightoftruth

toexertthemselvesfortheeffectualdemolitionofmonopoliesandusurpation;but

effectualdemolitionisnottheoffspringofcrudeprojectsandprecipitatemeasures.

Hewhodedicateshimselftothesemaybesuspectedtobeunderthedominationof

passion,ratherthanbenevolence.Thetruefriendofequalitywilldonothing

unthinkingly,willcherishnowildschemesofuproarandconfusion,andwill

endeavourtodiscoverthemodeinwhichhisfacultiesmaybelaidouttothegreatest

andmostpermanentadvantage.

Thewholeofthisquestionisintimatelyconnectedwiththeenquirywhichhas

necessarilyoccupiedashareInthedisquisitionsofallwritersonthesubjectof

government,concerningtheproprietyandmeasuresofresistance."Aretheworst

governmentandbestequallyentitledtothetolerationandforbearanceoftheir

subjects?Istherenocaseofpoliticaloppressionthatwillauthorizethepersons

whosufferittotakeuparmsagainsttheiroppressors?Or,iftherebe,whatis

thequantityofoppressionatthemeasureofwhichinsurrectionsbegintobe

justifiable?Abuseswillalwaysexist,formanwillalwaysbeimperfect;whatis

thenatureoftheabusewhichitwouldbepusillanimoustoopposebywordsonly,

andwhichtruecouragewou1dinstructuswastobeendurednolonger?”

Noquestioncanbeconceivedmoreimportantthanthis.Intheexaminationofit

philosophyalmostforgetsitsnature;itceasestobespeculation,andbecomesan

actor.Uponthedecision,accordingasitshallbedecidedinthemindsofabold

andresoluteparty,theexistenceofthousandsmaybesuspended.Thespeculative

enquirer,ifheliveinastatewhereabuseisnotoriousandgrievancesfrequent,

knowsnot,whileheweighsthecaseinthebalanceofreason,howfarthatwhich

heattemptstodescribeisalreadyrealizedintheapprehensionofnumbersofhis

countrymen.Letusenteruponthequestionwiththeseriousnesswhichsocritical

aninquirydemands.

Resistancemayhaveitssourceintheemergencieseitherofthepublicorthe

individual."Anation,“ithascommonlybeensaid,“hasarighttoshakeoffany

authoritythatisusurpedoverit."Thisisapropositionthathasgenerallypassed

withoutquestion,andcertainlynopropositioncanappearmoreplausible.But,if

weexamineitminutely,weshallfindthatitisattendedwithequivocal

circumstances.Whatdowemeanbyanation?Isthewholepeopleconcernedinthis

resistance,oronlyapart?Ifthewholebepreparedtoresist,thewholeispersuaded

oftheinjusticeoftheusurpation.Whatsortofusurpationisthatwhichcanbe

exercisedbyoneorafewpersonsoverawho1enationuniversallydisapprovingof

it?Governmentisfoundedinopinion.1Badgovernmentdeceivesusfirst,beforeit

fastensitselfuponuslikeanincubus,oppressingallourefforts.Anationin

generalmusthavelearnedtorespectakingandahouseoflords,beforeakingand

ahouseoflordscanexerciseanyauthorityoverthem.Ifamanorasetofmen,

unsanctionedbyanypreviousprejudiceintheirfavour,pretendtoexercise

sovereigntyinacountry,theywillbecomeobjectsofderisionratherthanofserious

resistance.Destroytheexistingprejudiceinfavourofanyofourpresent

institutions,andtheywillfallintosimilardisuseandcontempt.

Ithassometimesbeensupposed"thatanarmy,foreignordomestic,maybesufficient

toholdapeopleinsubjection,completelyagainsttheirinclination.Adomestic

armyatleastwillinsomedegreepartakeoftheopinionsandsentimentsofthepeople

atlarge.Themoreprecautionsareemployedtopreventtheinfection,thedoctrine

willprobablyspreadwithsomuchthemorecertaintyandrapidity.Showmethatyou

areafraidofmyentertainingcertainopinionsorhearingcertainprinciples,and

youwillinfallibly,soonerorlater,awakenmycuriosity.Adomesticarmywill

alwaysbefoundaverydoubtfulinstrumentoftyrannyinaperiodofcrisis.-A

foreignarmyafteratimewillbecomedomesticated.Ifthequestionbeofimporting

aforeignarmyforthespecificpurposeofsupportingtotteringabuse,greatalarm

willinevitablybeexcited.Thesemen,itmaybe,areadaptedforcontinuingthe

reignoftyranny;butwhowillpaythem?Aweak,superstitiousorignorantpeople

maybeheldinthechainsofforeignpower;buttheschoolofmoralandpolitical

independencesendsforthpupilsofaverydifferentcharacter.Intheencounterwith

theirpenetrationanddiscernment,tyrannywillfeelitselfpowerlessandtransitory.

Inaword,eitherthepeopleareunenlightenedandunpreparedforastateoffreedom,

andthenthestruggleandtheconsequencesofthestrugglewillbetrulyperilous;

ortheprogressofpoliticalknowledgeamongthemisdecisive,andtheneveryone

willseehowfutileandshort-livedwillbetheattempttoholdtheminsubjection,

bymeansofgarrisonsandaforeignforce.Thepartyattachedtolibertyis,upon

thatsupposition,thenumerousone;theyarethepersonsoftrueenergy,andwho

haveanobjectworthyoftheirzeal.Theiroppressors,fewinnumber,anddegraded

totherankoflifelessmachines,wanderwithnocertaindestinationorprospect

overthevastsurface,andareobjectsofpityratherthanseriousalarm.Everyhour

diminishestheirnumberandtheirresources;while,ontheotherhand,everymomentJs

delaygivesnewstrengthtothecause,andfortitudetothechampions,of1iberty.

Menwouldnotbeinclinedpertinaciouslytoobjecttoashortdelay,ifthey

recollectedtheadvantagesandthecertaintyofsuccesswithwhichitispregnant.

-Meanwhilethesereasoningsturnupontheprobabilitythatthepurposesofliberty

willbefullaseffectuallyansweredwithouttheintroductionofforce:therecan

belittledoubtofthejustifiablenessofawholenationhavingrecoursetoarms,

ifacasecanbemadeoutinwhichitshallbeimpossibleforthemtopreventthe

introductionofslaveryinanyotherway.

Thesamereasonings,withlittlevariation,wi11applytothecaseofan

unquestionablemajorityofanation,astothatofthewhole.Themajorityofanation

isirresistible;itaslittleneedstohaverecoursetoviolence;thereisaslittle

reasontoexpectthatanyusurperwillbesomadastocontendwithit.Ifeverit

appeartobeotherwise,itisbecause,inoneoftwoways,wedeceiveourselves

withthetermmajority.First,nothingismoreobviousthanthedangerincidentto

amanofasanguinetemperofoverestimatingthestrengthofhisparty.Heassociates

perhapsonlywithpersonsofhisownwayofthinking,andaverysmallnumberappears

tohimasifitwerethewholeworld.Askpersonsofdifferenttempersandhabits

oflifehowmanyrepublicansthereareatthishourinEnglandorScotland,andyou

willimmediatelybestruckwiththeveryoppositeanswersyouwillreceive.There

aremanyerrorsofasanguinetemperthatappear,atfirstsight,innocentoreven

useful:butsurelyeverymanofintegrityandconsciencewillhesitate,beforehe

suffersthepossibilitythatanerrorofthissortshouldencouragehimtoplunge

anationinviolence,andopenaseaofblood.Hemusthaveaheartofstrange

compositionwho,fortheprecariousinferenceshedrawsinmoralorpolitical

calculation,wouldvolunteeramandateofdeath,orbethefirsttounsheaththe

swordofsummaryexecution.

Aseconddeceptionthatlurksunderthewordmajoritylies,notinthequestionof

number,butofqualityanddegreeofillumination.Amajority,wesayperhaps,is

dissatisfiedwiththepresentstateofthings,andwishesforsuchaspecific

alteration.Alas,itistobefearedthatthegreaterpartofthismajorityareoften

mereparrotswhohavebeentaughtalessonofthesubjectofwhichtheyunderstand

1ittleornothing.Whatisittheydislike?Aspecifictaxperhaps,orsometemporary

grievance.Dotheydisliketheviceandmeannessthatgrowoutoftyranny,andpant

forthe1iberalandingenuousvirtuethatwouldbefosteredintheirownmindsin

adifferentcondition?No.Theyareveryangry,andfancythemselvesveryjudicious.

Whatisittheydesire?Theyknownot.Itwouldprobablybeeasytoshowthatwhat

theyprofesstodesireislittlebetterthanwhattheyhate.Whattheyhateisnot

thegeneraldepravationofthehumancharacter;andwhattheydesireisnotits

improvement.Itisaninsultuponhumanunderstanding,whenwespeakofpersonsin

thisstateofinfantineignorance,tosaythatthemajorityofthenationisonthe

sideofpoliticalrenovation.Fewgreatermisfortunescanbefallanycountrythan

forsuchpersonstobeinstigatedtosubvertexistinginstitutions,andviolently

totaketheworkofpoliticalreformationintotheirownhands.

Thereisanobviousremedytoeachofthedeceptionshereenumerated:Time:Isit

doubtfulwhetherthereformersbearealmajorityoftheinhabitantsofanycountry?

Isitdoubtfulwhetherthemajoritytrulyunderstandtheobjectoftheirprofessed

wishes,andthereforewhethertheyberipeforitsreception,andcompetenttoits

assertion?Waitbutalittlewhile,andthedoubtwillprobablybesolvedinthe

mannerthatthewarmestfriendofhumanhappinessandimprovementwoulddesire.If

thesystemofindependenceandequalitybethetruth,itmaybeexpectedhourlyto

gainconverts.Themoreitisdiscussed,themorewillitbeunderstood,andits

valuecherishedandfelt.Ifthestateofthemajoritybedoubtful,averyfewyears,

perhapsashortertime,willtendtoplaceitbeyondthereachofcontroversy.The

greatcauseofhumanity,whichisnowpleadinginthefaceoftheuniverse,hasbut

twoenemies;thosefriendsofantiquity,andthosefriendsofinnovation,who,

impatientofsuspense,areinclinedviolentlytointerruptthecalm,theincessant,

therapidandauspiciousprogresswhichthoughtandreflectionappeartobemaking

intheworld.Happywoulditbeformankindifthosepersonswhointerestthemselves

mostzealouslyinthesegreatquestionswouldconfinetheirexertionstothe

diffusing,ineverypossiblemode,aspiritofenquiry,andtheembracingevery

opportunityofincreasingthestock,andgeneralizingthecommunication,of

politicalknowledge!

Athirdsituation,whichmaybeconceivedtoexistinacountrywherepoliticalreform

hasbeenmadeatopicofconsiderableattention,isthatwhereneitherthewhole,

northemajority,ofthenationisdesirousofthereforminquestion,butwhere

theinnovatorsareanunquestionableminority.Inthiscasenothingcanbemore

indefensiblethanaprojectforintroducingbyviolencethatstateofsocietywhich

ourjudgementsmayhappentoapprove.Inthefirstplace,nopersonsareripefor

theparticipationofabenefittheadvantageofwhichtheydonotunderstand.No

peoplearecompetenttoenjoyastateoffreedomwhoarenotalreadyimbuedwith

aloveoffreedom.Themostdreadfultragedieswillinfalliblyresultfromanattempt

togoadmankindprematurelyintoaposition,howeverabstractedlyexcellent,for

whichtheyareinnodegreeprepared.Secondly,toendeavourtoimposeoursentiments

byforceisthemostdetestablespeciesofpersecution.Othersareasmuchentitled

todeemthemselvesintherightasweare.Themostsacredofallprivilegesisthat

bywhicheachmanhasacertainsphere,relativetothegovernmentofhisownactions,

andtheexerciseofhisdiscretion,notliabletobetrencheduponbytheintemperate

zealordictatorialtemperofhisneighbour.2Todragoonmenintotheadoptionof

whatwethinkrightisanintolerabletyranny.Itleadstounlimiteddisorderand

injustice.Everymanthinkshimselfintheright;and,ifsuchaproceedingwere

universallyintroduced,thedestinyofmankindwouldbenolongeraquestionof

argument,butofstrength,presumptionorintrigue.

Thereisafurtherambiguityinthetermnation,asemployedinthepropositionabove

stated,“thatanationhasarightforciblytoshakeoffanyauthoritythatisusurped

overit.〃Anationisanarbitraryterm.Whichismostproperlytermedanation,

theRussianempire,orthecantonofBerne?Oriseverythinganationuponwhich

accidentshallbestowthatappellation?Itseemsmostaccuratetosaythatanynumber

ofpersonswhoareabletoestablishandmaintainasystemofmutualregulationfor

themselvesconformabletotheirownopinions,withoutimposingasystemof

regulationuponaconsiderablenumberofothersinconsistentwiththeopinionof

theseothers,havearight,or,moreproperlyspeaking,adutyobligingthemtoadopt

thatmeasure.Thatanyman,orbodyofmen,shouldimposetheirsenseuponpersons

ofadifferentopinionis,absolutelyspeaking,wrong,andinal1casesdeeplyto

beregretted:butthisevilitisperhapsinsomedegreenecessarytoincur,for

thesakeofapreponderatinggood.Allgovernmentincludesinitthisevil,asone

ofitsfundamentalcharacteristics.

Thereisonecircumstanceofmuchimportancetobeattendedtointhisdisquisition.

Superficialthinkerslaygreatstressupontheexternalsituationofmen,andlittle

upontheirinternalsentiments.Perseveringenquirywillprobablyleadtoamode

ofthinkingthereverseofthis.Tobefreeisacircumstanceoflittlevalue,if

wecouldsupposemeninastateofexternalfreedom,withoutthemagnanimity,energy

andfirmnessthatconstitutealmostallthatisvaluableinastateoffreedom.On

theotherhand,ifamanhavethesequalities,thereislittleleftforhimtodesire.

Hecannotbedegraded;hecannotreadilybecomeeitheruselessorunhappy.Hesmiles

attheimpotenceofdespotism;hefillsuphisexistencewithsereneenjoymentand

industriousbenevolence.Civillibertyischieflydesirableasameanstoprocure

andperpetuatethistemperofmind.Theythereforebeginatthewrongend,whomake

hastetooverturnandconfoundtheusurpedpowersoftheworld.Makemenwise,and

bythatveryoperationyoumakethemfree.Civillibertyfollowsasaconsequence

ofthis;nousurpedpowercanstandagainsttheartilleryofopinion.Everything

thenisinorder,andsucceedsatitsappointedtime.Howunfortunateisitthat

menaresoeagertostrikeandhavesolittleconstancytoreason!

Itisprobablethatthisquestionofresistancewouldneverhaveadmittedofsolong

acontroversy,iftheadvocatesofthesystemoflibertypromulgatedinthelast

centuryhadnot,unobservedtothemselves,introducedaconfusionintothequestion.

Resistancemaybeemployed,eithertorepeltheinjuriescommittedagainstthenation

generally,orsuchas,intheirimmediateapplication,relatetotheindividual.

Tothefirstofthesetheprecedingreasoningsprincipallyapply.Theinjuriesto

anationdependfortheirnature,forthemostpart,upontheirpermanency,and

thereforeadmitoftheutmostsobrietyanddeliberationastothemodeinwhichthey

aretoberemedied.Individualsmaybeinjuredordestroyedbyaspecificactof

tyranny,butnationscannot;theprincipalmischieftothenationliesinthepresage

containedinthesingleact,oftheinjusticethatistocontinuetobeexercised.

Resistance,bytheverymeaningoftheterm,asitisusedinpoliticalenquiry,

signifiesaspeciesofconductthatistobeadoptedinrelationtoanestablished

authority:butanoldgrievanceseemsobviouslytolead,asitscounterpart,toa

gradualandtemperateremedy.

Theconsiderationwhich,bybeingconfoundedwiththis,hasservedtomisleadcertain

enquirersisthatofwhatiscommon1yknownbythenameofself-defence,or,more

properly,thedutyobligingeachindividualtorepel,asfarasliesinhispower,

anyviolentattackmadeeitheruponhimselforanother.This,bythetermsofthe

question,isacircumstancethatdoesnotadmitofdelay;thebenefitoftheremedy

entirely,dependsuponthetimeoftheapplication.Theprincipleinthiscaseis

ofeasydevelopment.Forceisanexpedienttheuseofwhichismuchtobedeplored.

Itiscontrarytothenatureofintellect,whichcannotbeimprovedbutbyconviction

andpersuasion.Itcorruptsthemanthatemploysit,andthemanuponwhomitis

employed.Butitseemsthattherearecertaincasessourgentastoobiigeusto

haverecoursetothisinjuriousexpedient:inotherwords,therearecaseswhere

themischieftoaccruefromnotviolentlycounteractingtheperversenessofthe

individualisgreaterthanthemischiefwhichtheviolencenecessarilydrawsalong

withit.Henceitappearsthatthegroundjustifyingresistance,ineverycasewhere

itcanbejustified,isthatofthegoodlikelytoresultfromsuchinterference

beinggreaterthanthegoodtoresultfromomittingit.

Thereareprobablycaseswhere,asinamurderforexampleabouttobecommitted

onausefulandvaluablememberofsociety,thechanceofpreventingitbyanyother

meansthaninstantaneousresistanceissosmal1asbynomeanstovindicateusin

incurringthedangerofsomischievousacatastrophe.Butwillthisjustifyus,in

thecaseofanindividualoppressedbytheauthorityofacommunity?Letussuppose

thatthereisacountryinwhichsomeofitsbestcitizensareselectedasobjects

ofvengeancebyanalarmedandjealoustyranny.Itcannotreasonablybedoubtedthat

everyman,acondemnedfelonormurderer,istobecommendedforquietlywithdrawing

himselffromtheexecutionofthelaw;muchmoresuchpersonsashavenowbeen

described.Butoughtthosewellaffectedcitizensthatarestillatlargetorise

inbehalfoftheirbrethrenunderpersecution?Everymanthatisdisposedtoenter

intosuchaproject,andwhoisanxiousaboutthemoralrectitudeofhisconduct,

mustrestitsjustificationupononeofthetwogroundsabovestated:eitherthe

immediatepurposeofhisrisingisthemeliorationofpublicinstitutions,orit

istobeestimatedwithreferencetothemeritoriousnessoftheindividualsin

question.Thefirstofthesehasbeensufficientlydiscussed;wewillsuppose

thereforethatheconfineshimselftothelast.Here,ashasbeenalreadyobserved,

thewhole,asamoralquestion,willturnuponthecomparativebenefitormischief

toresultfromtheresistancetobeemployed.Thedisparityisgreatindeedbetween

theresistanceordinarilysuggestedbythetermself-defence,andtheresistance

whichmustexpecttoencounterinitsprogressthecivilpowerofthecountry.In

thefirst,thequestionisofamoment;ifyousucceedintheinstantofyourexertion,

youmayexpecttheapplause,ratherthantheprosecution,ofexecutiveauthority.

But,inthelatter,theendwillscarcelybeaccomplishedbutbytheoverthrowof

thegovernmentitself.Letthelivesoftheindividualsinsuppositionbeasvaluable

asyouplease,thevaluewillnecessarilybeswallowedupinthegreaterquestions

thatoccurinthesequel.Thosequestionsthereforearethepropertopicsof

attention;andweshallbetoblameifwesufferourselvestobeledunawaresinto

aconductthedirecttendencyofwhichistheproductionofonesortofevent,while

al1weintendedwastheproductionofanother.Thevalueofindividualsoughtnot

tobeforgotten;therearemenwhosesafetyshouldbecherishedbyuswithanxious

attention;butitisdifficulttoimagineacaseinwhich,fortheirsake,the1ives

ofthousands,andthefateofmillions,shouldbecommittedtorisk.

NOTES:

1.BookI,Chap.VI,p.148;BookII,Chap.Ill,pp.181-2.

2.BookII,Chap.V,VI.

CHAPTERII

OFREVOLUTIONS

Thequestionofresistanceiscloselyconnectedwiththatofrevolutions.Itmay

bepropertherefore,beforewedismissthispartofthesubject,toenterintosome

disquisitionrespectingthenatureandeffectsofthatspeciesofeventwhichis

commonlyknownbythisappellation,andthesentimentswhichagoodcitizenshould

entertainconcerningit.

Andhereoneofthefirstobservationsthatoffersitselfisthatitisnotunworthy

ofagoodmemberofsocietytobetheadversaryoftheconstitutionofhiscountry.

Incontradictiontothispropositionithasbeensaid,“thatweliveunderthe

protectionofthisconstitution;andprotection,beingabenefitconferred,obliges

ustoareciprocationofsupportinreturn.z，

Tothisitmaybeanswered,first,thatthebenefitofthisprotectionissomewhat

equivocal.Thatcivilizationisabenefitmayperhapsbeconceded;butcivilization,

thoughinsomedegreepreservedbythepoliticalconstitutionofeverycountryin

Europe,canscarcelybeconsideredasthecharacteristicofabadconstitution,or

asinseparablyinvolvedwiththeimperfectionsofany.Agoodmemberofsocietywi11,

probably,beanxioustofavourthecauseofcivilization;buthisattachmenttothat

causemaywel1excitehiswishestoseeitfreedfromthesloughofcorruptandpartial

institutions.

Secondly,gratitude,inthesenseinwhichitisherespokenof,hasalreadybeen

provednottobeavirtue,butavice.Everymanandcollectionofmenoughttobe

treatedbyusinamannerfoundedupontheirintrinsicqualitiesandcapacities,

andnotaccordingtoarule,whichhasexistenceonlyinrelationtoourselves.(1*)

Addtothis,thirdly,thatnomotivecanbemoreequivocalthanthegratitudehere

recommended.Gratitudetotheconstitution,anabstractidea,animaginaryexistence,

isaltogetherunintelligible.Affectiontomycountrymenwillbemuchbetterproved

byexertionstoprocurethemasubstantialbenefitthanbymysupportingasystem

whichIbelievetobefraughtwithinjuriousconsequences.

Ademandofthenaturewhichisherecontrovertedissimilartothedemanduponme

tobeaChristianbecauseIamanEnglishman,oraMahometanbecauseIamanative

ofTurkey.Insteadofbeinganexpressionofrespect,itarguescontemptofall

religionandgovernment,andeverythingsacredamongmen.Ifgovernmentbean

institutionconducivetothepublicwelfare,itdeservesmyattentionand

investigation.Iambound,inproportionasIdesirethehappinessofothers,to

consideritwithal1theaccuracymycircumstanceswillallow,andemploymytalents,

andeveryhonestinfluenceIamabletoexert,torenderitsuchasjusticeandreason

mayrequire.

Thisgeneralviewofthedutiesofacitizeninrelationtothegovernmentunder

whichhelivesbeingpremised,wemaynowproceedwithadvantagetotheparticular

pointswhicharecalculatedtoinfluenceourjudgementastotheconductweought

toholdwithrespecttorevolutions.

Thereisoneextensiveviewuponthesubjectofrevolutionswhichwillbeofgreat

consequenceindeterminingthesentimentsandconductweoughttomaintain

respectingthem.Thewisemanissatisfiedwithnothing.Itisscarcelypossible

thereshouldbeanyinstitutioninwhichimpartialdisquisitionwillnotfinddefects.

Thewisemanisnotsatisfiedwithhisownattainments,orevenwithhisprinciples

andopinions.Heiscontinuallydetectingerrorsinthem;hesuspectsmore;there

isnoendtohisrevisalsandenquiries.Governmentisinitsnatureanexpedient,

arecoursetosomethingilltopreventanimpendingmischief;itaffordstherefore

nogroundofcompletesatisfaction.Finitethingsmustbeperpetuallycapableof

increaseandadvancement;itwouldarguethereforeextremefollytorestinanygiven

stateofimprovement,andimaginewehadattainedoursummit.Thetruepolitician

confinesneitherhisexpectationsnordesireswithinanyspecific1imits;hehas

undertakenalabourwithoutend.Hedoesnotsay,“Letmeattainthusmuch,andI

willbecontented;Iwilldemandnomore;Iwillnolongercounteract