2023年考研英语真题试题

2０23年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题ＳectionIUseｏfＥngｌishＤirecｔions:Readthｅfollｏwingｔext.Choｏsｅthebestｗorｄ（s）foreａcｈnumｂeredblankａnｄｍａrk［A],[B],[Ｃ]or[D］onＡＮSWERSHEET1.（10pointｓ）AｎciｅntGreekｐｈilosopheｒAｒｉｓｔｏtleｖiewedlaughｔｅｒａｓ“aboｄilｙeｘercisepreciｏｕstohｅalth.”Buｔ__1＿__someｃlaimstotheｃontrarｙ,laugｈiｎgｐrobaｂｌyhasｌiｔtleｉnfluenceonphysｉcaｌfitnｅｓsLaugｈｔeｒdoeｓ__2__＿sｈort-ｔeｒｍｃhanｇeｓinthefunｃｔiｏnｏfthehearｔandiｔsbloodvesseｌs，___３_ｈeartraｔeａndｏｘｙｇｅncｏｎｓumptionButbeｃauｓeharｄlaｕghtｅrisdｉfｆｉculｔｔｏ__4__，agｏoｄlaughisuｎlｉkelytohave_＿5__＿beｎefｉｔsｔｈｅwaｙ,sａｙ,ｗalkｉngorjoｇgingｄoｅs.__6__，iｎstｅａdｏfｓtｒaｉｎiｎgmｕsclｅstoｂuilｄｔheｍ，ａsexeｒcisedoes，laugｈｔｅrａpｐaｒｅntlyaccomplisｈesthe__7＿＿，ｓtudｉeｓdatｉngbacktotｈe1930‘sindicatethatlauｇhｔer＿＿8___musｃleｓ,decｒeasiｎgmusｃletoneforｕpｔo45ｍinutesafteｒtheｌａugｈdiesdoｗｎ.Sｕchｂodilyreactiｏnｍigｈtconceｉｖabｌｙheｌp_9_＿theefｆecｔsofpｓｙchｏloｇiｃalstｒess.Ａnｙwaｙ,tｈeａｃtoflａuｇhinｇpｒobablydoesproｄucｅothｅrtypeｓof___1０＿_＿feedbaｃk，thatimprovｅaｎiｎｄividｕaｌ‘seｍotionａlｓtatｅ．__11___＿ｏneclassicａｌtheｏryｏｆeｍotiｏn,ouｒfeelingsarｅpａrｔiaｌlyroｏted＿＿__１2_＿_pｈｙｓｉｃａlreaｃｔｉoｎｓ.Itwasargueｄattheendofｔhe19thcｅnturytｈatｈｕmaｎsdｏnｏtcry_＿_13___ｔｈeyaｒesadbｕｔtｈeybｅcomｅsａdwhｅntｈetｅarsｂegｉnｔｏｆlｏｗ.Altｈｏuｇhsadｎessａlsｏ＿_＿_14___tｅaｒs，evｉdencesuggｅsｔsthaｔeｍotionscaｎｆｌow__15___muscｕlaｒrｅspｏnseｓ．Inanexｐｅrimｅntpuｂｌｉｓｈedin１988，soｃｉａlpsychｏlｏgiｓtFrｉtzStracｋoｆｔｈeUnｉversｉtyofwürzｂｕｒｇinGermａnyaｓｋｅdvoｌｕｎteersto＿＿16___apenｅｉｔｈerｗiththeｉｒteｅth-ｔｈereｂycreatiｎganartiｆicｉalsmilｅ–ｏrwｉththｅiｒliｐs，whichｗouｌdpｒodｕcea（n）_＿1７___exｐｒeｓsiｏｎ.Thoseｆoｒｃedtoexerｃiｓｅｔheireｎthｕｓiasticallyｔoｆunｎycatoonsthanｄｉdthosewhosemonthswerｅcontｒaｃｔedinafrown,____1９__＿thateｘpressｉoｎsｍaｙinflｕencｅemotiｏnｓrａｔｈｅｒtｈanjusttheｏtｈerwayarｏunｄ＿＿２0__，thｅｐｈyｓｉcalactｏfｌaｕｇhtercoulｄimpｒｏｖemood.１．[Ａ]amongﻩ[B]exceｐtﻩ［C]despite 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[D］ＣｏnｖerselｙSectionIＩReadingCｏmprｅhｅnsionPａrtＡＤｉreｃtｉonｓ：Ｒｅａdthｅｆollｏｗinｇfourｔexts.Answertheqｕｅsｔionｓbelｏweachtextbyｃhｏoｓiｎｇ[Ａ］,[B]，[Ｃ]oｒ[Ｄ].MarkyouｒａnswersoｎANSWＥRSHEET1．（40poiｎｔs)Ｔｅxt1ThｅdeｃisｉｏｎoftheNewYorkPhilｈarｍｏnictohirｅＡlanＧiｌberｔａｓitsｎextmusicdirｅctｏrhaｓbｅenthetalkoftheclａssicａl-musicｗｏｒlｄｅｖersｉｎcethesuddeｎaｎｎouncｅｍｅnｔofｈisappointｍｅntｉn２023.Fortheｍostpart，ｔhereｓpｏnｓｅｈａsbeｅnfavｏraｂｌe，tosaythｅｌeaｓt．“Ｈooray!Atlａsｔ!”ｗｒｏteＡnｔhｏnyToｍｍasｉni,asober－sidedcｌasｓｉcal-mｕsicｃritic.Oneofthｅreａsｏnswhytｈeａpｐｏiｎｔｍｅntcａmeaｓsucｈasurｐｒｉｓｅ,ｈowｅｖer,isthaｔGilbｅｒtiscompａｒativelyliｔｔｌｅknown．EｖｅnＴｏｍmaｓini,whohadadvoｃａtｅdGｉlbert‘sappｏintmeｎtinｔｈeTｉmｅs，ｃallｓhim“aｎｕnpｒｅtentiousmｕsｉｃiａnｗithnoaiｒoftheformidabｌecｏndｕcｔorabｏuｔhｉｍ.”AsadescrｉptionoｆthenexｔmusicdirｅｃtoroｆanorchｅstraｔhaｔhashithertoｂeenledbymusｉcｉａnsliｋeGustavMahleranｄＰierreBoulez，ｔhatｓeｅｍslikelytohavｅstrucｋａtleastsomeＴimeｓreａｄersasｆaiｎtpraise．Formypaｒt,ＩhaｖenoｉdｅawhｅtherGilberｔiｓagreaｔcondｕctoｒoreveｎagoodone.Tobesure,heｐerfoｒmsaｎimpressｉｖｅvaｒｉetｙofinteｒesｔｉnｇｃoｍｐoｓitions，buｔitｉsｎｏtneｃessaryformetovｉｓiｔＡveｒyFｉsheｒＨaｌl,orａnｙｗhereｅlse，tohｅarinterｅｓtiｎgoｒｃhestralmusic．ＡllＩhaｖetodoｉsｔｏｇoｔomｙCDshｅlf,oｒｂooｔuｐｍycｏmputeraｎddowｎｌoadstｉllmｏrerecordedmusiｃfrｏmiＴunes．Ｄevotedconcerｔgoerswhoｒｅpｌythatreｃordingsａreｎoｓuｂstｉtuteforｌivｅperformanceａremiｓｓingthｅpｏｉnt.Ｆorｔhｅtiｍe，attenｔｉｏn,ａｎｄｍonｅｙoｆtｈｅarｔ-ｌｏvingｐuｂｌic,ｃlassicalinstrumentａlistsｍｕｓtcｏｍｐeｔenotoｎlyｗithoｐｅrahｏuses,dancetroｕｐeｓ，theａteｒcｏmpaniｅs,ａndmｕseums,butaｌsowitｈtherecｏrdｅｄperformａncesofthegrｅaｔclassicａlmusｉciansofthe20tｈcenｔurｙ.Ｔｈererecoｒｄｉngsarｅcheap,avａilableeverywherｅ,aｎｄveryoftenmuchhiｇheｒinaｒtｉsticqualitｙtｈantodaｙ‘sliveperformａnces；moreover，tｈeycａｎｂe“ｃonｓｕmed”atatiｍeandplacｅoftheliｓtener’scｈoosｉng.Thewidesｐｒeadavailａbilityofｓｕchrecｏrdinｇsｈasｔhusbｒougｈｔaｂｏutａｃｒiｓiｓiｎｔheinｓｔｉtutiｏｎofthetradiｔionaｌclasｓicalcoｎceｒt．Oｎepossiblerｅｓpoｎsｅisｆorｃlａｓsiｃａlpｅrfｏrmerｓｔｏpｒograｍattｒactiveneｗmuｓｉcthａtiｓｎoｔｙeｔaｖailａbｌｅｏｎrｅｃｏrd．Giｌbｅrt‘sｏwｎｉnterｅsｔｉnnewmｕｓiｃhaｓbeｅnwideｌｙｎoteｄ：ＡlexRｏss,ａｃlassicａl-musiｃcrｉtic，hasdeｓcｒibｅdhimａsamａnｗhoisｃapaｂleｏfturｎｉｎgｔhｅＰhilｈaｒｍonｉｃinto“amarkedlydifferent,moreviｂraｎtoｒganizatiｏn.”Bｕtｗhatwillbｅthenatureｏfｔｈatdiｆｆerence?Merelｙｅxpandｉngｔheorｃheｓtrａ’sreperｔoiｒeｗillnoｔｂeｅnｏugh.ＩfGiｌbertａnｄｔhｅPhilｈａｒmoｎicａrｅtｏsｕcceｅd，ｔheｙmｕstｆirstｃhaｎgｅtherelationshｉｐｂetweenAmｅriｃａ‘soldｅsｔｏrｃheｓtraandthenewaｕdienceitｈopsｔoaｔtｒaｃt.2１.WeleaｒnｆｒomPara．1thａtＧilｂeｒt‘sａｐpｏinｔmenthas[A］incuｒredcritｉｃｉsm.[Ｂ]raiｓedsusｐiｃion.[C]rｅceｉｖedaｃclaim.[D]arｏusedcuriositｙ.22.TommasinｉregarｄsGilbertasａｎartｉstwhｏiｓ[Ａ］ｉnfluｅntｉａl.[B]mｏdeｓt.［C]resｐecｔable.[D］talenteｄ.23.Thｅaｕthoｒｂｅlｉｅvｅstｈaｔtheｄeｖｏtｅdｃoncｅｒtgoｅｒs[A]ｉgnｏrethｅexpeｎsｅsoｆlｉｖepｅrｆｏｒｍａncｅs．[B］ｒejｅctｍostkindｓofreｃordeｄpeｒｆoｒmanｃes．[C］exaｇｇｅrａtethevａriｅｔyoｆliｖeperformances.[D]oveｒeｓｔimatethevalueｏflivepｅrfｏｒｍaｎｃes.24.Ａｃcordingtothetexｔ,whicｈoftｈｅfollｏwingistrｕeoｆｒecordiｎgs？[A]Tｈｅｙareoftｅnｉｎｆeriｏｒtｏlivecｏnｃerｔｓｉnquaｌitｙ．[B］Tｈeｙarｅｅasiｌyaccｅssibletotｈegｅneralｐuｂlic.[C］Theｙhelpimｐｒovetｈeqｕａlityofmｕsic．［Ｄ]Tｈｅｙhaｖeｏnlｙcoveredmasterpｉecｅs.25.ＲｅｇarｄｉnｇGilbeｒt‘srolｅinrevitaｌｉｚｉｎgtｈePhｉｌhａrｍonic，ｔheａutｈorfeelｓ[A］ｄoｕbtful.［B］eｎtｈusiastｉc.[C]ｃonfidｅnt.［D]puzzleｄ.Teｘt2WhｅnＬiamMｃGeeｄeｐartｅｄasprｅsideｎtｏfBａｎｋofＡmｅricａｉnＡｕgust，hｉsexplanaｔionwassuｒｐrｉsiｎｇｌystraightup.Ｒaｔhｅrthanｃloaｋinghisexｉｔｉｎtheusualvagｕeexcuｓes，hecameｒightoｕtaｎdsaiｄheｗasleavinｇ“topursuｅmyｇoalofrunｎiｎgaｃompaｎy.”Ｂroａｄｃastiｎghisaｍbitiｏｎｗas“ｖerymucｈｍyｄecision，”McGeesays．Withinｔwoweｅkｓ,hewaｓtalkｉngｆｏrｔhｅfｉrsttimewiththeboaｒdofHaｒtfoｒｄFinanｃialServicｅsＧroup，ｗhicｈnamｅｄhｉｍCEOaｎdchａｉrmanonSepｔemｂer29.ＭｃGeesaｙsleａviｎｇｗithoutapositionlｉnｅdupgavehｉmtiｍｅｔoreｆlectonwhatkindofｃompanyhｅwantedtoｒun.Ｉtalsｏsentaｃleａrｍessagetotheｏutsiｄeｗorldabouthisaspiｒaｔｉoｎs．AｎdMｃGeeｉsn‘talｏnｅ.InrｅcenｔweeｋstheＮo．２executiｖeｓaｔＡｖoｎaｎdAmeriｃａnExprｅｓｓqｕｉtwithｔheｅxplanatｉonthaｔtheｙｗｅrelｏoｋinｇfoｒaCＥOposｔ.Asｂｏaｒdsscｒｕｔiｎizesuccessｉoｎplａnsiｎｒｅｓｐonsetosharｅhｏlderｐressure,exｅcuｔｉveswｈoｄon’tｇetthenｏdaｌsomaywiｓhtｏmoｖeｏn.Atuｒｂulentｂusinessenｖironmentalsohasseｎioｒmanagｅｒscaｕｔｉousｏflｅttingｖａguepronoｕｎcementscloｕｄtheｉrｒeputａtｉonｓ.Ａｓtheｆｉrｓtsｉgnsofｒecoｖerybｅginｔｏtａｋｅhold，dｅpｕtｙｃhiefsmａyｂemorｅwillingtoｍaｋetｈeｊumｐwitｈoutanｅt.Inｔｈｅthirdquartｅr，CEＯturnｏverwaｓdown23%fromａyeaｒａgｏasｎervｏusboａrdsstucｋwiththeｌeadｅrstheyｈad，ａccordingtoＬibｅrumReseaｒch.Asｔheｅｃoｎｏmｙpicｋsup,opｐoｒtunｉtieswiｌｌaboundfｏｒaｓpiriｎgleａders.Thedeciｓｉontoquｉtaseniorpｏｓitiontoloｏｋｆｏrabｅtteroneisuncｏnvｅntionａl．ＦoryearseｘeｃｕｔivesaｎdhｅaｄhｕnterｓｈavｅadｈｅｒedtotｈeruｌetｈatｔｈemostatｔracｔｉveCEOｃanｄｉｄatｅｓaretheoneswｈｏmustｂeｐoached.ＳaｙsKｏｒｎ/FerrｙseｎiorpartnerDｅnnisＣarey:“Ｉcａn‘tthinｋoｆａsinglesｅaｒchI’vｅdoneｗhｅreabｏａrｄhasnotｉｎstructeｄｍetoloｏkatsittingCEＯsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwｉｔhｏutａjｏbhaveｎ‘talwaysｌandedintoppｏsitionsｑuｉcｋlｙ.EllenMarｒamｑuitasｃhｉefｏfＴropicanaadｅcａdeagｅ，saｙingshewaｎtedｔoｂｅａCＥＯ.ItwａsａyearbeｆoreshｅbecａｍｅheadofaｔinyＩnternｅｔ-bａsedcomｍoｄｉｔｉesｅｘｃhａnge.RｏbertWilｌumstadleｆｔCitigroupｉｎ2023ｗｉtｈamｂｉtionstｏｂｅaCEO．Hefinalｌyｔookｔhatpｏsｔatamajorfｉｎanｃiaｌｉnstitutｉonｔhreeｙeａrslater.Manyrｅｃruiterssaytheｏlddisｇrａｃeisfａdｉｎgfortｏｐｐerｆormers.Ｔhefｉnａncｉaｌcｒｉsiｓｈasmadeitmoｒeacceptablｅtoｂｅｂetｗeｅnjoｂsortｏｌeaｖｅabadone.“Tｈｅtradiｔionalrulｅwasiｔ‘ssaferｔostaywhereyouare,buｔtｈat’sbｅenfundamentallyinvｅrｔed，”saysｏneｈeadｈuntｅr.“Tｈepeｏplewho‘ｖebeｅnｈｕrtthewoｒstarethosｅwｈo’veｓtaｙｅdtoolong.”26.ＷhenMcGｅeannouｎcedｈisｄepartuｒe,hｉsmａnnercaｎｂestbedescriｂedasbｅｉng[A］arrｏgant.［Ｂ]franｋ．[Ｃ]sｅlf-ｃeｎtereｄ．［Ｄ］impｕｌsiｖe.27.AcｃoｒｄingtoＰaragrａph2，sｅniｏｒexecutivｅs‘quittingmaybeｓpurredby［A］theirｅxｐｅｃｔationｏfbｅtterfinａｎcialｓtatｕs.[B]tｈｅirneedtoreflectoｎtｈeiｒprivatｅlife.[C]theｉrsｔraiｎｅdrelａtｉonsｗｉthtｈeboａｒds．[D]theirpｕｒsuｉtofｎeｗcareeｒgoals．28．Tｈeword“poaｃhed”（Liｎe3，Paragｒapｈ4)mostproｂａｂｌymeanｓ［A]appｒovedｏf．[B]aｔｔeｎｄedto.[C]huntedfｏr．［Ｄ］guａrdedagainst.29.Ｉtcanbeinｆeｒｒedfromthelastparaｇｒaphｔｈaｔ[A]topｐerformｅrsusedtoclinｇｔｏtheｉｒｐｏｓts.[Ｂ]loyａlｔyoftopｐerfｏrｍｅｒｓisgettｉnｇout－datｅd.［C]topｐerｆormeｒscaｒemoreaboｕtｒepｕtａtioｎｓ.[D]ｉt‘ｓsafertoｓticｋtｏtheｔｒaｄiｔioｎａlruｌｅs.30.Whichoftｈｅfoｌlowiｎgｉsthebeｓｔｔitleforthｅtｅxt?[A]CEOs:WｈeretoＧo？[B］ＣEOｓ:ＡｌｌtheＷayUp？[C］TopManａgersJumpｗiｔhoutaNｅt[D]ThｅOｎlｙＷayOutforTｏpPｅrforｍerｓTexｔ３Ｔｈeroｕgｈguiｄｅtomａｒｋetingsuｃcｅｓsusedtobethatｙougotｗｈａｔｙoupａｉdｆｏr.Nｏlonｇer.Whiletrａdiｔioｎal“pａｉd”media–suｃhastelevisioncommerciaｌｓａｎdｐｒiｎtadｖertisemｅnｔs–stillｐｌaｙamaｊｏrrole,cｏmpaｎｉestｏdaｙｃaｎexpｌｏitmanyalteｒnaｔivefoｒmｓoｆmedia.Cｏnsumerspassionatｅaboutaproductｍａｙcreate“owned”ｍｅdiａbｙsenｄiｎｇe-ｍailalertsａbｏutｐｒｏductsandsaｌeｓｔocuｓtomersreｇiｓtｅrｅｄwitｈitsWebsite.Tｈewaｙcｏnsumｅｒｓnowaｐpｒoａchｔhｅbroadrａngｅoffａｃｔｏrｓbeyｏndconvｅntiｏｎａｌｐaiｄmeｄia.Paiｄａndownedmediaａrｅｃｏｎtrolｌeｄbymaｒketｅｒｓpromotinｇtheｉrｏwnprodｕｃts.Fｏrearneｄｍedｉａ，ｓuｃhmaｒkｅｔｅrsaｃtａsｔｈeinｉtiatorfｏrusers‘reｓponsｅｓ.Butinsｏmecases,onemarkeｔer’ｓowneｄmediａbｅcｏmeaｎothｅrmarｋeter‘spａｉdｍedia–ｆorｉnsｔａnce,wｈｅnａne－commerｃｅreｔaileｒｓｅllsadspａceoｎiｔsＷeｂsite．Ｗedeｆiｎｅsｕchsoldmedｉaａｓownedmｅdiａｗｈoseｔraｆficiｓsostrongtｈatotherorganizatｉoｎｓplacｅtｈeircontｅntore-ｃomｍeｒcｅengineswiｔｈinｔhatenvironment．Tｈistreｎd,whｉｃｈwebelｉeveｉsstｉlｌinitｓiｎfaｎｃｙ,efｆectivelybegaｎwiｔhｒetaｉｌersａndtｒavelprｏvidersｓｕchａsairlinesanｄhoｔeｌsａndwｉｌlｎｏdoubtgofurtheｒ.Jｏhnsｏｎ＆Johnson,ｆoreｘample,ｈａscreaｔeｄBａbyCenｔｅr，astａｎd-alｏｎｅmeｄiapｒｏpertythａtｐromotescoｍplementaryａｎdeｖencomｐetitivepｒｏｄｕｃｔs.Besidesgｅneratiｎgincｏme，thｅpreseｎｃeofｏthｅrmarketｅrｓmａｋeｓthesiteｓeemobjective,giｖesｃoｍｐaniesoｐpｏrtuｎitiestoｌｅａｒnvaluableinｆormatｉoｎabouｔtheａppeａloｆｏthercompａniｅs’ｍaｒkｅtｉng,andｍａyhelpexｐandｕserｔｒafficforaｌlcｏmpａｎiesconcernｅd.Thesamedrａmaticteｃｈnologｉｃａlcｈangestｈatｈaｖｅｐrovidｅdmarｋeterｓwithmoｒe(andmoredivｅrsｅ）communicaｔionscｈoiｃeshavealｓoincreａsedthｅrisktｈatpａssionaｔｅcｏnｓuｍerswｉｌｌvoiｃｅtｈｅiropｉnioｎｓinquicｋeｒ，mｏrevｉｓible,andmuｃhmoredamａgingwａyｓ.Suchhijackedmediaarｅｔheoppｏsitｅofｅaｒnｅdｍeｄiａ:anａsｓetｏrcａmpaｉｇｎｂecｏｍeshｏstaｇｅtｏｃonsumers，otherｓｔaｋeholderｓ，oraｃtivistsｗhomａkeｎｅｇaｔｉveallｅgationsaboｕｔabrandｏｒproduct.Membｅrｓofsｏcialnetworks，forinstance，arelearnｉｎgｔｈatｔｈeycaｎhijａcｋmeｄiａtｏapｐlyｐreｓｓureoｎthｅbｕsinessesthａｔoriginａllｙｃreaｔｅｄtｈem．Ifthａthapｐens,pａssioｎatecｏｎsumerｓwｏuｌdtrｙｔoｐerｓｕaｄeothｅｒstoｂoycｏｔｔprodｕcｔs，putｔiｎgtheｒeputationofｔhｅtarｇeｔcoｍpａnｙatrisk．Insuchａcａse,tｈecompany‘srｅsｐｏnｓemayｎoｔbesufficiｅｎｔlyquｉｃkoｒｔｈouｇhｔfuｌ,ａndthelearninｇcuｒvehasbｅeｎstｅep．ＴoyoｔａMｏｔor，ｆorexample，aｌlｅviatedsｏｍeofｔhedamageｆromitsreｃallcrisiｓｅａｒliertｈiｓyｅaｒwｉｔｈａｒelａtiｖelｙｑuickａndwell－orcｈestratｅdｓｏｃial-medｉarｅspｏnseｃampａｉgn,whｉchｉnclｕｄeｄeffortｓtoenｇagewithconsumｅrsｄirectlyonｓiｔeｓsucｈａsTwitteraｎdｔｈesｏcial-ｎeｗssiteＤｉｇg.31.Consuｍersmaycreａｔe“ｅarned”ｍediawhenｔheyarｅ[Ａ]obscｓsｅdwｉtｈoｎliｎｅshoppingatceｒtaｉnWeｂsiｔeｓ.［Ｂ］ｉnspｉrｅdbｙproｄuct-pｒoｍｏtｉｎge-ｍａilssenttoｔｈeｍ．[Ｃ]ｅaｇertｏhelpｔheiｒfｒiendsｐｒｏｍｏtequalitypｒoducｔｓ．[D]ｅnthusiaｓtiｃaｂoｕｔrecｏｍmeｎdingtheirfａｖoriｔepｒｏｄuｃｔｓ.32.AccoｒｄingtoＰaragrａｐh２,sｏldmeｄiaｆeatuｒe[A]aｓaｆebｕsiｎesｓｅｎvironｍｅnt.[Ｂ]ranｄomcoｍpetｉtion.[C］stｒｏngusertraｆｆiｃ．[D]flexibｉlitｙinorｇanizaｔion.33．TｈｅaｕtｈoｒiｎdicatｅsinParagrａｐh３thａｔeａrnedmｅdｉa［A]inviteconstantconfｌictsｗithpasｓionａtｅconsuｍｅrｓ.［B]cａｎbeｕsedtｏpｒodｕcｅneｇativeｅffectsinｍarketing.[C]mayｂｅｒｅｓpoｎsibleｆorfiｅrｃercompetitｉon.[D]dｅserｖｅaｌｌthenegａtiｖeｃｏmmentｓabouttｈem.34.TｏyotaMotor‘sｅxｐeriｅｎceiscitedasanｅxamｐleoｆ［A］reｓpoｎｄingeffｅｃtｉveｌytohijaｃkedmediａ.[B］ｐｅrsｕadiｎｇcｕｓｔｏmｅｒｓintｏboyｃottinｇｐroducｔs．[C]coopｅraｔｉｎｇwiｔｈsｕpportｉveconsumers.［D]taｋingadvantagｅofhijackedmediａ.35.Ｗｈichoftｈeｆolｌｏwingisthetexｔｍａiｎlyａboｕt？［A]Alteｒｎatiｖestocｏnｖenｔioｎalpaiｄｍedｉa．[B]Ｃonfliｃtbetwｅenhijackeｄanｄｅarnedｍedｉa．[C]Dominaｎcｅofhiｊackedmedia.[D]Populaｒｉtｙofowneｄmedia.Texｔ4It‘snｏsuｒprｉsｅthatJenniｆerＳenioｒ’sinｓiｇhtful，ｐrovocatｉveｍaｇaｚｉnecoverstoｒy，“ＩlｏveMyCｈildｒen,IHａｔeMyLiｆe,”isaｒｏuｓiｎgmuchchａtter–noｔhinｇgｅtｓpeopletａlkingｌikethesｕggestiｏｎｔhaｔchildreａｒingｉsａnytｈiｎglessthaｎacompｌｅtelyfｕlfilling，life-eｎrichiｎgｅｘperiｅncｅ.Ratherthanconcｌuｄingtｈatchildｒenmakeｐａrenｔseｉｔhｅｒhappyｏrｍiserable，Seniorｓuggeｓtｓｗeneedtoｒedeｆiｎｅｈappineｓs:inｓｔeaｄofthiｎkｉngofitａｓsoｍeｔhingｔhaｔcanbemｅasurｅｄｂymoment-ｔo－momentjoy,weshｏuldconｓｉdｅrbeinghaｐpyasapaｓt-ｔenseconditioｎ.Eventhｏugｈtｈeday-to－ｄaｙexperiｅncｅofｒaｉｓingkidscａｎbesoul-cruｓhinglyhard,Ｓeniorwritｅsthat“theverytｈingｓｔhatｉnｔhｅｍomenｔdａmｐenｏurmoodsｃaｎlaｔerbｅsourcesｏfinｔｅnｓegraｔificａｔｉoｎａnｄdeｌight.”ThemagaｚinｅｃoversｈowinganattｒactiｖｅmｏtheｒhoｌdiｎgacutebabyisｈａｒｄlyｔhｅｏnlyMａdonｎa-aｎｄ－chｉｌdimaｇeonnｅwｓstaｎdsthisweek.Tｈerearealsoｓtｏriesａboutｎewlyadoptiｖe–andnewｌysｉngle–moｍＳandraBｕllｏｃk,aswｅllaｓｔheusｕaｌ“JenniferＡniｓtonｉsｐｒeｇnａnt”ｎews．Praｃticalｌyeverywｅekｆeaｔuｒeｓatlｅasｔonecelebritymom,ｏｒmｏm－to-bｅ,ｓmilｉngｏnthｅnewｓstandｓ.Inaｓocietｙtｈatsopersiｓtenｔlycｅｌｅbrａtespｒoｃreatｉon,ｉsitanyｗondｅrｔhａtadｍｉttiｎgyourｅgrｅthavｉngchildreｎisequivａｌeｎｔtｏadmittｉngｙｏｕsupportkitteｎ-kiｌlｉnｇ？Itdoesn‘tseemｑuitｅfaiｒ,then，tｏcompaｒetｈerｅgｒｅtsofｐarenｔstothereｇｒetｓoｆthｅｃｈｉldreｎ．Ｕnhappypａrentｓrａrelｙareｐrovokedｔowonｄeriｆtheyshoulｄn’ｔhavｅhaｄkiｄs,ｂutｕｎhａppychildlessfolkｓaｒeｂoｔｈeｒedwｉｔhｔhemｅssagetｈａｔchilｄrenａreｔｈesiｎglemostimpｏrtantthingintheworｌd:oｂviｏuslytheirmiseｒyｍustbeadｉrecｔresultoｆthegapinｇbaby－sizeｈoｌeｓintｈeｉrｌｉvｅs.Ofｃourｓe，tｈeimaｇeofpaｒenthoodｔhatcelｅbritymａｇaziｎesｌikeUsWeekｌyanｄPｅopｌepｒeｓeｎtishｕｇｅlｙｕnrealistiｃ，esｐeciaｌlywheｎthepａｒentsaresingleｍoｔｈerｓｌiｋeBuｌlｏck.Aｃcｏｒｄｉnｇtoseveｒａlｓｔuｄiescｏncｌudiｎgthatｐａrentsarｅlｅsshappytｈａｎchildｌesscouples，ｓinglepａrentsａｒetｈeｌeaｓthappyoｆaｌｌ．Noshｏckthｅre，coｎsiｄerｉｎghoｗmuchｗorkitistorａiseaｋiｄwｉtｈoutａｐaｒtnertoleaｎon；yettｏｈｅarＳandraaｎdBｒｉtnｅyｔｅｌlit，raｉｓiｎgakidontheir“own”(ｒeａd：ｗitｈroｕｎd-ｔhe-ｃlockhelp)isapiｅｃeofcａke.Iｔ‘shaｒdtoimａgｉnethatｍaｎyｐeopleaｒedｕmbeｎoughｔｏwaｎtｃhildrｅnｊusｔbｅcauｓeReeseandAnｇeｌｉｎamakeitｌｏokｓoｇｌamｏrｏus:mosｔａdultｓｕndｅrsｔaｎdtｈaｔａbaｂｙisｎｏｔahaircut.Buｔit’sinｔeresｔingtowoｎｄeｒiftheimaｇeswｅｓeeeveｒyweｅkofstｒeｓs-ｆreｅ,haｐpｉness-enhanciｎｇpａrenｔhoodａren‘ｔｉｎsomesｍall,subcｏｎsｃiｏｕsｗａycｏntribｕtiｎｇｔoourowｎdiｓsatｉｓfaｃtiｏnsｗiｔhtheａctualexperｉencｅ，inthesamewａｙｔhatasmallparｔofｕshopｅｄgettｉng“ｔheＲaｃhｅｌ”mightｍａkeuslooｋjustaｌittlebitlikeJennifｅrAnistoｎ.３６.JennifｅrSeｎiorsugｇesｔsinheｒarticｌethatｒaisingaｃhｉldcaｎbrinｇ［A]tempｏrarｙdｅlｉght[B]enjoｙmentinprogrｅｓs[C]hａppinessinretrospｅｃt[Ｄ］laｓtingｒewａrd３7.WelearnfｒｏmParaｇraph2that[A]ceｌeｂｒitｙmomsａreaｐｅｒmaneｎtsoｕrｃefｏrgｏsｓiｐ．[Ｂ]sｉnglｅmoｔherswiｔｈbaｂｉesdｅservegｒeaterattention.[Ｃ]neｗsabouｔpregnantcｅlebｒｉtiesｉｓenteｒｔaininｇ.[D]haｖｉngchildrenｉshighlyｖａlｕeｄｂyｔhｅpubｌic.38.IｔiｓsuｇgesｔedｉnParagraｐh3thａｔchｉｌdleｓsfolks[A］aｒeｃonｓｔａnｔlyｅｘpｏｓｅdtｏｃｒiticism.[B]aｒｅｌargｅlyｉgｎoredｂytheｍeｄia.[C]failtofulfｉlltheirsocialrｅsponsibiliｔiｅs．[D]areｌesslikelytｏbｅsatisｆiｅdwitｈtheirlifｅ.39．AccｏｒｄｉｎgtoPａｒａgｒaｐh４,ｔｈｅmessａgｅｃonveyedbycelebrｉtｙmagａzinesis[A]sｏotｈiｎg.[Ｂ]ａｍbiguous.[C]comｐensａtory．[Ｄ］misｌｅadｉng.４０.Whicｈｏfthefｏlｌowｉｎｇcaｎbｅinfeｒredfｒomtheｌastparagｒａph?[A]Hａvｉngｃｈilｄrencoｎｔribｕteslitｔlｅｔotheglamourｏfceｌｅbritymｏms.[B]Ｃelebritymｏｍshavｅinｆluｅｎceｄourattitｕdｅtoｗaｒｄschildrearing.[C]Haｖｉngchildｒｅnintｅnｓiｆiesourｄissatiｓfactioｎwithlｉｆe．[Ｄ]Wesometｉｍesnegｌectthehａppinｅssfromchildreaｒinｇ．ＰarｔＢDｉrections：Thｅfolｌｏwiｎｇpａragrapｈaｒegiveｎiｎawｒonｇorｄer．ForQueｓtiｏns４1-４５，yoｕaｒereｑuiredtorｅorｇaｎizethesepａragraphｓinｔoacoｈerentｔeｘｔｂycｈoosｉngfroｍｔhｅlｉstA-Gtofｉｌlｉｎｇtｈemintothenumｂereｄboxｅs.PaｒagrａphsＥandGhａvｅbeenｃorｒｅctｌypｌaｃeｄ.MarkｙoｕransweｒsonAＮSWERSHＥET1.(１0ｐｏinｔs)［A]Nodiscipliｎesｈａveseizedｏnpｒofｅssionalｉsmwiｔhasｍuchenthusiａｓｍaｓthｅhumａnitｉｅs．Youcan,MrMenandpoinｔsout，bｅcameａlaｗｙerinthreｅyearｓandamediｃalｄoctorinｆｏｕｒ.Buttheｒegulａrｔｉmeiｔtakesｔｏgetadoｃtoraldegreeinｔhｅhｕｍａnitiesiｓｎｉnｅyeaｒｓ.Notsｕrprｉsinglｙ,ｕptohａlfofalldocｔｏralstuｄｅntｓinEnglｉshdｒｏpoｕｔbefoｒｅｇｅttｉngｔhｅiｒｄeｇｒees.[B］Hiｓcoｎcｅrnisｍaｉnlywｉtｈtｈehumanｉtiｅs:Liteｒatuｒｅ,languａgeｓ，ｐhiｌosophyanｄｓｏon．Thesｅaredｉｓcipｌｉｎｅstｈataregoinｇoutofｓtyle：22%ｏfＡmｅricａｎcoｌlｅgegrａduａｔｅsｎowｍajorｉｎbusｉｎesｓｃoｍparｅdwiｔhonly2％inhistｏｒｙand4%inＥngｌｉｓh.Ｈoweｖｅr,ｍanyleａdｉngAmericanunｉversiｔieswanttheｉrｕｎｄｅrgraduａtｅsｔohaｖeagrouｎdinginｔhｅbasiccanｏnoｆiｄeastｈateveryｅducａｔｅdｐersonshouldposｓｅｓ．Bｕtmoｓｔfiｎditdiｆfｉcｕltｔｏagｒｅeｏnwhａtａ“geｎeｒaｌeduｃaｔiｏｎ”sｈoulｄloｏｋlike．AtHarvａrｄ，MrMenanｄnoteｓ，“thｅgreatｂｏoksａrereadbｅcａuｓｅtheｙｈavebｅenｒead”-tｈeyｆorｍａsｏrtofsｏcialｇｌuｅ.［C］Eｑuａｌｌｙunｓuｒprisingly，ｏnlyaｂoｕthalｆendupwｉｔhprofesｓorshiｐsforwhichｔhｅｙentｅｒedgｒaduaｔeｓcｈooｌ.Theｒｅareｓｉｍplytoofｅwｐｏstｓ.ThisisparｔlybecauseuniｖersitiesconｔinuetopｒｏduceeverｍorｅPｈDs.Butfewersｔuｄentsｗanttosｔudｙhumanitieｓｓubｊｅcts：Enｇlishdｅpartｍentsawaｒdeｄmorｅbacｈelor‘sdeｇreeｓin1970-7１tｈaｎtheｙｄid20ｙearslatｅr.Fｅｗeｒstudenｔsrｅquiresfewerteaｃhers.Ｓo，attｈeeｎdoｆａdecadeofthesｅs-writinｇ,ｍanyhumaｎiｔiｅsｓtudentsleavetｈepｒofessｉontodosomeｔhiｎgforwｈicｈtｈeyｈavｅｎｏtｂeenｔrａinｅd．[D]OnerｅasonｗhｙitiｓhardtｏdesｉgnaｎdteａchsｕｃhcoｕrseｓiｓtｈaｔtｈeycancutacrosｓtheinsistｅｎｃｅｂｙtopAｍｅｒicanｕniverｓitiesthatliberaｌ-artsｅｄｕcationｓandprｏfessionａledｕcatioｎshouldbekeptsepａｒaｔe，taugｈｔiｎdiffｅrentｓchｏｏls.Mａnysｔudenｔsｅxperiencｅboｔhｖaｒiｅtｉes．AｌthoughｍｏrｅｔhanhａｌfofHarvaｒｄundergｒaｄｕatesendupｉｎlaw，ｍediciｎｅorbusiness，ｆuturedoctorsandlａwｙerｓmusｔstｕｄyａnon－ｓpecｉalistｌiｂerａl-artsdegreebｅｆorｅembarkingonaｐroｆｅssioｎalqualificatｉon.［E]Ｂｅｓｉdespｒofｅssｉoｎaｌｉｚiｎgtｈeprofｅｓsioｎsbｙtｈissepａrａtion,tｏｐAｍericanunivｅrsitiesｈaveｐrofesｓiｏnaliｓedtheｐrofessor.Thｅｇrowtｈinpｕbliｃmoneyforａcadｅmiｃｒeseaｒchhasspeedeｄtheproceｓs:fedeｒalreseaｒｃhｇrａntsroｓefourfｏldbｅｔweｅｎ1960anｄ19９0,ｂuｔｆacｕltytｅachinghoursfｅllbyhalfaｓrｅseaｒchtｏoｋｉtsｔoｌl．Professionalismhaｓtｕrｎedtheacqｕｉsiｔｉonofadｏｃｔoｒａlｄｅgreｅintoapreｒequisitefｏrasｕccesｓｆulａcadｅｍiccarｅer：aｓlaｔeas1９69aｔhirdofＡmeｒicanprｏfｅｓsoｒsdidnotpｏsseｓsonｅ.Ｂutthｅkeyideabehindｐｒｏfessioｎａlisatｉｏｎ，arguesMrMenand,isthａｔ“thｅknowlｅｄgeanｄskillsnｅｅdedｆorapａｒticularspeciａliｚatiｏnaretransmissiｂｌebｕtnｏttransferａble.”Ｓodｉscｉｐlinesａcquireaｍonopoｌｙnｏtjuｓtoveｒｔheproｄuctionｏｆｋnoｗleｄgｅ，butalsooｖerｔheproductioｎｏftheprｏducersofknoｗledgｅ.[F］Tｈｅｋeｙtｏｒｅforｍinｇｈighereduｃation,concludesMrMenand,istoaltertｈewａyinwhich“theprｏdｕｃersoｆknowlｅdｇeａreproｄｕcｅd.”Otherｗｉsｅ，acａｄｅmicswillcoｎtiｎueｔothinkdａｎｇerｏuslyａlｉke,iｎｃｒeasinｇlｙdetacheｄｆｒoｍｔhesocietiｅsｗhｉchtheysｔudy,inｖestigateandcriｔiciｚｅ.“Acadｅmiciｎquiry,atleａstinsomefieｌds,mayneｅdtoｂｅｃomelessexcluｓiｏnａryaｎdmｏｒeholｉstic.”Yetquｉtehoｗtｈathappenｓ,ＭrMeｎanｄdｏsｅｎoｔsaｙ.[Ｇ］ThesubtleａndintelligentlｉtｔleｂoｏkTheMarｋetpｌaｃｅofIｄeａs：RｅfｏrｍandResｉｓｔancｅiｎtheAｍericanUnｉvｅｒsityshｏulｄbeｒeadbyｅvｅｒｙｓｔuｄentthiｎkiｎｇｏfaｐｐlyｉnｇtotakeadocｔoraｌdegree.Thｅymaｙtｈeｎdｅcｉdeｔoｇｏeｌｓewhｅｒｅ.FoｒsomethinｇcurｉｏｕshａｓbeｅnhapｐｅnｉnginAmｅｒicａnUnｉvｅrsitｉｅｓ,anｄLouisMenanｄ，apｒofessorｏfEnglｉshａtHarｖarｄUｎiversity，caｐｔureditskillfulｌy.Ｇ→４1.→42.→E→４３．→4４．→45．ParｔＣDirecｔioｎs:ReadthｅfoｌlｏwiｎｇｔｅxtcａｒefullyandｔhｅｎtrａnsｌatｅthｅunderlinedsegmentsintoCｈiｎese.YｏurtｒansｌaｔionshｏuldbeｗritｔｅncaｒeｆuｌｌyonANSWＥRSHＥET２.（10ｐoｉｎｔs）Wiｔｈｉtstｈeｍｅthaｔ“Mｉndｉsthemasｔerｗeaｖer,”creatinｇｏuｒｉnnｅrcｈａracterａndoｕｔeｒcｉｒcumstancｅs，ｔhｅbｏokAsａＭaｎThinｋinｇbyJaｍesＡllenｉsaｎin-depthｅxpｌoraｔｉoｎoｆtheceｎtralｉdeaofsｅlf－ｈelpwrｉｔinｇ.（46)Ａllｅｎ‘scoｎｔribuｔiｏｎwastotakeａnasｓumｐtｉｏnｗeallshare-thａｔbecａusewearｅnotroｂｏtswｅthereｆoｒecontrolourｔｈoughtｓ－andreveａｌitseｒronｅoｕsnature.Becausｅmosｔoｆusbｅlieveｔhaｔmindisseparaｔefｒ